zelazo - the cambridge handbook of consciousness (cambridge, 2007)

This page intentionally left blank P1: KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness is the first of its kind in the field, and its appearance marks a unique time in the history of intellectual inquiry on the topic. After decades during which consciousness was considered beyond the scope of legitimate scientific investigation, conscious- ness re-emerged as a popular focus of research toward the end of the last century, and it has remained so for nearly 20 years. There are now so many different lines of investigation on con- sciousness that the time has come when the field may finally benefit from a book that pulls them together and, by juxtaposing them, provides a comprehensive survey of this exciting field. Philip David Zelazo is Professor of Psychology at the University of Toronto, where he holds a Canada Research Chair in Developmental Neuroscience. He is also Co-Director of the Sino-Canadian Centre for Research in Child Development, Southwest University, China. He was Founding Editor of the Journal of Cogni- tion and Development. His research, which is funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineer- ing Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), focuses on the mechanisms underly- ing typical and atypical development of exec- utive function – the conscious self-regulation of thought, action, and emotion. In September 2007, he will assume the Nancy M. and John L. Lindhal Professorship at the Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota. Morris Moscovitch is the Max and Gianna Glass- man Chair in Neuropsychology and Aging in the Department of Psychology at the University of Toronto. He is also a Senior Scientist at the Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care. His research focuses on the neuropsychology of memory in humans but also addresses attention, face recognition, and hemi- spheric specialization in young and older adults, and in people with brain damage. Evan Thompson is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenoloy, and the Sciences of Mind and Colour Vision: A Study in Cognitive Sci- ence and the Philosophy of Perception. He is also the co-author of The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. He is a former holder of a Canada Research Chair. i P1: KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 ii P1: KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness  Edited by Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch and Evan Thompson University of Toronto iii CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK First published in print format ISBN-13 978-0-521-85743-7 ISBN-13 978-0-521-67412-6 ISBN-13 978-0-511-28923-1 © Cambridge University Press 2007 2007 Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521857437 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written p ermission of Cambrid g e University Press. ISBN-10 0-511-28923-5 ISBN-10 0-521-85743-0 ISBN-10 0-521-67412-3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not g uarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or a pp ro p riate. Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org hardback paperback paperback eBook (EBL) eBook (EBL) hardback P1: KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 To the memory of Francisco J. Varela (7 September 1946–28 May 2001) –ET To my growing family: Jill, Elana, David, Leora, and Ezra Meir –MM For Sam, and the next iteration – PDZ And a special dedication to Joseph E. Bogen (13 July 1926–22 April 2005) v P1: KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 vi P1: KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 Contents List of Contributors page xi 1. Introduction 1 part i THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS a. philosophy 2 . A Brief History of the Philosophical Problem of Consciousness 9 William Seager 3. Philosophical Theories of Consciousness: Contemporary Western Perspectives 35 Uriah Kriegel 4. Philosophical Issues: Phenomenology 67 Evan Thompson and Dan Zahavi 5. Asian Perspectives: Indian Theories of Mind 89 Georges Dreyfus and Evan Thompson b. computational approaches to consciousness 6. Artificial Intelligence and Consciousness 117 Drew McDermott 7. Computational Models of Consciousness: A Taxonomy and Some Examples 151 Ron Sun and Stan Franklin c. cognitive psychology 8. Cognitive Theories of Consciousness 177 Katharine McGovern and Bernard J. Baars 9. Behavioral, Neuroimaging, and Neuropsychological Approaches to Implicit Perception 207 Daniel J. Simons, Deborah E. Hannula, David E. Warren, and Steven W. Day vii P1: KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 viii contents 10. Three Forms of Consciousness in Retrieving Memories 251 Henry L. Roediger III, Suparna Rajaram, and Lisa Geraci 11. Metacognition and Consciousness 289 Asher Koriat 12 . Consciousness and Control of Action 327 Carlo Umilt`a d. linguistic considerations 13. Language and Consciousness 355 Wallace Chafe 14. Narrative Modes of Consciousness and Selfhood 375 Keith Oatley e. developmental psychology 15. The Development of Consciousness 405 Philip David Zelazo, Helena Hong Gao, and Rebecca Todd f. alternative states of consciousness 16. States of Consciousness: Normal and Abnormal Variation 435 J. Allan Hobson 17. Consciousness in Hypnosis 445 John F. Kihlstrom 18. Can We Study Subjective Experiences Objectively? First-Person Perspective Approaches and Impaired Subjective States of Awareness in Schizophrenia 481 Jean-Marie Danion and Caroline Huron 19. Meditation and the Neuroscience of Consciousness: An Introduction 499 Antoine Lutz, John D. Dunne, and Richard J. Davidson g. anthropology/social psychology of consciousness 20. Social Psychological Approaches to Consciousness 555 John A. Bargh 21. The Evolution of Consciousness 571 Michael C. Corballis 22. The Serpent’s Gift: Evolutionary Psychology and Consciousness 597 Jesse M. Bering and David F. Bjorklund 23. Anthropology of Consciousness 631 C. Jason Throop and Charles D. Laughlin h. psychodynamic approaches to consciousness 24. Motivation, Decision Making, and Consciousness: From Psychodynamics to Subliminal Priming and Emotional Constraint Satisfaction 673 Drew Westen, Joel Weinberger, and Rebekah Bradley part ii THE NEUROSCIENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS a. neurophysiological mechanisms of consciousness 25. Hunting the Ghost: Toward a Neuroscience of Consciousness 707 Petra Stoerig 26. Neurodynamical Approaches to Consciousness 731 Diego Cosmelli, Jean-Philippe Lachaux, and Evan Thompson b. neuropsychological aspects of consciousness: disorders and neuroimaging 27. The Thalamic Intralaminar Nuclei and the Property of Consciousness 775 Joseph E. Bogen [...]... respect The huge variety in the forms of consciousness makes the problem very complex, but the core problem of consciousness focuses on the nature of subjectivity A further source of complexity arises from the range of possible explanatory targets associated with the study of consciousness One might, for instance, primarily focus on the structure or contents of consciousness These would provide a valid... following in the tradition of Matson 1966, that the medievals’ views on the nature of sensation precluded the recognition of at least some versions of the mindbody problem, see King 2005 ) There were many acute studies of human psychology and innovative theoretical work on the content and structure of consciousness and cognition Of special note is the 4th-century philosopher and Church Father, St Augustine... to as the mind-body problem although this characterization is unfortunately narrow, has been the subject of philosophical reflection for thousands of years This chapter traces the development of this problem in Western philosophy from the time of the ancient Greeks to the middle of the 20th century The birth of science in the 17th century and its subsequent astounding success made the problem of mind... a momentary stab of pain Paradigmatic examples of consciousness are the perceptual states of seeing and hearing, but the nature of the consciousness involved is 9 P1: JzG 05 2185 743 0c02 10 CUFX049 /Zelazo 0 5 21 85 743 0 printer: cupusbw January 5 , 2007 the cambridge handbook of consciousness actually complex and far from clear Are the conscious elements of perception made up only of raw sensations... non-conscious precursors composed of non-conscious components Here we can raise many of the central questions within the problem of consciousness Imagine we were alien exobiologists observing the Earth around the time of the emergence of consciousness How would we know that certain organisms were conscious, while other organisms were not? What is it about the conscious organisms that explains why they... favour of the thesis that mind and body are distinct He also provides a basic, and perpetually influential, tri-component-based psychological theory (see Republic, Book 4, Plato 1961) These facets of his thought illustrate the two basic aspects of the problem of consciousness: the ontological question and the issue of how mind is structured Plato’s primary motivation for accepting a dualist account of mind... problem of consciousness II The Nature of the Problem Despite the huge range of diverse opinion, I think it is fair to say that there is now something of a consensus view about the origin of consciousness, which I call here the mainstream view It is something like the following The world is a purely physical system created some 13 billion years ago in the prodigious event that Fred Hoyle labeled the big... reflections of some underlying, barely knowable ur-material; and increasingly sophisticated forms of materialism which, despite failing to resolve the problem of consciousness, seemed to fit best with the scientific view of the world and eventually came to dominate thinking about the mind in the 20th century I Forms of Consciousness The term consciousness possesses a huge and diverse set of meanings... psychology The development of the concepts of behavior explaining states such as belief and desire, motivating states of pleasure and pain, and information-laden states of perceptual sensation, as well as the complex links amongst these concepts, is perhaps the greatest piece of theorizing ever produced by human beings The power and age of folk psychology are attested by the universal animism of preliterate... but it does seem that the problem of consciousness was vexing philosophers 2,5 00 years ago, and in a form redolent of contemporary worries Also critically important is the way that the problem of consciousness inescapably arises within the context of developing an integrated scientific view of the world The reductionist strain in the Presocratics was not favoured by the two giants of Greek philosophy, . published in print format ISBN-13 97 8-0 -5 2 1-8 574 3-7 ISBN-13 97 8-0 -5 2 1-6 741 2-6 ISBN-13 97 8-0 -5 1 1-2 892 3-1 © Cambridge University Press 2007 2007 Information on this title: www .cambridge. org/9780521857437 This. KAE 0521857430pre CUFX049 /Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw March 3, 2007 16:33 The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness is the first of its kind in the field, and. Press. ISBN-10 0-5 1 1-2 892 3-5 ISBN-10 0-5 2 1-8 574 3-0 ISBN-10 0-5 2 1-6 741 2-3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites