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title : Petroleum Processing Handbook
author : McKetta, John J.
publisher : CRC Press
isbn10 | asin : 0824786815
print isbn13 : 9780824786816
ebook isbn13 : 9780585375700
language : English
subject Petroleum Refining Handbooks, manuals, etc.
publication date : 1992
lcc : TP690.P4723 1992eb
ddc : 665.5/3
subject : Petroleum Refining Handbooks, manuals, etc.
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page_i
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Page i
Petroleum Processing Handbook
edited by
John J. McKetta
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas
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page_ii
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Page ii
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Petroleum processing handbook / edited by John J. McKetta.
p. cm.
"The contents of this volume were originally published in
Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design, edited by J.J.
McKetta and W.A. Cunningham"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical refernces and index.
ISBN 0824786815 (alk. paper)
1. PetroleumRefiningHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. McKetta,
John J. II. Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design.
TP690.P4723 1992
665 .5′3-dc20 924374
CIP
The contents of this volume were originally published in Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, edited by J.
J. McKetta and W. A. Cunningham. © 1979, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988, 1990 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 1992 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, micro-filming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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page_iii
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Page iii
PREFACE
It is time that many of the petroleum processes currently in use be presented in a well-organized, easy-to-read and
understandable manner. This hand-book fulfills this need by covering up-to-date processing operations. Each chapter is
written by a world expert in that particular area, in such a manner that it is easily understood and applied. Each
professional practicing engineer or industrial chemist involved in petroleum processing should have a copy of this book
on his or her working shelf.
The handbook is conveniently divided into four sections: products, refining, manufacturing processes, and treating
processes. Each of the processing chapters contain information on plant design as well as significant chemical reactions.
Wherever possible, shortcut methods of calculations are included along with nomographic methods of solution. In the
front of the book are two convenient sections that will be very helpful to the reader. These are (1) conversion to and
from SI units, and (2) cost indexes that will enable the reader to update any cost information.
As Editor, I am grateful for all the help I have received from the great number of authors who have contributed to this
book. I am also grateful to the huge number of readers who have written to me with suggestions of topics to be included.
JOHN J. MCKETTA
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Page v
CONTENTS
Preface iii
Contributors vii
Conversion to SI Units xi
Bringing Costs up to Date xiii
1
Products
Petroleum Products
Harold L. Hoffman
2
Petroleum Products, Production Costs
Fabio Bernasconi
13
Octane Boosting
John J. Lipinski and Jack R. Wilcox
25
Octane Catalysts
John S. Magee, Bruce R. Mitchell, and James W. Moore
31
Octane Options
Joseph A. Weiszmann, James H. D'Auria, Frederick G. McWilliams, and Frederick M. Hibbs
50
2
Refining
Petroleum Processing
Harold L. Hoffman and John J. McKetta
67
Petroleum Refinery of the Future
D. B. Bartholic, A. M. Center, Brian R. Christian, and A. J. Suchanek
108
Petroleum Processes, Catalyst Usage
Richard A. Corbett
130
Petroleum Processing Economics, Catalysts
Mattheus M. van Kessel, R. H. van Dongen, and G. M. A. Chevalier
155
Petroleum Refinery Yields Improvement
Dale R. Simbeck and Frank E. Biasca
170
page_v
Hazardous Waste Regulations
David Olschewsky and Alice Megna
179
Petroleum Waste Toxicity, Prevention
Raymond C. Loehr
190
Petroleum Refining Processes, United States Capacities
Debra A. Gwyn
199
Petroleum Refining Processes, Worldwide Capacities
Debra A. Gwyn
214
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Page vi
3
Manufacturing Processes
Coking, Petroleum (Delayed and Fluid)
J. D. McKinney
245
Coking, Petroleum (Fluid)
D. E. Blaser
253
Cracking, Thermal
W. P. Ballard, G. I. Cottington, and T. A. Cooper
281
Cracking, Catalytic
E. C. Luckenbach, A. C. Worley, A. D. Reichle, and E. M. Gladrow
349
Heavy Oil Cracking
Guy E. Weismantel
480
Cracking, Catalytic, Optimization and Control
J. A. Feldman, B. E. Lutter, and R. L. Hair
516
Deasphalting
Carl Pei-Chi Chang and James R. Murphy
527
Dehydrogenation
Hervey H. Voge
544
Dewaxing, Catalytic
J. D. Hargrove
558
Dewaxing, Solvent
G. G. Scholten
565
Dewaxing, Urea
G. G. Scholten
583
Hydrocracking
Guy E. Weismantel
592
Lubricating Oils: Manufacturing Processes
Avilino Sequeira, Jr.
635
4
Treating Processes
Desalting, Crude Oil
Donald R. Burris
666
page_vi
Demetallization/Desulfurization of High Metal Content Petroleum Feedstocks
Richard A. Baussell, John Caspers, Kenneth E. Hastings, John D. Potts, and Roger P. Van Driesen
677
Desulfurization, Liquids, Petroleum Fractions
Robert J. Campagna, James A. Frayer, and Raynor T. Sebulsky
697
Desulfurizing Cracked Gasoline and Other Hydrocarbon Liquids by Caustic Soda Treating
K. E. Clonts and Ralph E. Maple
727
Doctor Sweetening
Kenneth M. Brown
736
Index 759
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page_vii
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Page vii
CONTRIBUTORS
W. P. Ballard Manager, Port Arthur Research Laboratories (Retired), Texaco, Inc., Port Arthur, Texas
D. B. Bartholic Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey
Richard A. Bausell Safety Services Manager, Cities Service Research and Development Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Fabio Bernasconi, Ph.D. Ambrosetti Group, Milan, Italy
Frank E. Biasca Manager, Process Technology, SFA Pacific, Inc., Mountain View, California
D. E. Blaser Engineering Associate, Exxon Engineering Petroleum Department, Exxon Research and Engineering
Company, Florham Park, New Jersey
Kenneth M. Brown Director, Treating Services (Retired), UOP Process Division, Des Plaines, Illinois
Donald R. Burris Manager, Technical Advisory Division, C-E Natco Combustion Engineering, Inc., Denver, Colorado
Robert J. Campagna Gulf Science and Technology Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John Caspers Manager, LC-Fining Design, C-E Lummus Company, Bloomfield, New Jersey
A. M. Center Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey
Carl Pei-Chi Chang Process Manager, Refinery Process Division, Pullman Kellogg, Houston, Texas
G. M. A. Chevalier Shell Internationale Petroleum, Maatschappij BV, The Hague, The Netherlands
Brian R. Christian Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey
K. E. Clonts Vice President, Technical, Merichem Company, Houston, Texas
T. A. Cooper Staff Coordinator-Strategic Planning, Texaco, Inc., White Plains, New York
Richard A. Corbett, P.E. Refining/Petrochemical Editor, Oil & Gas Journal, Houston, Texas
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page_viii
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Page viii
G. I. Cottington Technologist, Port Arthur Research Laboratories, Texaco, Inc., Port Arthur, Texas
James H. D'Auria Director, Process Development, UOP Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois
J. A. Feldman Senior Process Analysis Engineer (Retired), Applied Automation, Inc., Bartlesville, Oklahoma
James A. Frayer Technical Consultant, Gulf Science and Technology Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
E. M. Gladrow Senior Research Associate, Exxon Research and Development Laboratories, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Debra A. Gwyn Director of Editorial Surveys, Oil & Gas Journal, Tulsa, Oklahoma
R. L. Hair Information Technology Planner, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
J. D. Hargrove The British Petroleum Company Limited, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, England
Kenneth E. Hastings Vice President and Director of Research, Cities Service Research and Development Company,
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Frederick M. Hibbs UOP Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois
Harold L. Hoffman Editor, Hydrocarbon Processing, Houston, Texas
John J. Lipinski Coastal Eagle Point Oil Company, Westville, New Jersey
Raymond C. Loehr, Ph.D. H. M. Acharty Centennial Chair and Professor, Environmental Engineering Program,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
E. C. Luckenbach E. & R. Luckenbach and Co., Mountainside, New Jersey
B. E. Lutter Engineering Director, Automation Group, Applied Automation/Hartman and Braun, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
John S. Magee, Ph.D. Technical Director, Katalistiks International, a unit of UOP, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland
Ralph E. Maple Assistant General Manager, Process Technology Division, Merichem Company, Houston, Texas
John J. McKetta, Ph.D., P.E. The Joe C. Walter Professor of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, Texas
J. D. McKinney Gulf Research and Development Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Frederick G. McWilliams UOP Inc., Des Plaines, Illinois
Alice Megna Project Manager, ERT Inc., Dallas, Texas
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[...]... flow until heated Building materials are also among petroleum products For example, petroleum asphalt is used for roofing and road coverings Petroleum waxes are used for waterproofing After special chemical transformations, some petroleum fractions supply a wide range of plastics, elastomers, and other resins for construction uses Chemicals derived from petroleum are identified in Table 1 as simply "petrochemical... commercial processes for altering one combination to another (see Petroleum Processing) Each combination has its own unique set of chemical and physical properties As a consequence, petroleum products are found in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products Many of these products are substitutes for earlier products from non -petroleum sources For example: illuminating oil to replace sperm oil... page page_xv next page > page_1 < previous page page_1 next page > Page 1 1 PRODUCTS < previous page page_1 next page > page_2 < previous page page_2 next page > Page 2 Petroleum Products Harold L Hoffman Petroleum products are made from petroleum crude oil and natural gas Similar products are made from other natural resources such as coal, peat, lignite, shale oil, and tar sands Products from these other... < previous page page_xv next page > Page xv Index Table 2 shows the Nelson Inflation Petroleum Refinery Construction Indexes since 1946 It is recommeded that the CE Index be used for updating total plant costs, and the M&S Index or Nelson Index for updating equipment costs The Nelson Indexes are better suited for petroleum refinery materials, labor, equipment, and general refinery inflation Since Here,... the identity of some chemicals as coming from petroleum However, most manufacturing statistics do not use this distinction So petrochemical production is often combined with chemicals derived from other sources within a single chemical class Take note that a highly industralized economy, like that of the United States, diverts no more then about 7% of all petroleum products (feedstocks plus fuels) to... consumption again began to increase, although at a much reduced paceforecasted at about 2% annually Product Identity Petroleum products are hydrocarbonscompounds with various combinations of hydrogen and carbon Because there is an almost inconceivable number of hydrogen-carbon combinations, petroleum products take many forms, limited only by the imagination and ingenuity of the people who work with them... Mountain View, California A J Suchanek Engelhard Corporation, Specialty Chemicals Division, Menlo Park, Edison, New Jersey R H van Dongen Shell Internationale Petroleum, Maatschappij BV, The Hague, The Netherlands Roger P Van Driesen Manager, Petroleum and Coal Process Marketing, C-E Lummus Company, Bloomfield, New Jersey Mattheus M van Kessel Product Manager, Refinery Catalysts, SICC, London, United... But instead of using the units of specific density or specific gravity, the common unit of measure is one specified by the American Petroleum Institute For this reason, the results are called degrees API gravity The relation of this term to specific gravity is Thus, a petroleum product with the same specific gravity as water, 1.0, has an API gravity of 10 Products with densities less than water have... gravity of between 50 and 70, with the winter grades slightly lighter (greater API gravity) than the summer grades Boiling range of a petroleum product is reported in several ways If the product were a single pure hydrocarbon, it would have a single boiling point But most petroleum products are groups of hydrocarbonseach with its own normal boiling point as well as an influence on the vaporizing tendencies... five variations of monoolefins are in the 12.312.5 range While much better ways now exist for chemical analysis of petroleum products, the characterization factor is still an important criterion for buying and selling crude oil raw material Discretionary specifications exist for most petroleum products Product specifications set minimum and maximum boundaries on a product's properties At the discretion . Petroleum Processing Handbook author : McKetta, John J. publisher : CRC Press isbn10 | asin : 0824786815 print isbn13 : 9780824786816 ebook isbn13 : 9780585375700 language : English subject Petroleum. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petroleum processing handbook / edited by John J. McKetta. p. cm. "The contents of this volume were originally published in Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design,. Hibbs 50 2 Refining Petroleum Processing Harold L. Hoffman and John J. McKetta 67 Petroleum Refinery of the Future D. B. Bartholic, A. M. Center, Brian R. Christian, and A. J. Suchanek 108 Petroleum Processes,
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