gasoline

[...]... plentiful; hence, kerosene was used for lighting until the discovery of electric bulbs Gasoline and other non-kerosene products from refining were simply discarded due to the lack of use In 1882, the advent of gasoline engine-driven carriages (i.e., horseless carriages) solved this problem There was heavy demand for gasoline; in fact, by 1920, there were 9 million motor vehicles in the United States alone... process called distillation to separate the components For example, gasoline has a lower boiling temperature (i.e., gasoline is more volatile) than kerosene, allowing the two to be separated by heating to different temperatures Another important job of the refineries is to remove contaminants from the oil, for example, sulfur from gasoline or diesel If not removed, the sulfur will be emitted as sulfur... refinery separates crude oil into various byproducts and fuel components, including gasoline, diesel, heating oil, and jet fuel Petroleum constituents 5 6 Introduction Table 1.1 Petroleum constituents from oil refinery Fraction Distillation range (◦ C) Carbon number Gas Petroleum ether Ligroin (light naphtha) Natural gasoline Jet fuel Kerosene No 1 diesel fuel No 2 diesel fuel No 3 diesel fuel Gas oil... Ethanol can be used as a 10% blend with gasoline without need for any engine modification However, with some engine modification, ethanol can be used at higher levels, for example, E85 (85% ethanol) 1.5.2 Methanol Methanol is another conventional motor fuels In the past, it has been considered a possible large-volume motor fuel substitute at various times during gasoline shortages It was often used in... shortages It was often used in the early twentieth century to power automobiles before the introduction of inexpensive gasoline Later, synthetically produced methanol was widely used as a motor fuel in Germany during World War II Again, during the oil crisis of the 1970s, methanol blending with gasoline received attention due to methanol availability and low cost Similar to ethanol, methanol has a high octane... Energy density of methanol (16 MJ/liter) is only half of the gasoline energy density (32 MJ/liter), since methanol contains 50% oxygen (higher than biomass!) 1.5.3 Butanol Butanol (C4 H9 OH) is a four-carbon alcohol compared to ethanol with two carbon atoms Due to the lower oxygen content, the energy density (29.2 MJ/liter) is much closer to that of gasoline At present, butanol is presently manufactured... dioxide (SO2 ), and only a small amount of nitrous oxides (NOx ) Concerns about acid rain, urban air pollution, and global warming are likely to increase NG use in the future NG burns far cleaner than gasoline or diesel, producing fewer NOx , unburned hydrocarbons, and particulates Because NG vehicles require large storage tanks, the main market may be for buses for use within the cities Another use... none, making the chemical properties of biofuels very different than those from petroleum Currently, there are two liquid biofuels in the market to partially replace petroleum: (1) ethanol can replace gasoline, and (2) biodiesel can replace diesel Manufacturing processes for additional biofuels that are closer to petroleum will soon come into the market as described in the following chapters Salient... economic issues related to biofuels As petroleum reserves are depleted, the world is faced with finding alternatives Currently, the transport sector depends almost entirely on petroleum liquids (diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene), and to fill the gap, biofuel can provide a replacement However, alternatives to petroleum must be technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable,... barrels of crude oil, out of which about one-third is produced domestically and two-thirds are imported Most U.S production is in Texas followed by Alaska, California, Louisiana, and Oklahoma, in that order Gasoline and other liquid fuels from refineries are usually shipped out 1.2 Petroleum through pipelines to the major consumer centers, which is the safest and cheapest way to move large quantities of petroleum