VỊ THẾ VIỆT NAM
-r:= = = = = -= = = = ~ = = = = = = = :::::::::::J' _ - '- ' ~ • • LhgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ,~~ • QI- f " rqponmlkj j ã ã ~ , !!Đi Dja Iy va Tai nguyen Moi tnrong HQi Dja Thil'a Thien Hu~ Iy Vift Nam Vi th ~ V i~ t Nam Abstract The geographic position ofvietnam Based on characteristics of the geographic position of Vietnam, the authors analyze the superiorities and also the challenges of natural condition, geo-economic and geo-politic elements of the country In the geoeconomic and geo-politic field, Vietnam situated at the East corridor of Indochina Peninsula and the South gateway of South China, and has favorable conditions for becoming an administrative-economic center of ASEAN in the future But the illegal occupation by China in the Hoang Sa archipelago of Vietnam has made a limitationfor these superiorities GIro TIII¥U Vi thS cua m9t vung, mot lanh th6, hay met quoc gia dircc hieu bai viSt la nhfrng uu ly ma vung, lanh th6, quoc gia co thS khai thac diroc dS th~ ill nrong quan so sanh vS vi tri ilia ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA mang lai cac IQ'iich cho minh, d6ng thai kS ca nhfrng thach thirc phai d6i pho, Do each hiSu nhu V?y bai chi dS C?P dSn n9i dung phan tich vi thS xuAt phat ill vi tri ilia ly cua Vi~t Nam tren ban d6 khu vue va thS gioi, ma khong dS C?P dSn vi thS xuAt phat tir vi tri vd kinh d , qudn s~r, chinh tri cua Vi~t Nam tren tnrong quoc tS V~y vi tri dia Iy cua Viet Nam co nhirng d~c diSm gi? Theo chung toi co d~c diSm sau day da va se chi ph6i to an b9 cac IQ'iIch va thach thirc, xet vS m~t vi thS cua Viet Nam Vi~t Nam n~m gon vanh dai nhiet doi, keo dai dSn 17° vi d9 (tir 6°30' dSn 23° 24' vi d9 B~c) Thuoc dja nhiet doi gio rnua Dong Nam A Lanh th6 Vi~t Nam n~m cac dai sinh khoang Tay TMi Binh Duong va Dia Trung Hai, co lich su phat trien dia chat lau dai, cAu true da dang; d6ng thai cling n~m vung chiu anh huang cua cac vong cung nui lira va d9ng dAt xung quanh; cling la noi giao thoa-chuyen tiSp cua thS gioi sinh v~t, voi nhieu khu M sinh v~t khac n~m a phia Dong ban dao Trun~ An, thuoc goc Vi~t Nam voi phan dAt IiSn (330.975,6krn il Dong Nam cua dai luc dia A - Au, can phan bien (khoang 1.000.000 krrr) co hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Truong sa trung tam BiSn Dong, n6i TMi Binh Duong voi An D9 Duong; a Vi~t Nam nam a sat phia Nam cua m9t quoc gia cue Ian (Trung Quoc) dang phat triSn kinh tS rat manh me, co quan M vS van hoa-lich su rAt lau doi, va tAt nhien can c6 quan h~ ca tuong lai voi b6i canh thS gioi thay d6i, hoan toan khac tnroc; N~m a trung tam ASEAN d6ng thai cling n~m a trung tam khu V\l'Ccua cac quoc gia phat triSn nang d9ng va moi n6i, bao g6m Dong A, Nam A va chau Dc; Nam d~c diSm vS vi tri dia Iy neu tren cua Vi~t Nam se co thS tao nen nhfrng IQ'iich to Ian cho dat mroc va tro cac tai nguyen vi tM quy gia nSu chung ta nhan biSt diroc chung, va d6ng thai co J Vifn Dia Vifn Tai nguyen va M6i truang bi€n ly , Vifn Khoa hoc va C6ng nghf Vift Nam Nien giam th6ng Ice tom tiit 2011, P.!, 70Ir., TCTK, 2012, Ha N6i D ie n tieh bao g6m ea cae huyen dao DlA LY TV NHIEN, TAl NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN V A MOl TRU'ONG 207 HQi Bia Iy va tai nguyen Moi truong Thira Thien Hu~ HQi Bia Iy Vi~t Nam su dung hop ly, c~ng t0u virot qua duoc ~ac thach thirc cling cac giai phap hfru hieu khai t~ac v~rqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 3.1 A ehinh vi tri dia ly mang den Dong thai vi d~c diem dau hi chung CRO nhieu mroc Dong Nam hgfedcbaZYXWVUT 3.1 do chi co d~c di€m sau moi la d~c thu cho Viet Nam va la trm cua bai viet Cac noi dung se diroc trinh bay thong qua phan tieh nhirng 19i th~ v~ di~u kien ttr nhien, v~ dia-kinh t~, va loi th~ v~ dia-chinh tri, cling nhu cac thach tlnrc di kern str, v al LQl THE vE DIEU K.r¢N TV NHIEN vA cA c THACH TmJC eua the: + Vi tri dia ly nhiet doi gio mua cung dp eho Vi~t Nam mQt tai nguyen nhiet- Am d6i dao nhu chung ta da bi~t, la nguon nang hrong tao mot tham thirc v~t nhiet d&i phong phu giong loai, mot n~n nong nghiep Ilia mroc phat trien tll: rfrt sorn (voi van minh Ilia mroc), va mot nguon loi thuy hili s~n quy gia, la co sa cho phat tri€n manh nganh nong lam thuy san cua dfrt mroc Tuy nhien a giai doan hien n~u chfrp nhan lam ngiroi cung dp luong thirc cho th~ gioi 19i th~ v~ dfrt dai va h~u cua minh thi co nghia la chung ta da tir nguyen lam mot cong viec voi cong lao dQng qua thap, chi bang 1120, tham chi 1/40 hoac it hon nita so voi cac mroc cong nghiep, Do la chua k€ m6i hat gao xufrt khau co th€ co mot phan dong gop gian ti~p tir kinh phi xay dung cc sa tftng thuy lei va giao thong Lei th~ v~ h~u va dfrt dai dn ducc khai thac theo huang t6i uu, co 19i nhfrt v~ kinh t~ (chang han phat trien cay cong nghiep, cay an qua, nuoi thuy san, v.v.) SI,f phong phu cac h~ sinh thai nhiet d&i tren can va diroi mroc, cung voi nhieu luong sinh v~t ill phia B~c, Nam, va Tay cua Dong va Nam A mang d~n, da tao cho lanh th6 nhi~u Khu du trii sinh quyen, nhieu Yuan quoc gia va Khu bao t6n thien nhien quy gia, la co sa cho phat tri€n nganh du lich sinh thai + Do trai dai b~c - nam d~n 17° vi dQ ma Mu nhiet d&i co sir phan hoa r6 ret, ill di~u kien ttr nhien, canh quan Vi~t Nam tro nen da dang, cling nhu tao sir da dang v~ cac san ph Am nong lam nghiep, + Vi tri lanh th6 tren binh d6 dia chat-sinh khoang khu V\fC da mang lai eho dfrt mroc mot ngucn tai nguyen khoang san co th€ goi la phong phu va da dang, quan nhir dh rno va d6t, than da, s~t, d6ng, dAt hiem, nhom Tuy nhien chua co duoc mot vai loai co quy mo th~ giai d€ co th€ tao nen biroc dQt pha cho n~n kinh t~ M~t khac vi~c khai thac theo kieu "an voi" at nhu hien (nhu khai thac ilmenit, v.v.) chi lam eho nguon tai nguyen khoang san nhanh chong can ki~t ma khong mang lai 19i ich tuong xirng cho toan dan, moi tnrong bi huy hoai, d6ng thai b6 qua 19i ich cua cac th~ h~ mai sau + Cac qua trinh dia mao ngoai sinh nhiet doi tac dong len tren mQt n~n dja ehfrt dang kham rAt da dang (d~c biet Ut tren da carbonat va da basalt) da tao nen nhi~u di san dia chat-dia mao co gia tri ngoai hang mang tftm quoc gia va quoc t~, ma s6 di€n hinh la cac Di san thien nhien th~ giai Vinh H~ Long, Phong Nha-Ke Bang, Cong vien dia chfrt D6ng Van, cling nhu rfrt nhieu IcY quan, danh lam thang canh trai dai khap moi mien cua dfrt mroc, ca tren luc dia, ca tren day bien, tren cac dao va quftn dao (nhu cac di san ran san ho vong-atoll) Do la nhtrng co sa rfrt quan eho phat trien du lich xanh dQc dao va d~c s~c cua mi~n nhi~t d&i, mQt nganh "cong nghi~p khOng khoi" day tri€n vQng cua tuong lai gftn + Cling phai nh~c t&i nhung thach thuc to Ian vi tri dia ly mang l~i: la cac tr~n bao nhi~~ d&i hang nam d6 bQ VaGvung bi€n va dfrt li~n, co nam d6n d~p d~n 6-8 tr~n, can tra giao thong va kha: tMc tbUy san, Ulm d~m tau be, tan pha nha cua hoa mau va gay lGIl,lt lam thi~t h~i rfrt Ian v~ nglIai va tai san; la nhfrng ti~m An v~ dQng dAt va song thftn, co th€ gay nen nhi~u thi~t h~i n~u khong canh giae d~ phOng m?1 l va vi t dm quo 15°: se l • Phc 3.2 keo thu: dan Mit B~c DU! tho I d6 ( -H: 200 noi Lac ki~t cua t~ \ kha m 6i gia 1/ LI lren, 296_ ~~ ~~~ -; 208 H9i nghi Khoa h9C fJia ly Tocm qu6c ldn tM 6; Thanh ph6 Hui, 9/201 D lA U" Via Iy'va Tai'nguyen Moi truong Thira Thien Hu~ 'i~t NaillhgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA r.QI • .:: - cling NamA , Cac no' , L Q l T H E v s D:JA-KINH T E v A c A c T H A C H T m J C e, va HQi Dja If Yi~t Nam 3.1 Vo; duong hang hai qu8c t~ xira va Doi b e biSn Vi~t Nam a yen bo Tay BiSn Dong xira v6n n~m tren duong to lua va g6m Slr n6i Dong A, Dong Nam A qua An DQ D}!ang toi Dia Trun~ Hili [4]" voi cac thuong c~ng lo~ nhir tien bQ Vdn D{,n, HQi An va Oc Eo Tuy nhien tuyen hang hai quoc te dil dan mai mot, co the cua nganh cong n~hi~p dil don~ diroc nhtrng cop tau du Ian voi dQn&co rnanh kho~g can ca!l di men theo dirong bo bien nira, cu ~he la khong can can di theo bo Vinh Bac BQ, ~la di cat qua Bien Dong; mat khac ciing co the san pham hang hoa cua cac dia phuong yen Vinh ail dan tro nen kern phong phu dao nhu vi hA~dfrn Hien cac cang b~Sn ~ua Viet Nam, d~c biet la cac cang Vinh B~~ BQ, dSu khong oai, mQtZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA can narn tren duong hang hili quoc te nira; ao chi co cac cang a phia Nam (Da Nang tro vao) la a I hai san vi trf nrong d6i g~n, co thS tao diSu kien cho phat triSn nganh djch vu hang hili quoc tS thong qua cac ,iai da~n hau cang trung chuyen :hAp,chi Cling dn phai noi rang h~ thong cang biSn Vi~t Nam hien dil bi tach xa khoi duong hang hili m6i hat qu6e tS la can boi SIJ chiem dong cua Trung Quoc tren qu~n dao ,Hoang Sa cua yi~t Nam; qu~n a~o iy IQ'iva oil cung voi dao Hai Nam tao mot "vinh nhan tao" gan kin keo xuong den t?n VI tuyen S kinh t~ 15°30',che ch~n 16i cua toan bQ dai b e B~c BQ va B~c Trung BQ; va h~ thong cang cua ca Viet Nam se b] co I?p g~n nhir hoan toan, nSu nlnr Trung Quoc lai thao tung diroc ca Truong Sa; luc cang Hai Phong nlnr n~m ngo cut, va toan bQ hoat dong cua h~ thong cang se bi khong chS chat che sinh v~t IU dir trir 3.2 Hanh lang m~t ti~n cua ban dao Dong Duong va Nam Trung Qu8c iganh du le i 90 Voi a~c diSm vi tri dia Iy cua minh, Viet Nam mot each tu nhien la mot hanh lang tren dAt liSn keo dai theo chieu B~c - Nam dSn 2000 km a phia Dong ban dao, tro cira ngo di BiSn Dong thuan IQ'icua Lao, Dong B~c Thai Lan, Dong B~c Campuchia, va Tay Nam Trung Qu6C voi 300 trieu dan, diSu ma nguoi Phap dii nhin tir r~t sorn, v c i viec quyet tam d~u tu lam duong s~t Ha NQi - Can M}nh la mot minh clurng',' Nhir vay xet vS mat vi tri dia Iy, Vi~t Nam vira tao mot true kinh tS doc uroc mot Bac - Nam cua Dong va Dong Nam A, vira tao d~u cua true kinh tS Tay - Dong cua Ban dao Dong iu mo va Duong va Nam A DS Lhai thac diroc Iqi thS d~u tien la phai xay dung duoc h~ thong dU011ggiao i thS giai thong nQi dia (duong s~t va Quang cao t6c), diSu ma dii va dang duoc d~u tir phat trien, {, at nhu co viec hop tac xay dung hanh lang kinh ts Can Minh - Ha NQi - Hai Phong va Nam Ninh - Ha NQi ; can ki~t - Hai Phong (trong HQ'P tac Viet - Trung "Hai hanh lang - MQt vanh dai"); voi viec thong tuyen (narn grqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA thai b6 06) Hanh lang kinh tS Dong - T a y (EWEC) tir cang Mawlamyine cua Mianma qua Thai Lan, Lao, noi voi cang Tien Sa (Da N~ng) cua Vi~t Nam Tuy nhien cac tuyen duong ngang tir Viet Nam n6i voi kham rAt L~o va Campuchia, cling nhir voi cac tinh, huyen Nam Trung Qu6c can chira diroc phat trien, DiSu co gia tr! kien thir hai dS khai thac duoc IQ'ithS vS vi tri dia Iy la dn phat trien h~ thong cang bien mroc sau thS giOi e~a ~i~t Nam, ma hien dan~ tr