fluid flow for the practicing chemical engineer - essential engineering calculations series

FLUID FLOW FOR THE PRACTICING CHEMICAL ENGINEER J Patrick Abulencia Louis Theodore @WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION This Page Intentionally Left Blank FLUID FLOW FOR THE PRACTICING CHEMICAL ENGINEER This Page Intentionally Left Blank FLUID FLOW FOR THE PRACTICING CHEMICAL ENGINEER J Patrick Abulencia Louis Theodore @WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., I River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-601 1, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For g e n e d information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Libmry of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Dala: Abulencia, James P Fluid flow for the practicing chemical engineer / James P Abulencia, Louis Theodore p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-31763-1 (cloth) I Fluid mechanics Fluidization I Title TP156.F6T44 2009 660.01’53205 I dc22 2008048336 Printed in the United States of America To my mother and father who have unconditionally loved and supported me throughout To Cecil K Watson a friend who has contributed mightily to basketball and the youth of America (L.T.) my life (J.F!A.) This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION xvii xix I INTRODUCTION TO FLUID FLOW History of Chemical Engineering-Fluid 1.1 Introduction / 1.2 Fluid Flow / 1.3 Chemical Engineering References / Units and Dimensional / Flow Analysis 2.1 Introduction / 2.1.1 Units and Dimensional Consistency 2.2 Dimensional Analysis / 12 2.3 Buckingham Pi (T) Theorem / 13 2.4 Scale-Up and Similarity / 17 References / 18 Key Terms and Definitions 3.1 Introduction / 19 3.1.1 Fluids / 19 3.2 Definitions / 20 3.2.1 Temperature / / 19 20 vii O -20 20 -20 -1 40 60 il 70 160 80 1@J 9: 0m : loo 130:-2.m 120 -240 110 -220 '40:-280 150 3M) " : 170-:340 16O WJ 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 28 28 30 0.1 0.2 -0.4 Figure 0.1 10 12 14 16 18 20 - r0.6 0.8 10 20 40 80 100 80 Viscosity Cantipoises mCregol CycMexanol Dibnllw&nM D!chlomemane D+chbmmethane Dielhyloxalate DIpmpy( oxalate Ethylacetete Ethylalcohol.100% Ethyl alcohol 95% Elhylalmhol.40% Emylberuene Emylbmmlde Ethylchlonde Ethylelher Ethylformale Ethyliodlde Ethylglycol Fonnlcacid Freon-11 Freon-1 Freon-21 %?l&Cl,, 25% Bnne NaCI 25% BIomine BmmOtOluBne Bulylacelate Btdylalmhol Butyncacld Carbondmmde Cart-andisultide Carbcntetrachlonde Chbmbenzene Chloroform Chlormubnic aad o-Chlorofoluene mChlomtoluene pChlomloluene Arnmonia,26% Amylacelale Amylalmhol Aniline Ansole Amnic mchlonde Benzene Bimemyl oxalate Aceticacid, 100% Aceticacid,70% Acetic anhydride Acetone, 100% Acetone 35% Absolute viscosity of liquids 51 52 53 54 55 50 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 40 39 38 37 35 32 33 34 30 31 29 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 I 10.5 9.8 6.5 13.2 14.5 14.8 14.5 14.2 14.7 12.6 10.1 11.8 7.5 8.1 12.3 13.9 12.5 12.3 12.0 6.6 10.2 14.2 20.0 12.3 8.6 12.1 11.6 16.1 12.7 12.3 14.4 11.2 13.0 13.3 13.3 2.5 2.9 12.7 13.2 14.6 11.0 12.1 9.5 106 107 108 1M) 102 103 104 100 92 81 62 83 84 85 88 87 88 89 90 91 80 78 79 77 71 72 73 74 75 76 7o 67 68 69 66 63 €4 65 61 - 2.0 13.9 12.5 18.4 18.7 13.5 145 10.9 15.8 18.3 15.9 16.6 13.2 15.9 11.0 17.2 15.3 0.3 7.5 13.1 12.4 10.2 18.1 13.3 12.5 12.5 20.8 24.3 15.8 12.2 8.9 16.4 17.7 9.1 13.8 14.3 16.6 11.5 8.1 6.0 5.3 8.4 10.3 23.6 15.8 9.0 5.6 7.5 14.2 17.0 s." !$Ede P w l chlorlde Prowl iodide Sodium Sodium hydmxide 50% Stannic chloride Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid, 110% Sulfurk acid, 98% S u h h acid, 80% Suhryl chloride Talrachlomlham, Telrachbnxthylene Tianium tetrachloride Toluene Trichlomlhylene Turpentine Vinylacetate Water o-Xylene mxylene pXylene Phosphorus lribmide Phosphorus trkhbride Pmpionic acid !%!2295% Nark acid, 80% Nitmberuene Nmlduene Octane almhol Pentachlomethane Pemane Melhyl ethyl ketone Uquid Freon-22 Freon-113 Glyceml 100% Glycerol, 50% Heplane Hexane Hydrochloric acid, 31.5% lsobulyl W h o Isobulyric acid lsapwl alcohol Kemsene Linseed oil raw Mercury Methanol 100% Methanol 90% MemanOl, 40% Melhyl acelale Methylchwe - 12.5 2.0 6.9 14.1 14.7 13.0 7.1 12.2 8.2 10.2 7.5 18.4 12.4 12.3 7.8 14.2 15.0 13.9 7.9 12.8 10.8 10.6 11.0 13.7 6.6 10.9 14.9 6.9 13.8 16.2 12.8 9.1 14.5 14.4 14.1 16.4 3.2 13.5 15.2 7.2 7.0 10.2 15.2 11.9 14.2 14.4 13.7 14.8 11.5 14.0 10.2 13.5 13.9 13.9 ? r 17.2 8.6 18.1 13.8 17.0 16.2 17.0 10.0 21.1 17.3 5.2 20.8 16.7 10.9 13.8 16.5 9.6 7.5 11.6 13.9 25.6 12.8 7.1 27.4 24.8 21.3 12.4 15.7 12.7 12.3 10.4 10.5 14.9 8.8 13.0 12.1 10.6 10.9 - 4.7 11.4 30.0 19.6 8.4 7.0 16.6 18.0 14.4 16.0 16.9 27.2 16.4 10.5 11.8 15.5 8.2 100 -1 00 Temperature Deg C, Deg F 0' 20 18 16 14 12 10 28 26 24 22 30 10 12 14 16 X Figure 8.2 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 17 12 13 14 Gas Acetic acid Acetone Acetylene Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine Butane Butylene Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chloroform Cyanogen Cyclohexane Ethane Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Ethylene Fluorine Freon-1 Freon-1 Freon-21 Freon-22 - 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 33 34 29 30 31 32 Gas Freon-113 Helium Hexane Hydrogen 3H, + N , Hydmgen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydmgen cyanide Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Mercury Methane Methyl alcohol Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrosyl chloride Nitrous oxide Oxygen Pentane Propane Prowl alcohol Prowlene Sulfur dioxide Toluene 2,3,3-Trimethylbutane Water Xenon = X 14.3 7.7 13.0 8.9 14.9 9.8 20.0 11.0 16.0 8.4 22.4 10.5 13.2 8.5 19.2 8.9 13.7 9.2 13.0 8.9 18.7 9.5 16.0 8.0 20.0 11.0 18.4 9.0 15.7 8.9 15.2 9.2 12.0 9.2 14.5 9.1 13.2 8.5 14.2 9.2 15.6 8.5 13.0 8.9 15.1 9.5 23.8 7.3 15.1 10.6 16.0 11.1 15.3 10.8 17.0 10.1 Absolute viscosity of gases and vapors at atm c0.005 l e1-0.006 -0.01 -0.009 -0.008 -0.007 - - - 0.03 r0.02 - 0.04 0.05 0.06 Viscosity centipoises 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 - 11.3 10.9 8.6 11.2 11.2 8.8 8.8 9.8 9.0 8.6 9.0 5.3 9.9 8.5 10.9 10.6 8.0 0.8 11.0 7.0 9.7 8.4 9.0 9.6 8.6 9.5 8.0 9.3 - 14.0 20.5 11.8 12.4 17.2 20.9 20.9 14.9 21.3 18.0 18.4 22.9 15.5 15.6 20.5 20.0 17.6 19.0 21.3 12.8 12.9 13.4 13.8 17.0 12.4 10.5 16.0 23.0 Y X - - - - This Page Intentionally Left Blank INDEX absolute pressure, 21 absolute scale, 20 absolute viscosity, 22 absolute zero, 20 absorber bed packing, 373 accident, 451 accounting, 507 Accreditation Board for Engineering Technology (ABET), 32 Act (SARA), 446, 447 activated carbon bed, 394 actual bed cross-section, 367 acute exposures, 449 adsorption tower, 365 aerodynamic diameter, 322 air exchange rate, 268 algae, 522 allowable stress, 279 American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 6, 34 amount of the uniform series, 503 anatomy, 520 angular speed, 355 annual operating cost, 504 annualized capital cost, 504 aorta, 520,524,529 Approximate Rate of Return, 505 Archimedes’ Law, 102 arteries, 524 Fluid Flow for rhe Pracricing Chemical Engineer Copyright 2M)9 John Wiley & Sons, Inc artery, 520 asbestos, 265 astronaut pen, 551 atmospheric pressure, 21 atrium, 520,529 augmented matrix, 484 autonomic nervous system, 52 average velocity, 128, 316 backward curved or backward inclined fans, 199 bacteria, 522 baghouse, 458 ball valve, 220,283 BASIC, 483 basic events, 458 basophils, 523 Batch centrifugal filters, 407 Baume’ scale, 103 bed specific surface area, 368 Bernoulli Equation, 79, 133, 210, 286 Bingham plastics, 51 Blake-Kozeny equation, 380,383, 387,390 blood, 523 blood vessel branching, 527 blood vessels, 520 blowdown Makeup, 63 body forces, 27 bonds, 506 By J Patrick Abulencia and Louis Theodore 573 574 INDEX boundary conditions, 11 Bourdon-tube pressure gauge, 244 Boyle’s law, 110 brainstorming, 544 brake (or actual) horsepower, 292, 15 Break-Even Point, 505 Brookfield viscometer coaxial viscometer, 43 Brownian movement, 535 bubbling aggregate fluidization, 392 Buckingham Pi Theorem, 13 bulk density, 367 buoyancy, 102 buoyant forces, 102, 342 Burke-Plummer equation, 381, 387, 393 bursting stress, 136 bushing, 222, 281 butterfly valve, 221,283 BWG (Birmingham Wire Gauge) number, 136 bypass, 63 C++, 483 cake resistance, 41 calming length, 139 capacity, 198 capillary, 52 1, 524 capillary rise, 23 capital, 508 capital recovery factor, 504 caps plugs, 281 cardiac muscle, 521 Carmen-Kozeny equation, 382 castor oil, 342 catalyst tower, 373 cavitation, 21 1, 255 Cell, 521 Celsius scale, 20 cement kiln, 416 Centrifugal compressors, 216 centrifugal fans, 199 centrifugal force, 354 centrifugal pumps, 207,286,298 centrifugation, 354 characteristic curve, 202 characteristic length, 535 Charles’ Law, 110 check valves, 221 Chemical Engineering, 34 Chronic Exposure, 449 Chronotmpic, 521 Churchill friction factor, 152 circular-basin, 348 Circulatory system, 52 clarification settling, 348 Clean Air Act, 428, 446 Clean Water Act, 447 Clot, 521 cold start-ups, 205 combustion effects, 268 Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), 428,446 compilers interpreters, 483 compliance stack test, 438 compound Interest, 501 Comprehensive Environmental Response, 428,446 compressibility coefficient factor, 116 compressibility factor, 17 compressible cakes, 417 compressible flow, 167 compressors, 216 conservation of mass, 61 consistency number, contact angle, 23 contraction, 303, 310 convection, 32 Conventional thickeners, 348 conversion constant/factor, 10 corpuscle, 521 cost of power, 13 Couette-Hatschek viscometer, 43, 45 Council for Environmental Quality (CEQ), 428 coupling, 22 1, 28 creativity, 543 creeping Stokes flow, 124 creeping flow, 326 critical analytical thinking, 542 critical Reynolds number, 124, 139 critical velocity, 123 Cunningham’s correction factor, 335, 535 cyclone, 430 cyclones, 354 cytoplasm, 521 Darcy equation, 409 Dry friction factor, 135, 313 a c INDEX declining balance rate, 10 dense phase fluidization, 385 density ratio, 342 Department of Justice, 473 deposit thickness, 410 diameter, 154 diffuser, 207 dilatant, 50 dilution ventilation, 266 dimensional analysis, 12 dimensional consistency, dimensionless numbers, 13 direct discharger, 430 dose-response, 450 double-declining balance method, 11 double-suction impeller, 207 drag, 325 drag coefficient, 17, 325, 342 drag force, 326 ductwork, 266 duties, 471 dynamic pressure, 212 dynamic similarity, 17 dynamic viscosity, 22 economic analysis, 500 eddies, 72 education pipe, 181 effective mixture viscosity, 350 effective particle diameter, 368, 370 efficiency,79, 198 elbow, 221,281, 299,308, 311 emergency planning, 448 empty bed cross-section, 366 empty tower velocity, 367, 378 endocrine system, 52 endothelium, 52 enthalpy, 73 entrance length, 139 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 428,468,473 eosinophils, 523 equivalent diameter, 138, 139, 292, 321 equivalent length, 223,226,294 Ergun equation, 370,381,389 erythrocytes (red blood cells), 521, 523,534 estuaries, 430 ethics, 471 Euler number, 16, 17 Exact Rate of Return, 506 excess reactant, 270 exfiltration, 268 exhaust fan, 266 expanded bed, 377 expanders, 28 I , 290 exposure assessment, 450 exposure limits, 263 Fabricated Equipment Cost Index, 503 Fahrenheit scale, 20 fan laws, 200 Fanning friction factor, 140, 150, 151, 316 fans and blowers, 199 Fatal Accident Rate (FAR), 452 Fault tree analysis, 458 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 468 Field equation, 79 filter, 403 filter bag, 432,433 filter medium resistance, 12 Filter-cake, 408 filtration,365,403 fitting, 221 fixed beds, 378 fixed capital costs, 509 fixed-bed catalytic reactor, 365 Flotation, 359 flow rates, 155, 243 Flow regimes in porous media, 370 flow work, 73, 76 flow-behavior index, fluid, 19 fluid dynamics, 19 fluid statics, 19 fluidity, 44 fluidization, 377 fluidization conditions, 390 fluidization particle dynamics, 365 fluidized bed height, 390 fly-ash, 336, 338 forced ventilation, 268 Form friction, 72 formaldehyde foam, 265 FORTRAN, 483 forward curved fans, 199 fractional collection efficiency, 13 575 576 INDEX friction factor, 135 friction loss, 134, 305, 313, 316 Froude number, 392 Fungi, 522 galvanized iron piping, 299 gas lifts, 181 gate valve, 220, 282, 11 Gauge pressure, 21 Gauss Elimination, 485 Gauss-Jordan Reduction, 485 Gauss-Seidel, 489 gc, 27, 37, 98 geometric similiarity, 17, 291 Gland, 521 Globe valve, 220, 282 globe valves straight through tee, 288 granulocytes polymorphonuclear (PMN), 523 gravity clarifiers, 348 gravity filters, 404 guardians, 473 Hagen-Poiseuille, 137 Happel’s equation, 389 hazard, 452 Hazard identification, 450 Hazardous Risk Assessment (HZFU), 452 Hazen-Williams, 435 HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) procedure, 457 head loss problem, 155, 315 Health Risk Assessment (HRA), 452 heart, 521,529 heart attack, 526 heat capacity at constant pressure, 74 hemodynamics, 524 homeostasis, 52 honesty, 469 hoods, 266 hot-wire anemometer, 244 hydraulic classification, 360 hydraulic diameter, 126, 368, 369 hydraulic radius, 138, 154, 369, 378 hydrometer, 103 hydrometer equation, 105 hydrostatic equation, 98 hydrostatic centrifugation equilibrium, 355 hydrostatic pressure difference, ideal gas, 109 ideal gas law, 109 ideal power requirement, 292 impermeable media, 365 impulse momentum principle, 85 incipient fluidization, 377 incompressible, 22, 168 increment cost, 507 indirect discharger, 430 indoor air quality, 264 induced draft negative pressure fans, 205 industrial piping, 297 inferior vena cava, 529 infiltration, 268 initial conditions, I I inquiry, 544 integrity, 469 intensity of turbulence, 163 intermediate range, 327 interstitial velocity, 367 intmpic, 521 inviscid, 50 iron pipe size (IPS), 136 isothermal flow, 171 Jain Equation, 152 JAVA, 483 Kelvin, 20 key component, 62 kinematic viscosity, 22, 40 Kinetic Energy, 28 kinetic energy correction factor, 130 Know Act, 448 Lakes, 430 laminar flow, 123, 124 Leaf filters, 404 left lower ventricle, 529 left upper atrium, 530 leukocytes, 521, 523 leukocytes (white blood cells), 523, 534 liabilities, 508 limiting reactant, 270 linear momentum, 86 loading conveying velocity, 190 local exhaust, 266 loss coefficient, 223 lymphocytes, 523 INDEX Mach number, 17, 168 MacMichael viscometer, 43 makeup, 63 Manning equation, 434 manometers, 105 Martinelli correlations, 179 mass flow rate, 63 mass flux, 64 MathCad, 481, 483 Mathematica, 48 1, 483 Matlab, 48 1, 483 maximum financial mum, 500 mean effective diameter, 368 mean free path, 535 mean hydraulic radius, 380 mechanical energy equation, 133 Meriam red oil, 303 mesh, 368 Mesopotamia, methane, 302 microorganism, 522 minimum incipient velocity, 377 minimum fluidization condition, 385 minimum fluidization velocity, 385 minimum thickness of pipe wall, 280 mist eliminator, 407 mixed-flow impellers, 207 molecular diffusion, 32 momentum, 37 momentum balance, 85 momentum flux, 40 monocytes, 523 Moody Friction Factor, 135, 150 Moral courage, 466 Moral Obligation, 468 multi-dimensional flow, 535 multirating tables, 202 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 428 National Response Center (NRC), 447 natulal gas, 302 natural ventilation, 268 Navier-Stokes equation, 91 net positive suction head (NPSH), 21 1,307 neutropils, 523 Newtonian fluid, 39, 50 Newton-Raphson method, 490 577 NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY, 38 Newton’s law range, 327 Newton’s Method of Tangents, 491 Newton’s second law, 27 no slip, 126 nominal pipe size (NPS), 136 non-circular conduits, 153 nonlinear algebraic equation, 490 non-Newtonian, 50, nonwetting, 23 normal stress pressure, 27 Nucleoplasm, 521 numerical integration, 495 numerical methods, 481 Occupational Health and Safety Admin (OSHA), 446,468 onset of fluidization, 385 open channel flow, 434 open or void bed cross-section, 367 open-ended problem, 541 operating bed height, 395 optimum economic pipe diameter, 298 orientation, 370 oriented beds, 370 orifice meter, 256, 291 Osbome Reynolds, 123 packed bed, 365,389 parallel pumps, 213 particle Reynolds number, 325 particle specific surface area, 368 Particulate concentration, 439 PASCAL, 483 Pascal fluid, 50 perchloroethylene, 440 permafrost, 549 permeability, 382, 384 permeable media, 365 perpetual life, 505 personal responsibility, 468 photosynthesis, 522 pinch valve, 220, 283 pipe diameter, 548 Pitot tube, 248, 289, 438 pivot row, 486 plasma, 522, 523 plate-and-frame filter, 404, 413, 414 platelets, 523, 534 578 INDEX plug valve, 220 plugs, 222 pneumatic conveyors, 188 point of operation, 202 porosity, 366 porous cake, 403 porous media, 365 porous medium friction factor, 393 positive displacement pumps, 206 potential energy, 29 potential head, 98 pound-force, 27 power, 198,317 power law equation, 51 power plant, 317 precapillary sphincters, 522 present net wolth, 504 present worth, 502 pressure, 21 pressure head, 98 primary dimensions, 13 prime movers, 197 procedure-oriented language, 482 processing plant, 299 profit, 508 protoplasm, 522 protozoan, 522 pseudoplastic, 50 pulse, 522 pulse-jet fabric filter, 432 pump requirement, 308 pump-motor efficiency, 209 pumps, 206 purge, 63 quantificationhazard analysis, 458 questioning, 545 radial fans, 199 radial tip-forward curved heel, 200 radiation, 32 Rankine, 20 rate of deformation, 126 rate of momentum, 37, 38 realgas, 111, 116 reciprocating compressors, 216 reciprocating pumps, 206 recovered material, 13 recycle, 63 red blood cells, 523 Redlich-Kwong (R-K) equation, 117,118 reducer, 222, 281 relative roughness, 150 relative velocity, 325 reservoir, 299, 305 resistance coefficient, 223 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 428,446 return bend, 31 Reynolds number, 16, 124, 316, 285,292 rheogms, 127 rheology, 49 rheopectic, 51 right lower ventricle, 530 right upper atrium, 529 rights ethics, 471 risk, 448,449,452 risk assessment, 449 risk characterization, 450 risk management, 449 rivers, 430 Roman Empire, rotameter, 244 rotary compressors, 216 rotary pump, 206 rotary vacuum filters, 404 roughness, 150, 315, 370 Safe Drinking Water Act, 428, 438 Saybolt viscometer, 43 scale-up scale-down, 17 schedule number, 279 scmn mesh, 323, 324, 368 screw conveyor, 188 Section 7003, 447 sedimentation, 348 settling velocities, 360 shaft work, 77, 79 shearrate, 126 shear stress, 19, 27, 39, 40 simple interest, 501 Simpson’s Rule, 496 simultaneous linear and nonlinear equations, 484 sinking fund deposit factor, 503 sinking fund method, 503,515 sizing, 155 INDEX skin friction, 72 slip, 535 slurry filtering medium, 403 smooth fluidization, 391 Society of Chemical Engineers, solid fraction, 366 sonic flow, 167 specific cake resistance, 12, 17 specific gravity, 22 specific surface, 379 specific volume, 117 speed of sound, 168 stack effects, 268 stagnation point, 289,303 standard conditions, 112 standard screen mesh size, 367 static pressure, 71, 303 stem cells, 522 Stokes’ law, 326 stop valves, 220 storage tank, 308 Stormer viscometer, 43 STP, 12 straight blade fans, 199 straight through tee, 288 straight-vane single-suction closed impeller, 207 stress, 27 sublimation, 22 success, 455 sudden contraction, 222, 225 sudden expansion, 222, 224 sum of the year’s, 511 superficial velocity, 367, 378 Superfund, 447 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization, 446, 447 superior vena cava, 529 surface forces, 27 surface tension, 23 system, 267 Tees, 22 1, 28 Temperature, 20 terminal settling velocity, 333, 342 terminal velocity, 350 The Art of Problem Definition, 543 Theodore-Reynolds equation, 458 theoretical power, 299 thermodynamics, 72 thixotropic, 51 threshold limit value (TLV), 269 throat, 252 time rate of shear, 126 Title II, 448 top event, 458 total annualized cost, 504 total capital cost, 504 toxicity, 449 toxicity assessment, 450 trapezoidal rule, 495 transition length, 139 trial-and-error calculation, 155 triangle form, 485 turbine, 305 turbulent flow, 123, 147 Tyler U.S Standard Screen Scales, 324,368 ultimate density, 367 uniform annual payment, 503, 515 union, 221 Unit operations, 6, 31 units, universal gas constant, 111 utilitarianism, 471 valves, 219, 308 Van der Waals’ equation, 119 vane anemometer, 244 vapor pressure, 21 vein, 522 velocity gradient, 40, 126 velocity pressure, 71 velocity profile, 42, 131 centricle, 522 Venturi discharge coefficient, 254 Venturi formula, 254 Venturi meter, 252 Venturi scrubbers, 216 virial equation, 117, 118 virtue, 471 viruses, 522 viscosity, 22, 39, 40 viscous flow, 123 Visual Basic NET, 483 void fraction, 366, 379, 410 void fraction wetted surface, 379 579 580 INDEX void volume, 366, 10 volume fraction, 350 volumetric efficiency, 206 volumemc flow rate, q, 128 volute, 207 wall effects, 535 water softener unit, 382 wetted perimeter, 154 wetted surface, 379 wetting, 23 white blood cells, 523 wind effects, 268 working capital costs, 10 Y, 222 yeast, 522 yield stress, zem porosity bed height, 395 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ERRATUM Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer By J Patrick Abulencia and Louis Theodore Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc ISBN 978-0-470-31763-1 The following figure should have appeared near its citation in the text on page 493: Figure 31.6 Fluid flow system ... comparing the units on both sides: [=I (kg m-''s-'')(m s-'')a(kg m-3)b(m)f Compare kg: O = + b Thereforeb= -1 Compare s: = -1 -a Therefore a = -1 Compare m: = -1 + a - 3b Substituting back into 72 +f Thereforef... engineers Fluid Flowfor the Practicing Chemical Engineer By J Patrick Abulencia and Louis Theodore Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc HISTORY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING -FLUID FLOW 1.2 FLUID FLOW With... Cataloging-in-Publication Dala: Abulencia, James P Fluid flow for the practicing chemical engineer / James P Abulencia, Louis Theodore p cm Includes index ISBN 97 8-0 -4 7 0-3 176 3-1 (cloth) I Fluid mechanics