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Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.Nghiên cứu các giải pháp tích hợp hệ thống vận tải hành khách công cộng đô thị ở Việt Nam Ứng dụng cho thành phố Hà Nội.LỜI CAM ĐOAN MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS HÀ THANH TÙNG RESEARCH SOLUTIONS INTEGRATING PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CITY IN VIETNAM – APPLICA.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS HÀ THANH TÙNG RESEARCH SOLUTIONS INTEGRATING PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CITY IN VIETNAM – APPLICATION FOR HANOI CITY MAJOR: TRANSPORTATION ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT CODE: 9.84.01.03 ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS HÀ NỘI – 2023 Thesis is completed at: University of Transport and Communications Scientific guidance group: Associate professor PhD Nguyen Thanh Chuong (University of Transport and Communications) Prof Dr Tu Sy Sua (University of Transport and Communications) Review 1: Review 2: Review 3: The thesis was defended at the doctoral thesis grading committee at the School level at the University of Transport and Communications At………….hour,……,day…….month…… year 2022 The thesis can be found at: Library Information Center, University of Transport and Communications LIST OF WORKS ANNOUNCED I Scientific projects Ha Thanh Tung (2017), "Study on state management model for mass public passenger transport in Hanoi City", school-level scientific research project code T2016-VTKT-10; Ha Thanh Tung (2019), "Research on solutions to integrate public passenger transport modes in Hanoi city", school-level scientific research project code T2018-VTKT-010; II Articles published in journals Nguyen Thanh Chuong, Ha Thanh Tung (2016), "Solutions for integrating public transport modes in urban areas applied in large cities in Vietnam", Cau Duong Magazine No 04-2016 (Pages 42-45) ); Ha Thanh Tung, Nguyen Minh Hieu (2016), “Study on the responsiveness of public passenger transport by bus when applying policies to manage private vehicles in Hanoi”, Journal Transport special issue 2016 (Pages 305 – 308); Ha Thanh Tung, Nguyen Minh Hieu (2017), "Using multi-factor model to analyze Kim Ma - Yen Nghia bus rapid transit (BRT) route in Hanoi", Journal of Transport Science No 61-2017 (Page) 17 – 24); Nguyen Thanh Chuong, Ha Thanh Tung (2018), "Study on solutions to integrate the network of routes and transit stations of public transport modes in major cities of Vietnam", Journal of Transport No 11-2018 (Pages 114 – 117); Nguyen Minh Hieu, Ha Thanh Tung, Nguyen Thanh Chuong, Tu Sy Sua (2019), “Impediments to the bus rapid transit implementation in developing countries – a typical evidence from Hanoi”, https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2019 1577747, International Journal of Urban Sciences 6 Vu Hong Truong, Ha Thanh Tung (2019), "Development of urban railways Sustainable solutions for urban traffic in major cities of Vietnam", Transport Magazine No 3-2019 (Page 112 – - 2020) 115); Ha Thanh Tung, Nguyen Minh Hieu (2021), “Analysis of factors affecting subsidies for public passenger transport by bus in Hanoi – Using data from the whole network 2011-2019”, https:/ /doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.72.2.4 ; Journal of Transport Science No 72-2021 (Page 188-200); INTRODUCTION Rationale of the thesis: The process of urbanization is taking place rapidly in urban areas in Vietnam, especially in the political, economic, and social centers of the whole region or the whole country Cities are densely populated, but urban traffic is becoming a major obstacle to the development of cities According to the forecast of socio-economic development and population in the coming period, Vietnamese cities must have a plan to develop a public passenger transport system to meet the travel needs of the people This is an opportunity but also a challenge for the development of the city's transport system in general and the public passenger transport system in particular In the period from 1990 to now, most cities in Vietnam have developed public passenger transport by bus and have had certain successes However, increasing travel demand, socio-economic development, and technology necessitate the development of more high-capacity public passenger transport modes With the current conditions in Vietnam's urban areas, the public passenger transport system has primarily served the travel needs of passengers by bus in recent years For Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, new buses now meet about 10-15% of travel demand up to 2020, with an orientation to 2030, and the next phases of public passenger transport meet the remaining travel demand About 20%, 25%, and 30% of the travel needs are necessarily met by modes of mass transport in the city In Hanoi, in addition to the regular bus route network, the city has had the BRT-01 line in operation since 2017, but the route has not been as effective as designed in terms of operation on the dedicated road and, as a result, is connected to regular bus routes From November 6, 2021, urban railway No 2A (Cat Linh-Ha Dong) officially operated and commercially operated According to the plan, by 2030 and the following years, Hanoi will have BRT lines, urban railway lines, and Monorail line For Ho Chi Minh City, it has also studied and invested in BRT bus routes and implemented urban railway projects (expected to operate Metro 01: Ben Thanh-Suoi Tien by 2022) Thus, major cities in Vietnam will have public passenger transport options such as buses, BRT buses, and urban railway lines (overhead, metro) As a result, solutions are required to meet the city's goal of rapid and sustainable development, promote the transportation capacity and strengths of each mode, and improve the operational efficiency of the entire public passenger transport network; integrated with the public passenger transportation system, passengers' trips on the network are convenient and smooth Meanwhile, at present, major cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City not have a unified management agency to operate the public passenger transport system, and there is no solution to fully integrate methods such as: public passenger transport bus routes with BRT, urban rail; coordination to meet transportation capacity, service quality standards, a ticket system, infrastructure, and an information system In summary, the actual operation and future development of public passenger transport are demanding a complete and systematic study on the appropriate solution to integrate the urban public passenger transport systems in Vietnam in the coming period On the other hand, up to now, there has not been a thesis that has studied in detail from a scientific perspective the problem of integrating the urban public passenger transport systems in Vietnam in general and in Hanoi in particular Therefore, the PhD student chose the research topic: “Research on solutions to integrate urban public passenger transport systems in Vietnam: Application in Hanoi city.” Research purpose of the thesis Research solutions to integrate urban public passenger transport system in Vietnam and their application in Hanoi city Object and range of study • Research subjects: The research object of the thesis is public passenger transport methods and solutions to integrate public passenger transport systems in urban areas, specifically applying solutions to integrate public passenger transport systems in Hanoi city • Research scope Spatial scope: Spatial research scope: major cities in Vietnam have developed methods of public passenger transport , concentrating the public passenger transport system in Hanoi Time scope: statistics for the period 2015–2019, vision to 2025, and orientation to 2030 Research methodology : The thesis employs a variety of methods, including data collection and processing, investigation, statistics and comparison, modeling, synthesis, analysis, and evaluation, as well as expert consultation Scientific and practical significance of the thesis • Scientific significance: - The thesis has systematized and enriched the theoretical basis for public passenger transport and systematized the theoretical basis for urban public passenger transport systems integration - Create and apply principles and integrated content for urban public passenger transport methods in Vietnam - Investigate and implement solutions for integrating the public passenger transportation systems in Hanoi • Practical significance: - Investigating the experiences of some typical cities around the world in integrating public passenger transportation system in urban areas in order to draw lessons for Vietnamese cities - Analyze and evaluate the current state of the contents of Hanoi's public passenger transportation system integration - Proposing solutions to integrate urban public passenger transport system, as applied in Hanoi Thesis structure : In addition to the introduction, conclusions, recommendations, references, and appendices, the thesis content is structured into chapters CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ISSUES 1.1 Overview of overseas research works related to the thesis Research on public passenger transport and public passenger transport methods in the world has formed and developed with the birth of public passenger transport methods in urban areas The development and integration of public passenger transportation methods in cities around the world is inevitable, and there have been many diverse and rich overseas research projects The primary research works are divided into two categories: (1) Urban public passenger transport system and development research; (2) Urban public passenger transport system integration and integration solutions research includes a number of joint research works on integrated transport (Authors Moshe Givoni and David Banister (2012) - "Integrated Transport" From Policy to Practice"; Author Hull, A (2005) - "Integrated Transport Planning in the UK: From Concept to Reality"); research on the content of urban public passenger transport 1.2 Overview of research projects in the country Research on public passenger transport and the development of public passenger transport methods in cities in Vietnam is often derived from scientific research topics, projects, and a number of theses Up to now, there has not been a thesis to fully study the integration of public passenger transport system in cities in Vietnam Some works related to this field include: (1) Research on the system and development of urban public passenger transport system in Vietnam: Luu Thi Huong (1995) with the topic "Method of mobilizing capital to develop public passenger transport in urban Vietnam"; Nguyen Thanh Chuong in 2007 with the topic "Research on methods to evaluate the effectiveness of public passenger transport by bus"; Vu Hong Truong (2013) with the topic "Research on the management model of public passenger transport in Vietnamese cities"; Le Do Muoi (2016): "Study on building a standard system of public passenger transport by bus in the city - application for Hanoi city"; Nguyen Thi Minh Huyen (2020): "Models and solutions for public transport system management in Hai Phong city" (2) Research related to urban public transport system integration: Scientific topic state-level science and technology study 10-02 (1997-2000) of the Ministry of Transport and a group of experts from the University of Transport conducted "Building a scientific basis for development and organization of the transport network of Hanoi capital"; Reference book by author Tu Si Sua (2015) "Planning urban public passenger transport network"; Project "Development of public passenger transport by bus in Hanoi in the period 2012-2020" (2011) of Hanoi Department of Transport; Project: Technical assistance to develop Ho Chi Minh City public transport authority (2016) by Brendan Finn, Chu Cong Minh, Vo Tri Hao Ho Chi Minh City Department of Transport, 1.3 Scientific gaps and research tasks of the thesis 1.3.1 Overall evaluation of the results of the research works Many studies, both domestic and foreign, have been conducted on public passenger transport in general, as well as the integration of public transportation systems in general, and the integration of public transportation systems in urban areas in particular In general, the above studies have mentioned and clarified the contents related to the development of public passenger transport and the integration of the public passenger transport system in urban areas However, the researches on the integration of public passenger transport methods are both abroad and in the country, mainly in the development projects and schemes of each method public passenger transport , especially the development of buses, have 01 study on integration in public transport management of Hai Phong city In recent years, with the development of large-volume public passenger transport lines (Urban Railway, BRT), BRT lines 01 and Urban Railway 2A have been operated in Hanoi city To solve this problem, it is necessary to research solutions to integrate the urban public passenger transport system The research only stops at the solutions of cities that already have many types of public passenger transport, which have not been fully systematized and suitable for developing cities with the multi-modal public passenger transport system, especially cities are starting to develop urban railway systems 1.3.2 Research gap of the thesis Thus, from the research, it can be seen that some problems of the thesis that have not been solved by the research works are: (1) Systematizing the theoretical basis for the integration of the public passenger transport system in urban areas by studying the contents, classification, and level of urban public passenger transport system integration in Vietnam (2) Evaluation of the status of integration of modes in the urban public passenger transport system in Vietnam, with an in-depth assessment for Hanoi (3) Research and propose principles and contents of urban public passenger transport system integration in Vietnam and their application in Hanoi city (4) Investigating solutions for urban public passenger transport system integration in Vietnam, with a focus on Hanoi 1.3.3 Research tasks of the thesis Tasks include: (1) Clarifying and systematizing the rationale for the integration of the public passenger transport system in cities in Vietnam; (2) Assessing the current status of integration of the public passenger transport system in urban areas in Vietnam, with in-depth analysis and assessment for Hanoi city; (3) Analyzing and clarifying the content of the public passenger transport system integration in general, analyzing the factors affecting the urban public passenger transport (4) Develop principles, content, and solutions to integrate the urban public passenger transport system in Vietnam and apply the proposed solution to Hanoi CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BASIS AND EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING INTEGRATING THE URBAN PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORT SYSTEM 2.1 Overview of the city and urban transportation 2.1.1 Overview of the city 2.1.1.1 Urban concept According to the Law on Urban Planning (Law No 16/VBHN-VBQH dated July 25, 2020), "an urban area is an area with a high density of population living and mainly operating in the field of non-agricultural economy." "Industry" is a political, administrative, economic, cultural, or specialized center that plays a role in promoting the socio-economic development of a country or a territory, a locality, including urban areas "The outskirts of the city; the inner and outer towns of the town; town" 2.1.1.2 Urban classification There are many criteria to use to classify cities in the world, but the urban classification often uses the criterion of population size According to the decree Resolution No 1210/2016/UBTVQH13 dated May 25, 2016 of the National Assembly Standing Committee on the classification of urban areas in Vietnam, there are six types of urban areas 2.1.2 Urban transportation system 2.1.2.1 Concept The urban transportation system includes the transportation system and the transportation system 2.1.2.2 Characteristics and role of urban transport system Characteristics of urban transport system: (1) The urban transport network performs functions such as: technical traffic, environment, (2) High density of road network; (3) High traffic volume and density but large fluctuations in travel demand over time and space; (4) Low traffic flow rate; (5) Urban transport system requires large costs including construction and operation costs; (6) The investment and operation costs of public passenger transport vehicles are large Role of urban transport system: (1) Urban transport directly affects the performance of other urban functions as well as the well-being of all citizens (2) Urban transport encourages and promotes socio-economic activities; … 2.1.3 Public passenger transport system in urban areas 2.1.3.1 Concept of public passenger transport in urban areas According to the service nature of transport (not according to the service object), public passenger transport in urban areas can meet a large volume of travel needs of all classes of the population on a regular basis, continuously over time determined, in a direction and along a stable route in a given period 2.1.3.2 Structure of public passenger transport system in urban areas The overall public passenger transport system is an organic blend of three subsystems: (1) Public passenger transport vehicle types; (2) Technical infrastructure systems; and (3) Executive management systems 2.1.4 Modes of urban public passenger transport 2.1.4.1 Classification of urban public passenger transport modes Public passenger transport modes in urban areas can be classified according to the following criteria: (1) According to vehicle capacity; (2) According to the characteristics of the organization, exploitation, and operation; (3) According to the scope of operation; (4) According to the characteristics of the mining road; (5) According to the characteristics of the means of exploitation; 2.1.4.2 High-capacity public passenger transport modes in urban areas The modes of transport clarified by the thesis include: (1) Bus; (2) BRT bus; (3) Metro; (4) Trolleybus; (5) Tramway; (6) Urban railway 2.1.5 Features of urban public passenger transport Urban public passenger transport has the following basic characteristics: (1) In terms of scope of operation; (2) About the means of public passenger transport ; (3) Regarding initial investment capital and operating costs; 2.1.6 Public passenger transportation's role in city life The role of urban public passenger transport includes: (1) Being an important factor for sustainable urban development; (2) Being a key factor to save travel time and contribute to increasing social labor productivity; (3) Ensuring the safety and health of the commuters; (4) Contributing to the protection of the urban environment; (5) Being a factor ensuring social order and stability 2.2 Overview of urban public passenger transport system integration 2.2.1 The concept of urban public passenger transport system integration Urban public passenger transport system integration is the process of organizing and combining the parts and elements of each public passenger transport method in the system with each other in space and time to ensure the goal of increasing efficiency and system most methods of the urban public passenger transport system 2.2.2 Integrated structure of urban public passenger transport system The integrated system of public passenger transport in urban areas consists of three major systems: integration by management organization (institution); integration of each method's activities; and integration of the physical (spatial) 2.2.3 Integration and classification of urban public passenger transportation systems Figure 2.6 Urban public passenger transport system integration classification According to Hull (2005), the integration ladder in the public transport system sets out the levels of difficulty when the integration process takes place technically and organizationally The built-in ladder consists of nine levels that are graded from easy to difficult From there, the urban public passenger transportation methods can be integrated as follows: (1) According to the built-in object, integration in the same method or integration of multiple methods (multi-method) can be classified (2) Over time; (3) According to the integrated content; (4) According to the integration level 2.2.4 Content that integrates urban public passenger transport methods 2.2.4.1 Integrate serving infrastructure Integrating the infrastructure to serve the public passenger transportation system includes stopping points, transfer points, and terminal points, but here we can collectively call them transfer points The goal of the integrated transit point is to encourage and increase demand for the public passenger transportation service, not only for transit operations between modes of public transport but also to increase accessibility through connections with other transit routes using private modes of transport 2.2.4.2 Integrate route network and operation plan in public passenger transport system The network of public passenger transport routes, when urban railways are involved, will need to decentralize the functions of public passenger transport lines, then large-volume lines will take care of the axes and buses perform the consolidation function and relieve passengers at train stations The integration between bus and urban rail/BRT modes in the public passenger transport network is done to adjust the route route and develop the operation plan between the public passenger transport lines to reduce travel time 2.2.4.3 Integrated ticket system public passenger transport Integrating the public passenger transport ticket system should provide regulations to guide the activities of investment, development, management, and operation of the public passenger transport network's electronic ticket system in the city in order to create a single, interconnected, and flexible ticket system to meet the maximum needs of passengers, contributing to improving service quality and enhancing the management of output and revenue for the state and businesses 2.2.4.4 Service information integration of urban public passenger transport methods Information integration includes public passenger transportation method integration information content and public passenger transport system integration information requirements 2.2.4.5 Integrated management organization public passenger transport urban system Cities that develop various modes of public passenger transport should work toward the establishment of a public passenger transport management authority to: (1) ensure high attraction for public passenger transport; (2) integrate public passenger transport methods in urban areas; and (3) separate planning and management from exploitation However, its organizational structure and functions depend on the level of development as well as the goals of the city government Figure 2.10 Factors affecting the integrated trip public passenger transport 2.2.5 Factors affecting passengers' multimodal travel From a passenger perspective, a trip using two or more public passenger transport modes usually consists of several distinct time segments, starting at the origin of the trip and ending at the final destination 2.3 Process and lessons learned from urban public passenger transport system integration 10 and km going underground The route is expected to go into operation in the Nhon– Cau Giay section in 2022, and by 2025, the entire route will be operated 3.3 Current status of hanoi's public passenger transportation system integration 3.3.1 Current status of line network integration Integrating bus network with BRT route: BRT route 01, Kim Ma-Yen Nghia bus station, has been connected with 26 regular bus routes on the route However, some shelters still lack transit bus routes and face difficulties Integrating bus route network with urban railline 2A: Along the corridor of urban railway 2A, there are 34 operating bus routes However, the integration of the network of bus routes with the 2A urban railer route still has many shortcomings, such as: (1) Not yet decentralized, classified bus routes connected to the urban railer route, the principles have not been determined connect snow buses with the urban rail route; (2) The capacity of the bus routes with the urban rail route has not been determined at the interchange stations; and (3) Many bus routes have the same route as urban railline 2A 3.3.2 Current status of service infrastructure integration Infrastructure integration between buses and BRT 01: transfer between BRT 01 and the bus network at some stations is not suitable due to the long walking distance of passengers Figure 2.11 The quality of the BRT 01's station connection quality Integrating the infrastructure between the bus and the 2A urban-rural route requires detailed planning and design, as well as the calculation and arrangement of connection points, transfer points, and parking between stations and bus stops 3.3.3 Current status of system ticket integration for passenger transport Card tickets are currently used for one-way tickets on Urban Rail route 2A, while paper tickets are used for day tickets and round-trip tickets Thus, regarding the ticket system of Urban Rail 2A and regular bus routes, BRT buses have not been integrated, unified, or used in common for all types Therefore, it is necessary to establish the principle of using shared tickets and an integrated electronic ticket system for the entire public passenger transportation system 3.3.4 Current status of information system integration in public passenger transportation Currently, the integration of the information system for public passenger transport in Hanoi is limited to each type of bus, BRT, and urban railway, 2A The integrated information is not diverse and does not provide real-time updates to 11 passengers during their journey, particularly those who use multiple modes of public passenger transport 3.3.5 Current status of an integrated management organization Public passenger transportation Institutional integration of the public passenger transport system in Hanoi in the coming period is necessary for a common management agency for the whole public passenger transport system in the city The basic function is to collect traffic information as a basis for planning and management of public passenger transport activities The problem for institutional integration of the public passenger transport system in Hanoi in the coming period is the need for a common management agency for the whole public passenger transport system in the city The basic function is to collect traffic information as a basis for planning and management of public passenger transport activities 3.4 Evaluation of public passenger transport system integration in Hanoi Integrating the public passenger transportation system in Hanoi has the following limitations: (1) On the integration of the route network: but the principles of scientific integration have not been established, the current bus routes are not yet hierarchical, and there is no principle of coordination between bus routes and BRT and urban railway lines (2) Regarding infrastructure integration, principles and contents have not been developed when integrating at transit points and urban railway stations according to space and time (3) In order to integrate tickets and fares, the principles and system of transit tickets for various types of public passenger transportation must be developed (4) Regarding the integration of passenger service information, it is either complete or not yet integrated into a unified system (5) Regarding the integration of organization and management, the state management function has not been clarified for urban railroads, and a policy and institutional framework for service quality management has not been developed service, ticket management, and supervisory management CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE AN URBAN PUBLIC PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN VIETNAM: AN APPLICATION FOR HANOI CITY 4.1 Development of urban public passenger transportation in Vietnam and in Hanoi 4.1.1 Development orientation of urban transport in Vietnam For big cities, strongly develop the bus system and quickly invest in the construction of mass transit routes such as elevated railways and subways to achieve the desired rate of public passenger transport plus 25÷30% Control the development of motorbikes and personal cars, especially in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City 4.1.2 Development orientation of public passenger transport in Hanoi According to the transport planning of Hanoi to 2030, vision to 2050 (according to Decision 519) on the planning of the public passenger transport system: The central urban area by 2020 will reach 30-35% of the total travel demand , around 50 - 55% in 2030, 65 - 70% after 2030 12 Urban railway planning: nine urban railway lines; one monorail line; eight bus lines 4.2 The perspective of integrating public passenger transport system in urban Vietnam 4.2.1 Functions and modal roles in the urban public passenger transport system in Vietnam When urban rail participate in the network of public passenger transport lines, it is necessary to define the role and functions of the modes of public passenger transport: (1) Urban railroads have the role of a transportation system in urban areas (2) Bus routes will complement the high-capacity public passenger transport routes (Urban rail, BRT) increasing efficiency and attracting riders for the urban public transport system Bus routes will complement the high-capacity public passenger transport routes (Urban rail, BRT) increasing efficiency and attracting riders for the urban public transport system The bus system includes BRT buses and minibuses, which have the advantage of flexibility by being able to connect to short routes that will meet the needs of traveling between points that are not on the railway line The bus system is classified into types: Level bus routes with a carrying capacity of about 80 passengers per car; Level bus routes with a carrying capacity of 40–60 passengers per vehicle; and Level bus routes, which enter small roads, with a carrying capacity of about 30 passengers per car These three bus classes will work in tandem with the urban rail system Figure 4.1: Transport capacity classification of public passenger transport routes and connectivity 4.2.2 General principles of integrating the public passenger transport system in urban Vietnam: Integrate the urban public passenger transport system according to the following general principles: - The main purpose of the public passenger transport system is to provide efficient passenger transport to support the economic, social, cultural, and environmental development of the city 13 - The urban integrated public passenger transport system must be used by passengers as a single system, even though it is composed of many parts and managed by different agencies - Each mode in the integrated public passenger transport system is important to the passenger's use, as they can only complete their journey if all the components of that system are available and working together efficient harmony And these methods will be decentralized in terms of capacity, cost, service quality, and prioritized when integrated in the system: urban rail will be prioritized for allocation resources and design the technical exploitation criteria first, then to the BRT lines, the bus will coordinate and connect with it - Each method of the integrated public passenger transport system must be comprehensively designed and developed according to its characteristics and role in the overall system - Each mode of transport with its service infrastructure, ticketing, information, and service systems must be designed so that it communicates with other components of the public passenger transport system with other The external system is implemented easily and efficiently, ensuring that passengers can access the most common public passenger transport system… This issue should be considered at the planning and design stage of the infrastructure and service 4.2.3 Requirements to integrate the public passenger transport system in urban Vietnam Integrating the public passenger transport system in urban areas should ensure the following requirements: (1) The plans on each mode of public passenger transport in urban areas must be harmonized to provide a synchronous and unified network; (2) The infrastructures serving public passenger transport are designed according to the long-term network requirements, in terms of accessibility, integration and scalability; (3) Coordinate support of methods in a unified public passenger transport system; (4) Passengers using the integrated public passenger transport system will have access to a unified system 4.2.4 Level of integration of the public passenger transport system in Vietnamese urban areas Based on the development level and characteristics of the public passenger transport system of Vietnamese cities, the proposed levels of integration of the public passenger transport system ensure the sustainability and feasibility, bringing into play the best methods transport and meet the requirements to improve service quality public passenger transport specifically divided into levels of integration from easy to difficult of the public passenger transport system in urban areas corresponding to the following priority modes: 14 Figure 4.2: Level of integration of the public passenger transport system and priority mode in a Vietnamese city 4.3 Evaluation of factors affecting the transfer of public passenger transport by bus in Hanoi city 4.3.1 Data and survey methods of factors influencing public passenger transport by bus in Hanoi city The thesis conducts a survey with 450 samples at major transit points (Cau Giay, Long Bien, and Hoang Quoc Viet transit points) for passengers with transit trips Methods of data processing: (1) Quantitative research is done through stata 15.0 software (2) Analysis by descriptive statistics; (3) Evaluate the KMO numerical value to consider the suitability of factor analysis (4) Find the representative factor for each group of variables to use for linear regression (5) Run the linear regression model, conduct the fit test, check the significance of the regression coefficients, and read the obtained results 4.3.2 Building a questionnaire and measuring the impact of bus transit in Hanoi The scale commonly used to measure the impact of transit transit of passengers using buses in Hanoi is the Servqual scale This influence scale has 13 observed variables belonging to groups of components of transit service quality: (1) Regarding transit time; (2) About service quality at the transit point; (3) Regarding transit tickets; (4) About transit information 4.3.3 Descriptive statistical analysis of transit trip survey data of bus passengers in Hanoi Descriptive statistical analysis of the transition shows that, out of a total of 89.6% of the respondents who are under the age of 60, up to 43.3% of the 15 interviewees are in their 20s and 30s; Service users are still mainly students (accounting for 36.8%); ranked second are retirees and housewives (14.1%), followed by civil servants, public servants, and workers (11.6%) For customers using monthly tickets, it is common to see that customers not switch routes (accounting for 59.6%), while customers who switch routes once account for 20% and 18% twice; From the point of view of distance and trip time to change routes, the appropriate distance to move the route is about 300–499 m According to Hanoi bus passenger survey data, transit time is 5-10 minutes per trip 4.3.4 Correlation analysis of factors affecting transit on bus trips in Hanoi On the basis of the reliability of the data and its ability to explain the phenomenon (the importance of factors when passengers change bus routes in Hanoi), the thesis continues to use those data to include regression analysis to determine the level of influence of factors (which have been identified through EFA analysis) Through the analysis table, it is found that the normalized beta () coefficients of the components and the dependent function are established: Q14 = 3,181 + 0,475 x Factor1 + 0,230 x Factor2 + 0,096 x Factor + 0,155 x Factor4 Thus, from the research results, the main influencing factors will include four factors in descending order of influence as follows: (1) Tickets and fares; a fare reduction policy when making the transfer; (2) Transit point infrastructure; (3) Transit time between routes; and (4) Quality of information provided to passengers during transit 4.4 In Vietnam, a solution for urban public transport system integration was developed and implemented in Hanoi 4.4.1 Public passenger transportation solution for network integration 4.4.1.1 Principles of network integration: Principles of route network integration: (1) The route network ensures service quality requirements, travel needs, and passenger characteristics; (2) The routes of the public passenger transport network will form a hierarchy; (3) Each component of the public transit network will be designed to fulfill its future role in the network; and (4) Lower capacity passenger transport modes will not compete with higher capacity modes 4.4.1.2 Contents of integrating the bus route network with the urban rail route: The integration between two modes of bus and urban railway/BRT : (1) urban rule is the main trunk line, bus routes will play a supporting role, connecting to gather and relieve passengers at stations Transshipment ; (2) Adjusting bus routes with identical routes; (3) Creating connections between urban railway stations and bus routes; (4) Design of bus routes to collect passengers (within the station service radius) Steps to integrate the gas bus network with urban railways include: Step 1: Classify bus routes by function (including types of bus routes) Step 2: Select the sections of bus routes that overlap with the urban rail route, adjust in order of priority from line to line 1; Step 3: Calculation of passenger demand for modal switching between urban row and bus and vice versa 16 Step 4: Check the conditions to satisfy the travel needs of passengers, the conditions of traffic infrastructure to ensure that the passenger flow capacity is suitable with the supply capacity of urban railers, and the bus routes connecting connect If the condition is not satisfied, go to step 5, otherwise go to step Step 5: (1) Adjust existing overlapping bus routes and bus routes connected to the interchange station; (2) Designing bus routes to collect and release passengers for the urban rail route when the need for transit between buses and urban rail has not yet been ensured; People's travel needs for urban rail but there is no connecting bus route Step 6: Identify the bus routes that need adjustment to connect with urban rails Step 7: At the end, propose a bus route network plan integrated with the urban rail route Figure 4.5: Steps to integrate the bus network when there is an urban railway line 4.4.1.3 Applying the integration of the bus route network with urban railway line 2A (Ha Dong-CCat Linh) in Hanoi The current status of bus routes connected to URBAN RAIL 2A has been analyzed in detail in Chapter II and is detailed in the table of contents Based on the transport capacity and characteristics of the routes, we can classify the routes as follows: (1) Level I: The vehicle capacity is 80 seats, the frequency of driving during rush hour is 5-10 minutes, the average output is high over the years (> million HK/year), and the alignment is radial; (2) Route II: Vehicle capacity of 60 seats, frequency of driving at rush hour is 10-15 minutes, the average output over the years is from to million HK/year; (3) Route III: Vehicle capacity of 60 seats, frequency of driving at peak hours is 15-20 minutes, the average output is 17 low (2 million HK/year); (4) Route IV: Vehicle capacity of 30 seats, driving frequency of 15-20 minutes, low output Results of adjustment of bus routes connecting with URBAN RAIL 2A: Bus route 01 (Gia Lam - Yen Nghia BX); Route 02: Uncle Co - Yen Nghia BX); Route 21A (Giap Bat Station - Yen Nghia Station) ; Route 27 (South Thang Long - Yen Nghia BX) ; Route 33 (Xuan Dinh - Yen Nghia BX) 4.4.2 Integrated solution for transfer points 4.4.2.1 Principles of integrating transfer points The principles of integrating the transfer point include: (1) Determining the preferred method of access at the transfer point; (2) Separation of modes of travel; (3) Integrating modes in the direction of convenience for transshipment; (4) Development of the public passenger transport (TOD) orientation; (5) Ease of tracking; (6) Satisfy the requirements of the passengers using; (7) Evaluate and determine service level at the transfer point; (8) Solutions to enhance access for transfer points 4.4.2.2 Contents of an integrated urban public passenger transportation system transit point Decentralize the feeder by integrating methods and content that match the role's function Figure 4.6 Determining the necessary works of the transfer station Usually the interchange station will include a station plaza, bus stops, pedestrian bridge, parking lot, and access road The station square is a place to transfer between modes; bus stops will be considered if the area of the station square is not suitable for buses Steps to determine the size and area of the transfer station: (1) Determine the needs of passengers using the transit station; (2) Identify passenger needs using transit methods; (3) Identify options for connecting urban railway lines and other means; ... routes (accounting for 37%) 3.1.2 Urban railway development Đến Hà Nội Hồ Chí Minh hai thành phố phát triển hệ thống đường sắt đô thị Up until now, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are two cities that... CITIES IN VIETNAM AND HANOI 3.1 Current status of public passenger transport in urban areas in Vietnam 3.1.1 Current status of public passenger transport by bus in some cities in Vietnam Currently,... in Vietnam in general and in Hanoi in particular Therefore, the PhD student chose the research topic: “Research on solutions to integrate urban public passenger transport systems in Vietnam: Application