cover cover next page > title : Petroleum Processing Handbook author : McKetta, John J. publisher : CRC Press isbn10 | asin : 0824786815 print isbn13 : 9780824786816 ebook isbn13 : 9780585375700 language : English subject Petroleum Refining Handbooks, manuals, etc. publication date : 1992 lcc : TP690.P4723 1992eb ddc : 665.5/3 subject : Petroleum Refining Handbooks, manuals, etc. cover next page > page_i < previous page page_i next page > Page i Petroleum Processing Handbook edited by John J. McKetta The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas < previous page page_i next page > page_ii < previous page page_ii next page > Page ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petroleum processing handbook / edited by John J. McKetta. p. cm. "The contents of this volume were originally published in Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design, edited by J.J. McKetta and W.A. Cunningham"-T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical refernces and index. ISBN 0824786815 (alk. paper) 1. PetroleumRefiningHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. McKetta, John J. II. Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design. TP690.P4723 1992 665 .5′3-dc20 924374 CIP The contents of this volume were originally published in Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, edited by J. J. McKetta and W. A. Cunningham. © 1979, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988, 1990 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 1992 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, micro-filming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA < previous page page_ii next page > page_iii < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii PREFACE It is time that many of the petroleum processes currently in use be presented in a well-organized, easy-to-read and understandable manner. This hand-book fulfills this need by covering up-to-date processing operations. Each chapter is written by a world expert in that particular area, in such a manner that it is easily understood and applied. Each professional practicing engineer or industrial chemist involved in petroleum processing should have a copy of this book on his or her working shelf. The handbook is conveniently divided into four sections: products, refining, manufacturing processes, and treating processes. Each of the processing chapters contain information on plant design as well as significant chemical reactions. Wherever possible, shortcut methods of calculations are included along with nomographic methods of solution. In the front of the book are two convenient sections that will be very helpful to the reader. These are (1) conversion to and from SI units, and (2) cost indexes that will enable the reader to update any cost information. As Editor, I am grateful for all the help I have received from the great number of authors who have contributed to this book. I am also grateful to the huge number of readers who have written to me with suggestions of topics to be included. JOHN J. MCKETTA < previous page page_iii next page > page_v < previous page page_v next page > Page v CONTENTS Preface iii Contributors vii Conversion to SI Units xi Bringing Costs up to Date xiii 1 Products Petroleum Products Harold L. Hoffman 2 Petroleum Products, Production Costs Fabio Bernasconi 13 Octane Boosting John J. Lipinski and Jack R. Wilcox 25 Octane Catalysts John S. Magee, Bruce R. Mitchell, and James W. Moore 31 Octane Options Joseph A. Weiszmann, James H. D'Auria, Frederick G. McWilliams, and Frederick M. Hibbs 50 2 Refining Petroleum Processing Harold L. Hoffman and John J. McKetta 67 Petroleum Refinery of the Future D. B. Bartholic, A. M. Center, Brian R. Christian, and A. J. Suchanek 108 Petroleum Processes, Catalyst Usage Richard A. Corbett 130 Petroleum Processing Economics, Catalysts Mattheus M. van Kessel, R. H. van Dongen, and G. M. A. Chevalier 155 Petroleum Refinery Yields Improvement Dale R. Simbeck and Frank E. Biasca 170 page_v Hazardous Waste Regulations David Olschewsky and Alice Megna 179 Petroleum Waste Toxicity, Prevention Raymond C. Loehr 190 Petroleum Refining Processes, United States Capacities Debra A. Gwyn 199 Petroleum Refining Processes, Worldwide Capacities Debra A. Gwyn 214 < previous page page_v next page > page_vi < previous page page_vi next page > Page vi 3 Manufacturing Processes Coking, Petroleum (Delayed and Fluid) J. D. McKinney 245 Coking, Petroleum (Fluid) D. E. Blaser 253 Cracking, Thermal W. P. Ballard, G. I. Cottington, and T. A. Cooper 281 Cracking, Catalytic E. C. Luckenbach, A. C. Worley, A. D. Reichle, and E. M. Gladrow 349 Heavy Oil Cracking Guy E. Weismantel 480 Cracking, Catalytic, Optimization and Control J. A. Feldman, B. E. Lutter, and R. L. Hair 516 Deasphalting Carl Pei-Chi Chang and James R. Murphy 527 Dehydrogenation Hervey H. Voge 544 Dewaxing, Catalytic J. D. Hargrove 558 Dewaxing, Solvent G. G. Scholten 565 Dewaxing, Urea G. G. Scholten 583 Hydrocracking Guy E. Weismantel 592 Lubricating Oils: Manufacturing Processes Avilino Sequeira, Jr. 635 4 Treating Processes Desalting, Crude Oil Donald R. Burris 666 page_vi Demetallization/Desulfurization of High Metal Content Petroleum Feedstocks Richard A. Baussell, John Caspers, Kenneth E. Hastings, John D. Potts, and Roger P. Van Driesen 677 Desulfurization, Liquids, Petroleum Fractions Robert J. Campagna, James A. Frayer, and Raynor T. Sebulsky 697 Desulfurizing Cracked Gasoline and Other Hydrocarbon Liquids by Caustic Soda Treating K. E. Clonts and Ralph E. Maple 727 Doctor Sweetening Kenneth M. Brown 736 Index 759 < previous page page_vi next page > page_vii < previous page page_vii next page > Page vii CONTRIBUTORS W. P. Ballard Manager, Port Arthur Research Laboratories (Retired), Texaco, Inc., Port Arthur, Texas D. B. Bartholic Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey Richard A. Bausell Safety Services Manager, Cities Service Research and Development Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma Fabio Bernasconi, Ph.D. Ambrosetti Group, Milan, Italy Frank E. Biasca Manager, Process Technology, SFA Pacific, Inc., Mountain View, California D. E. Blaser Engineering Associate, Exxon Engineering Petroleum Department, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Florham Park, New Jersey Kenneth M. Brown Director, Treating Services (Retired), UOP Process Division, Des Plaines, Illinois Donald R. Burris Manager, Technical Advisory Division, C-E Natco Combustion Engineering, Inc., Denver, Colorado Robert J. Campagna Gulf Science and Technology Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania John Caspers Manager, LC-Fining Design, C-E Lummus Company, Bloomfield, New Jersey A. M. Center Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey Carl Pei-Chi Chang Process Manager, Refinery Process Division, Pullman Kellogg, Houston, Texas G. M. A. Chevalier Shell Internationale Petroleum, Maatschappij BV, The Hague, The Netherlands Brian R. Christian Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey K. E. Clonts Vice President, Technical, Merichem Company, Houston, Texas T. A. Cooper Staff Coordinator-Strategic Planning, Texaco, Inc., White Plains, New York Richard A. Corbett, P.E. Refining/Petrochemical Editor, Oil & Gas Journal, Houston, Texas < previous page page_vii next page > page_viii < previous page page_viii next page > Page viii G. I. Cottington Technologist, Port Arthur Research Laboratories, Texaco, Inc., Port Arthur, Texas James H. D'Auria Director, Process Development, UOP Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois J. A. Feldman Senior Process Analysis Engineer (Retired), Applied Automation, Inc., Bartlesville, Oklahoma James A. Frayer Technical Consultant, Gulf Science and Technology Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania E. M. Gladrow Senior Research Associate, Exxon Research and Development Laboratories, Baton Rouge, Louisiana Debra A. Gwyn Director of Editorial Surveys, Oil & Gas Journal, Tulsa, Oklahoma R. L. Hair Information Technology Planner, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma J. D. Hargrove The British Petroleum Company Limited, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, England Kenneth E. Hastings Vice President and Director of Research, Cities Service Research and Development Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma Frederick M. Hibbs UOP Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois Harold L. Hoffman Editor, Hydrocarbon Processing, Houston, Texas John J. Lipinski Coastal Eagle Point Oil Company, Westville, New Jersey Raymond C. Loehr, Ph.D. H. M. Acharty Centennial Chair and Professor, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas E. C. Luckenbach E. & R. Luckenbach and Co., Mountainside, New Jersey B. E. Lutter Engineering Director, Automation Group, Applied Automation/Hartman and Braun, Bartlesville, Oklahoma John S. Magee, Ph.D. Technical Director, Katalistiks International, a unit of UOP, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland Ralph E. Maple Assistant General Manager, Process Technology Division, Merichem Company, Houston, Texas John J. McKetta, Ph.D., P.E. The Joe C. Walter Professor of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas J. D. McKinney Gulf Research and Development Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Frederick G. McWilliams UOP Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois Alice Megna Project Manager, ERT Inc., Dallas, Texas < previous page page_viii next page > [...]... flow until heated Building materials are also among petroleum products For example, petroleum asphalt is used for roofing and road coverings Petroleum waxes are used for waterproofing After special chemical transformations, some petroleum fractions supply a wide range of plastics, elastomers, and other resins for construction uses Chemicals derived from petroleum are identified in Table 1 as simply "petrochemical... commercial processes for altering one combination to another (see Petroleum Processing) Each combination has its own unique set of chemical and physical properties As a consequence, petroleum products are found in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products Many of these products are substitutes for earlier products from non -petroleum sources For example: illuminating oil to replace sperm oil... page page_xv next page > page_1 < previous page page_1 next page > Page 1 1 PRODUCTS < previous page page_1 next page > page_2 < previous page page_2 next page > Page 2 Petroleum Products Harold L Hoffman Petroleum products are made from petroleum crude oil and natural gas Similar products are made from other natural resources such as coal, peat, lignite, shale oil, and tar sands Products from these other... < previous page page_xv next page > Page xv Index Table 2 shows the Nelson Inflation Petroleum Refinery Construction Indexes since 1946 It is recommeded that the CE Index be used for updating total plant costs, and the M&S Index or Nelson Index for updating equipment costs The Nelson Indexes are better suited for petroleum refinery materials, labor, equipment, and general refinery inflation Since Here,... the identity of some chemicals as coming from petroleum However, most manufacturing statistics do not use this distinction So petrochemical production is often combined with chemicals derived from other sources within a single chemical class Take note that a highly industralized economy, like that of the United States, diverts no more then about 7% of all petroleum products (feedstocks plus fuels) to... consumption again began to increase, although at a much reduced paceforecasted at about 2% annually Product Identity Petroleum products are hydrocarbonscompounds with various combinations of hydrogen and carbon Because there is an almost inconceivable number of hydrogen-carbon combinations, petroleum products take many forms, limited only by the imagination and ingenuity of the people who work with them... Mountain View, California A J Suchanek Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey R H van Dongen Shell Internationale Petroleum, Maatschappij BV, The Hague, The Netherlands Roger P Van Driesen Manager, Petroleum and Coal Process Marketing, C-E Lummus Company, Bloomfield, New Jersey Mattheus M van Kessel Product Manager, Refinery Catalysts, SICC, London, United... But instead of using the units of specific density or specific gravity, the common unit of measure is one specified by the American Petroleum Institute For this reason, the results are called degrees API gravity The relation of this term to specific gravity is Thus, a petroleum product with the same specific gravity as water, 1.0, has an API gravity of 10 Products with densities less than water have... gravity of between 50 and 70, with the winter grades slightly lighter (greater API gravity) than the summer grades Boiling range of a petroleum product is reported in several ways If the product were a single pure hydrocarbon, it would have a single boiling point But most petroleum products are groups of hydrocarbonseach with its own normal boiling point as well as an influence on the vaporizing tendencies... five variations of monoolefins are in the 12.312.5 range While much better ways now exist for chemical analysis of petroleum products, the characterization factor is still an important criterion for buying and selling crude oil raw material Discretionary specifications exist for most petroleum products Product specifications set minimum and maximum boundaries on a product's properties At the discretion . Petroleum Processing Handbook author : McKetta, John J. publisher : CRC Press isbn10 | asin : 0824786815 print isbn13 : 9780824786816 ebook isbn13 : 9780585375700 language : English subject Petroleum. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petroleum processing handbook / edited by John J. McKetta. p. cm. "The contents of this volume were originally published in Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design,. Hibbs 50 2 Refining Petroleum Processing Harold L. Hoffman and John J. McKetta 67 Petroleum Refinery of the Future D. B. Bartholic, A. M. Center, Brian R. Christian, and A. J. Suchanek 108 Petroleum Processes,