c01_betsy.qxd 5/11/05 2:22 PM Page 22 MICROBIOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page i Demystified Series Advanced Statistics Demystified Algebra Demystified Anatomy Demystified Astronomy Demystified Biology Demystified Biotechnology Demystified Business Statistics Demystified Calculus Demystified Chemistry Demystified College Algebra Demystified Differential Equations Demystified Digital Electronics Demystified Earth Science Demystified Electricity Demystified Electronics Demystified Environmental Science Demystified Everyday Math Demystified Geometry Demystified Math Proofs Demystified Math Word Problems Demystified Microbiology Demystified Physics Demystified Physiology Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified Precalculus Demystified Probability Demystified Project Management Demystified Quantum Mechanics Demystified Relativity Demystified Robotics Demystified Statistics Demystified Trigonometry Demystified 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page ii MICROBIOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED TOM BETSY, D.C. JIM KEOGH McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page iii c01_betsy.qxd 5/11/05 2:22 PM Page 22 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-147134-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-144650-8. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, Shelley, and my two babies, Juliana and Thomas, for their encouragment during the writing of this book and the continued joy they bring to my life. Dr. Tom Betsy This book is dedicated to Anne, Sandy, Joanne, Amber-Leigh Christine, and Graaf, without whose help and support this book could not have been written. Jim Keogh 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page v 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page vi This page intentionally left blank. Introduction xiii Acknowledgments xix CHAPTER 1 The World of the Microorganism 1 Types of Microorganisms 2 What Is a Microorganism? 4 What’s in a Name: Naming and Classifying 5 How Small Is a Microorganism? 7 Your Body Fights Back 7 History of the Microscope 9 How Do Organisms Appear? 10 Germ Theory 12 Vaccination 15 Killing the Microorganism 16 Quiz 19 CHAPTER 2 The Chemical Elements of Microorganisms 23 Everything Matters 24 Chemical Elements and the Atom 24 A Dinner Table of Elements: The Periodic Table 27 The Glowing Tale of Isotopes 27 Around They Go: Electronic Configuration 29 Before James There Was Bond Chemical Bond 29 Decoding Chemical Shorthand 31 vii CONTENTS 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page vii For more information about this title, click here I Just Want to See Your Reaction 31 Molarity: Hey, There’s a Mole Amongst Us 36 An Unlikely Pair: Inorganic and Organic 37 The Blueprint of Protein Synthesis 42 The Power House: ATP 44 Quiz 44 CHAPTER 3 Observing Microorganisms 47 Size Is a Matter of Metrics 47 Here’s Looking at You 51 What Big Eyes You Have: Magnification 52 The Microscope 54 Preparing Specimens 60 Quiz 64 CHAPTER 4 Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells 67 Prokaryotic Cells 68 Eukaryotic Cells 78 Quiz 83 CHAPTER 5 The Chemical Metabolism 87 Riding the Metabolism Cycle 87 Catabolic and Anabolic: The Only Reactions You Need 88 A Little Give and Take: Oxidation-Reduction 88 Making Power: ATP Production 89 What’s Your Name: Naming and Classifying Enzymes 89 Brewing Up Protein 90 The Magic of Enzymes: Enzyme Activities 90 The Krebs Cycle 94 Fermentation 97 Other Catabolic Pathways 97 Photosynthesis 98 Quiz 100 CONTENTS viii 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page viii [...]... Aerobic/Microaerophilic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid, Gram-Negative Bacteria Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci and Rods Rickettsias and Chlamydias Mycoplamas Gram-Positive Cocci Endospore-Forming Gram-Positive Rods and Cocci Regular Nonsporing Gram-Positive Rods Irregular Nonsporing Gram-Positive Rods Mycobacteria Nocardia Forms Quiz... microbes A Look Inside Microbiology can be challenging to learn unless you follow the step-by-step approach that is used in Microbiology Demystified Topics are presented in an order in which many students like to learn them—starting with basic components and then gradually moving on to those that are more complex Each chapter follows a time-tested formula that explains topics in an easyto-read style You can... friend and coauthor Professor Jim Keogh for asking me to help write this book Thank you DR TOM BETSY Professor Robert Highley has done a magnificent job as technical editor on this project His diligence and attention to detail has made Microbiology Demystified a rewarding addition to every microbiology student’s library JIM KEOGH xix Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for... beef broth in an open long-necked flask The neck was bent into an S-shape Again he boiled the beef broth and let it cool The S-shaped neck trapped the airborne microorganisms (see Fig 1-6 ) Fig 1-6 Pasteur placed beef broth into a long-necked flask, then bent the neck into an S-shape 11 12 CHAPTER 1 The World of the Microorganism The beef broth remained uncontaminated even after months of being exposed... short-necked flasks Some flasks were left open to cool Other flasks were sealed after boiling The opened flasks became contaminated with microorganisms while no microorganisms appeared in the closed flasks Pasteur concluded that airborne microorganisms had contaminated the opened flasks In a follow-up experiment, Pasteur placed beef broth in an open long-necked flask The neck was bent into an S-shape... Parasitic acellular means that a virus receives food and shelter from another organism and is not divided into cells An example of a virus is the varicella-zoster virus (Fig 1-3 ), which is the virus that causes chickenpox in humans Fig 1-3 The varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox CHAPTER 1 The World of the Microorganism 5 MYCOLOGY Mycology is the study of fungi A fungus is a eukaryotic organism, often... the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (Fig 1-1 ) This bacterium affects the lung tissue when droplets of respiratory secretions or particles of dry sputum from a person who is infected with the disease are inhaled by an uninfected person Fig 1-1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis CHAPTER 1 The World of the Microorganism Fig 1-2 Yersinia pestis is the microorganism that... to the science of microbiology with a look back in time to a period when little was known about microbes except that some of them could kill people You’ll also learn about the critical accomplishments made in microbiology that enable scientists to understand and develop cures for disease INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OF MICROORGANISMS Chemistry is a major factor in microbiology because... cells and coccus signifies that the cells are spheres In other words, this means a cluster of sphere-like cells Aureus is the Latin word for golden, which means that the cluster of sphere-like cells has a golden hue Sometimes an organism is named for a researcher, as is the case with Escherichia coli (Fig 1-4 ), better known as E coli The genus is Escherichia, which is named for Theodor Escherich, a leading... eubacteria which consists of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, tetrapeptide, side chain and murein.) CHAPTER 1 The World of the Microorganism 7 • Archaea: Prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan cell walls • Eucarya: Organisms from the following kingdoms: Kingdoms • Protista (Note: This is in the process of changing.)—algae, protozoa, slime molds • Fungi—one-celled yeasts, multicellular . Demystified Microbiology Demystified Physics Demystified Physiology Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified Precalculus Demystified Probability Demystified Project Management Demystified Quantum Mechanics Demystified Relativity. Demystified Relativity Demystified Robotics Demystified Statistics Demystified Trigonometry Demystified 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page ii MICROBIOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED TOM BETSY, D.C. JIM KEOGH McGRAW-HILL New. Page 22 MICROBIOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED 00 Betsy FM 5/11/05 2:20 PM Page i Demystified Series Advanced Statistics Demystified Algebra Demystified Anatomy Demystified Astronomy Demystified Biology Demystified Biotechnology