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jack, k. (2001). video demystified - a handbook for the digital engineer (3rd ed.)

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  • Table of Contents

  • Chapter 1: Introduction

    • 1.1 Contents

    • 1.2 Organization Addresses

    • 1.3 Video Demystified Web Site

  • Chapter 2: Introduction to Video

    • 2.1 Analog vs. Digital

    • 2.2 Video Data

      • 2.2.1 Digital Video

      • 2.2.2 Best Connection Method

    • 2.3 Video Timing

      • 2.3.1 Interlaced vs. Progressive

    • 2.4 Video Resolution

      • 2.4.1 Standard Definition

      • 2.4.2 Enhanced Definition

      • 2.4.3 High Definition

    • 2.5 Video Compression

    • 2.6 Application Block Diagrams

      • 2.6.1 Video Capture Boards

      • 2.6.2 DVD Players

      • 2.6.3 Digital Television Settop Boxes

  • Chapter 3: Color Spaces

    • 3.1 RGB Color Space

    • 3.2 YUV Color Space

    • 3.3 YIQ Color Space

    • 3.4 YCbCr Color Space

      • 3.4.1 RGB - YCbCr Equations: SDTV

        • 3.4.1.1 Computer Systems Considerations

      • 3.4.2 RGB - YCbCr Equations: HDTV

        • 3.4.2.1 Computer Systems Considerations

      • 3.4.3 4:4:4 YCbCr Format

      • 3.4.4 4:2:2 YCbCr Format

      • 3.4.5 4:1:1 YCbCr Format

      • 3.4.6 4:2:0 YCbCr Format

    • 3.5 PhotoYCC Color Space

      • 3.5.1 RGB to PhotoYCC

      • 3.5.2 PhotoYCC to RGB

    • 3.6 HSI, HLS, and HSV Color Spaces

    • 3.7 Chromaticity Diagram

    • 3.8 Non-RGB Color Space Considerations

    • 3.9 Gamma Correction

      • 3.9.1 Early NTSC Systems

      • 3.9.2 Early PAL and SECAM Systems

      • 3.9.3 Current Systems

      • 3.9.4 Non-CRT Displays

  • Chapter 4: Video Signals Overview

    • 4.1 Digital Component Video Background

      • 4.1.1 Coding Ranges

      • 4.1.2 BT.601 Sampling Rate Selection

      • 4.1.3 Timing Information

    • 4.2 480-Line and 525-Line Video Systems

      • 4.2.1 Interlaced Analog Component Video

      • 4.2.2 Interlaced Analog Composite Video

      • 4.2.3 Progressive Analog Component Video

      • 4.2.4 Interlaced Digital Component Video

      • 4.2.5 Progressive Digital Component Video

      • 4.2.6 SIF and QSIF

    • 4.3 576-Line and 625-Line Video Systems

      • 4.3.1 Interlaced Analog Component Video

      • 4.3.2 Interlaced Analog Composite Video

      • 4.3.3 Progressive Analog Component Video

      • 4.3.4 Interlaced Digital Component Video

      • 4.3.5 Progressive Digital Component Video

    • 4.4 720-Line and 750-Line Video Systems

      • 4.4.1 Progressive Analog Component Video

      • 4.4.2 Progressive Digital Component Video

    • 4.5 1080-Line and 1125-Line Video Systems

      • 4.5.1 Interlaced Analog Component Video

      • 4.5.2 Progressive Analog Component Video

      • 4.5.3 Interlaced Digital Component Video

      • 4.5.4 Progressive Digital Component Video

    • 4.6 Computer Video Timing

  • Chapter 5: Analog Video Interfaces

    • 5.1 S-Video Interface

      • 5.1.1 Extended S-Video Interface

    • 5.2 SCART Interface

    • 5.3 SDTV RGB Interface

      • 5.3.1 7.5 IRE Blanking Pedestal

        • 5.3.1.1 Analog R´G´B´ Generation

        • 5.3.1.2 Analog R´G´B´ Digitization

      • 5.3.2 0 IRE Blanking Pedestal

        • Analog R´G´B´ Generation

        • Analog R´G´B´ Digitization

    • 5.4 HDTV RGB Interface

      • 5.4.1 Analog R´G´B´ Generation

      • 5.4.2 Analog R´G´B´ Digitization

    • 5.5 SDTV YPbPr Interface

      • 5.5.1 Analog YPbPr Generation

      • 5.5.2 Analog YPbPr Digitization

    • 5.6 HDTV YPbPr Interface

      • 5.6.1 Analog YPbPr Generation

      • 5.6.2 Analog YPbPr Digitization

    • 5.7 Other Pro-Video Analog Interfaces

    • 5.8 VGA Interface

  • Chapter 6: Digital Video Interfaces

    • 6.1 Pro-Video Component Interfaces

      • 6.1.1 Video Timing

      • 6.1.2 Ancillary Data

        • 6.1.2.1 Data ID (DID)

        • 6.1.2.2 Secondary ID (SDID, Type 2 Only)

        • 6.1.2.3 Data Block Number (DBN, Type 1 Only)

        • 6.1.2.4 Data Count (DC)

        • 6.1.2.5 User Data Words (UDW)

        • 6.1.2.6 Digital Audio Format

        • 6.1.2.7 Timecode Format

        • 6.1.2.8 EIA-608 Closed Captioning Format

        • 6.1.2.9 EIA-708 Closed Captioning Format

        • 6.1.2.10 Error Detection Checksum Format

        • 6.1.2.11 Video Index Format

      • 6.1.3 25-pin Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.3.1 27 MHz Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.3.2 36 MHz Parallel Interface

      • 6.1.4 93-pin Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.4.1 74.25 MHz Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.4.2 74.176 MHz Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.4.3 148.5 MHz Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.4.4 148.35 MHz Parallel Interface

      • 6.1.5 Serial Interface

        • 6.1.5.1 270 Mbps Serial Interface

        • 6.1.5.2 360 Mbps Serial Interface

        • 6.1.5.3 540 Mbps Serial Interface

        • 6.1.5.4 1.485 Gbps Serial Interface

        • 6.1.5.5 1.4835 Gbps Serial Interface

      • 6.1.6 SDTV—Interlaced

        • 6.1.6.1 4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.6.2 4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface

        • 6.1.6.3 4:4:4:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.6.4 4:4:4:4 YCbCrK Serial Interface

        • 6.1.6.5 RGBK Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.6.6 RGBK Serial Interface

      • 6.1.7 SDTV—Progressive

        • 6.1.7.1 4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface

      • 6.1.8 HDTV—Interlaced

        • 6.1.8.1 4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.8.2 4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface

        • 6.1.8.3 4:2:2:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.8.4 RGB Parallel Interface

      • 6.1.9 HDTV—Progressive

        • 6.1.9.1 4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.9.2 4:2:2:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface

        • 6.1.9.3 RGB Parallel Interface

    • 6.2 Pro-Video Composite Interfaces

      • 6.2.1 NTSC Video Timing

      • 6.2.2 PAL Video Timing

      • 6.2.3 Ancillary Data

      • 6.2.4 25-pin Parallel Interface

      • 6.2.5 Serial Interface

        • 6.2.5.1 TRS-ID

    • 6.3 Pro-Video Transport Interfaces

      • 6.3.1 Serial Data Transport Interface (SDTI)

        • 6.3.1.1 Line Number

        • 6.3.1.2 Line Number CRC

        • 6.3.1.3 Code and AAI

        • 6.3.1.4 Destination and Source Addresses

        • 6.3.1.5 Block Type

        • 6.3.1.6 Payload CRC Flag

        • 6.3.1.7 Header CRC

      • 6.3.2 High Data-Rate Serial Data Transport Interface (HD-SDTI)

        • 6.3.2.1 Code and AAI

        • 6.3.2.2 Destination and Source Addresses

        • 6.3.2.3 Block Type

        • 6.3.2.4 Header CRC

    • 6.4 IC Component Interfaces

      • 6.4.1 YCbCr Values: 8-bit Data

      • 6.4.2 YCbCr Values: 10-bit Data

      • 6.4.3 RGB Values: 8-bit Data

      • 6.4.4 RGB Values: 10-bit Data

      • 6.4.5 “Standard” Video Interface

        • 6.4.5.1 Video Data Formats

        • 6.4.5.2 Control Signals

        • 6.4.5.3 Receiver Considerations

      • 6.4.6 Video Module Interface (VMI)

        • 6.4.6.1 Video Data Formats

        • 6.4.6.2 Control Signals

        • 6.4.6.3 Receiver Considerations

      • 6.4.7 “BT.656” Interface

        • 6.4.7.1 Video Data Formats

        • 6.4.7.2 Control Signals

      • 6.4.8 Zoomed Video Port (ZV Port)

        • 6.4.8.1 Video Data Formats

        • 6.4.8.2 Control Signals

      • 6.4.9 Video Interface Port (VIP)

        • 6.4.9.1 Video Interface

    • 6.5 Consumer Component Interfaces

      • 6.5.1 Digital Visual Interface (DVI)

        • 6.5.1.1 TMDS Links

        • 6.5.1.2 Video Data Formats

        • 6.5.1.3 Control Signals

        • 6.5.1.4 Digital-Only Connector

        • 6.5.1.5 Digital-Analog Connector

      • 6.5.2 Digital Flat Panel (DFP) Interface

        • 6.5.2.1 TMDS Links

        • 6.5.2.2 Video Data Formats

        • 6.5.2.3 Control Signals

        • 6.5.2.4 Connector

      • 6.5.3 Open LVDS Display Interface (OpenLDI)

        • 6.5.3.1 LVDS Link

        • 6.5.3.2 Video Data Formats

        • 6.5.3.3 Control Signals

        • 6.5.3.4 Connector

      • 6.5.4 Gigabit Video Interface (GVIF)

        • 6.5.4.1 GVIF Link

        • 6.5.4.2 Video Data Formats

        • 6.5.4.3 Control Signals

    • 6.6 Consumer Transport Interfaces

      • 6.6.1 IEEE 1394

        • 6.6.1.1 Specifications

        • 6.6.1.2 Network Topology

        • 6.6.1.3 Node Types

        • 6.6.1.4 Node Ports

        • 6.6.1.5 Physical Layer

        • 6.6.1.6 Link Layer

        • 6.6.1.7 Transaction Layer

        • 6.6.1.8 Bus Management Layer

        • 6.6.1.9 Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP)

        • 6.6.1.10 1394 Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI)

        • 6.6.1.11 Home AV Interoperability (HAVi)

        • 6.6.1.12 Serial Bus Protocol (SBP-2)

        • 6.6.1.13 IEC 61883 Specifications

        • Digital Camera Specification

  • Chapter 7: Digital Video Processing

    • 7.1 Rounding Considerations

      • 7.1.1 Truncation

      • 7.1.2 Conventional Rounding

      • 7.1.3 Error Feedback Rounding

      • 7.1.4 Dynamic Rounding

    • 7.2 SDTV - HDTV YCbCr Transforms

      • 7.2.1 SDTV to HDTV

      • 7.2.2 HDTV to SDTV

    • 7.3 4:4:4 to 4:2:2 YCbCr Conversion

      • 7.3.1 Y Filtering

      • 7.3.2 CbCr Filtering

    • 7.4 Display Enhancement

      • 7.4.1 Hue, Contrast, Brightness, and Saturation

        • 7.4.1.1 Y Processing

        • 7.4.1.2 CbCr Processing

      • 7.4.2 Color Transient Improvement

      • 7.4.3 Sharpness

    • 7.5 Video Mixing and Graphics Overlay

    • 7.6 Luma and Chroma Keying

      • 7.6.1 Luminance Keying

      • 7.6.2 Chroma Keying

        • 7.6.2.1 Composite Chroma Keying

        • 7.6.2.2 Superblack Keying

    • 7.7 Video Scaling

      • 7.7.1 Pixel Dropping and Duplication

      • 7.7.2 Linear Interpolation

      • 7.7.3 Anti-Aliased Resampling

    • 7.8 Scan Rate Conversion

      • 7.8.1 Frame or Field Dropping and Duplicating

      • 7.8.2 Temporal Interpolation

        • 7.8.2.1 625/50 to 525/60 Examples

        • 7.8.2.2 Motion Compensation

        • 7.8.2.3 100 Hz Interlaced Television Example

      • 7.8.3 3-2 Pulldown

    • 7.9 Noninterlaced-to-Interlaced Conversion

      • 7.9.1 Scan Line Decimation

      • 7.9.2 Vertical Filtering

    • 7.10 Interlaced-to-Noninterlaced Conversion

      • 7.10.1 Intrafield Processing

        • 7.10.1.1 Scan Line Duplication

        • 7.10.1.2 Scan Line Interpolation

        • 7.10.1.3 Fractional Ratio Interpolation

        • 7.10.1.4 Variable Interpolation

      • 7.10.2 Interfield Processing

        • 7.10.2.1 Field Merging

        • 7.10.2.2 Motion Adaptive Deinterlacing

        • 7.10.2.3 Motion Compensated Deinterlacing

        • 7.10.2.4 Inverse Telecine

      • 7.10.3 Frequency Response Considerations

    • 7.11 DCT-Based Compression

      • 7.11.1 DCT

      • 7.11.2 Quantization

      • 7.11.3 Zig-Zag Scanning

      • 7.11.4 Run Length Coding

      • 7.11.5 Variable-Length Coding

  • Chapter 8: NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview

    • 8.1 NTSC Overview

      • 8.1.1 Luminance Information

      • 8.1.2 Color Information

      • 8.1.3 Color Modulation

      • 8.1.4 Composite Video Generation

      • 8.1.5 Color Subcarrier Frequency

      • 8.1.6 NTSC Variations

      • 8.1.7 RF Modulation

        • 8.1.7.1 Stereo Audio (Analog)

      • 8.1.8 Analog Channel Assignments

      • 8.1.9 Use by Country

      • 8.1.10 Luminance Equation Derivation

    • 8.2 PAL Overview

      • 8.2.1 Luminance Information

      • 8.2.1 Color Information

      • 8.2.2 Color Modulation

      • 8.2.3 Composite Video Generation

      • 8.2.4 PAL Variations

      • 8.2.5 RF Modulation

        • 8.2.5.1 Stereo Audio (Analog)

        • 8.2.5.2 Stereo Audio (Digital)

      • 8.2.6 Analog Channel Assignments

      • 8.2.7 Use by Country

      • 8.2.8 Luminance Equation Derivation

      • 8.2.9 PALplus

        • 8.2.9.1 Wide Screen Signalling

        • 8.2.9.2 Ghost Cancellation

        • 8.2.9.3 Vertical Filtering

        • 8.2.9.4 Clean Encoding

        • 8.2.9.5 ColorPlus Processing

    • 8.3 SECAM Overview

      • 8.3.1 Luminance Information

      • 8.3.2 Color Information

      • 8.3.3 Color Modulation

      • 8.3.4 Composite Video Generation

      • 8.3.5 Use by Country

      • 8.3.6 Luminance Equation Derivation

    • 8.4 Video Test Signals

      • 8.4.1 Color Bars Overview

        • 8.4.1.1 NTSC Color Bars

        • 8.4.1.2 PAL Color Bars

      • 8.4.2 EIA Color Bars (NTSC)

      • 8.4.3 EBU Color Bars (PAL)

      • 8.4.4 SMPTE Bars (NTSC)

      • 8.4.5 Reverse Blue Bars

      • 8.4.6 PLUGE

      • 8.4.7 Y Bars

      • 8.4.8 Red Field

      • 8.4.9 10-Step Staircase

      • 8.4.10 Modulated Ramp

      • 8.4.11 Modulated Staircase

      • 8.4.12 Modulated Pedestal

      • 8.4.13 Multiburst

      • 8.4.14 Line Bar

      • 8.4.15 Multipulse

      • 8.4.16 Field Square Wave

      • 8.4.17 Composite Test Signal

        • 8.4.17.1 NTC-7 Version for NTSC

        • 8.4.17.2 ITU Version for PAL

      • 8.4.18 Combination Test Signal

        • 8.4.18.1 NTC-7 Version for NTSC

        • 8.4.18.2 ITU Version for PAL

        • 8.4.18.3 ITU ITS Version for PAL

      • 8.4.19 T Pulse

    • 8.5 VBI Data

      • 8.5.1 Timecode

        • 8.5.1.1 Frame Dropping

        • 8.5.1.2 Longitudinal Timecode (LTC)

        • 8.5.1.3 Vertical Interval Time Code (VITC)

        • 8.5.1.4 User Bits

      • 8.5.2 Closed Captioning

        • 8.5.2.1 Waveform

        • 8.5.2.2 Basic Services

        • 8.5.2.3 Optional Captioning Features

        • 8.5.2.4 Extended Data Services

        • 8.5.2.5 Closed Captioning for Europe

      • 8.5.3 Widescreen Signalling

        • 8.5.3.1 625-Line Systems

        • 8.5.3.2 525-Line Systems

      • 8.5.4 Teletext

        • 8.5.4.1 System B Teletext Overview

      • 8.5.5 ATVEF Interactive Content

        • 8.5.5.1 Triggers

        • 8.5.5.2 Transports

        • 8.5.5.3 Delivery Protocols

        • 8.5.5.4 Bindings

      • 8.5.6 “Raw” VBI Data

      • 8.5.7 “Sliced” VBI Data

        • 8.5.7.1 NTSC/PAL Decoder Considerations

      • 8.5.8 Ghost Cancellation

        • 8.5.8.1 NTSC Ghost Cancellation

        • 8.5.8.2 PAL Ghost Cancellation

  • Chapter 9: NTSC and PAL Digital Encoding and Decoding

    • 9.1 NTSC and PAL Encoding

      • 9.1.1 2x Oversampling

      • 9.1.2 Color Space Conversion

        • 9.1.2.1 (M) NTSC, (M, N) PAL

        • 9.1.2.2 NTSC–J

        • 9.1.2.3 (B, D, G, H, I, NC) PAL

      • 9.1.3 Luminance (Y) Processing

        • 9.1.3.1 (M) NTSC, (M, N) PAL

        • 9.1.3.2 NTSC–J

        • 9.1.3.3 (B, D, G, H, I, NC) PAL

        • 9.1.3.4 Analog Luminance (Y) Generation

      • 9.1.4 Color Difference Processing

        • 9.1.4.1 Lowpass Filtering

        • 9.1.4.2 Chrominance (C) Modulation

        • 9.1.4.3 Analog Chrominance (C) Generation

      • 9.1.5 Analog Composite Video

        • 9.1.5.1 Black Burst Video Signal

      • 9.1.6 Color Subcarrier Generation

        • 9.1.6.1 Frequency Relationships

        • 9.1.6.2 Quadrature Subcarrier Generation

      • 9.1.7 Horizontal and Vertical Timing

        • 9.1.7.1 Timing Control

        • 9.1.7.2 Horizontal Timing

        • 9.1.7.3 Vertical Timing

        • 9.1.7.4 Field ID Signals

      • 9.1.8 Clean Encoding

      • 9.1.9 Bandwidth-Limited Edge Generation

      • 9.1.10 Level Limiting

      • 9.1.11 Encoder Video Parameters

        • 9.1.11.1 Differential Phase

        • 9.1.11.2 Differential Gain

        • 9.1.11.3 Luminance Nonlinearity

        • 9.1.11.4 Chrominance Nonlinear Phase Distortion

        • 9.1.11.5 Chrominance Nonlinear Gain Distortion

        • 9.1.11.6 Chrominance-to-Luminance Intermodulation

        • 9.1.11.7 Hue Accuracy

        • 9.1.11.8 Color Saturation Accuracy

        • 9.1.11.9 Residual Subcarrier

        • 9.1.11.10 SCH Phase

        • 9.1.11.11Analog Y/C Video Output Skew

        • 9.1.11.12 H Tilt

        • 9.1.11.12 V Tilt

      • 9.1.12 Genlocking Support

      • 9.1.13 Alpha Channel Support

    • 9.2 NTSC and PAL Digital Decoding

      • 9.2.1 Digitizing the Analog Video

        • 9.2.1.1 DC Restoration

        • 9.2.1.2 Automatic Gain Control

      • 9.2.2 Y/C Separation

      • 9.2.3 Color Difference Processing

        • 9.2.3.1 Chrominance (C) Demodulation

        • 9.2.3.1 Lowpass Filtering

      • 9.2.4 Luminance (Y) Processing

      • 9.2.5 User Adjustments

        • 9.2.5.1 Contrast, Brightness, and Sharpness

        • 9.2.5.2 Hue

        • 9.2.5.3 Saturation

        • 9.2.5.4 Automatic Flesh Tone Correction

        • 9.2.5.5 Color Killer

      • 9.2.6 Color Space Conversion

        • 9.2.6.1 (M) NTSC, (M, N) PAL

        • 9.2.6.2 NTSC–J

        • 9.2.6.3 (B, D, G, H, I, NC) PAL

      • 9.2.7 Genlocking

        • 9.2.7.1 Horizontal Sync Detection

        • 9.2.7.2 Sample Clock Generation

        • 9.2.7.3 Vertical Sync Detection

        • 9.2.7.4 Subcarrier Generation

      • 9.2.8 Video Timing Generation

        • 9.2.8.1 HSYNC# (Horizontal Sync) Generation

        • 9.2.8.2 H (Horizontal Blanking) Generation

        • 9.2.8.3 VSYNC# (Vertical Sync) Generation

        • 9.2.8.4 V (Vertical Blanking) Generation

        • 9.2.8.5 BLANK# Generation

        • 9.2.8.6 Field Identification

      • 9.2.9 Auto-Detection of Video Signal Type

      • 9.2.10 Y/C Separation Techniques

        • 9.2.10.1 Simple Y/C Separation

        • 9.2.10.2 PAL Considerations

        • 9.2.10.3 2D Comb Filtering

        • 9.2.10.4 3D Comb Filtering

      • 9.2.11 Alpha Channel Support

      • 9.2.12 Decoder Video Parameters

        • 9.2.12.1 Differential Phase

        • 9.2.12.2 Differential Gain

        • 9.2.12.3 Luminance Nonlinearity

        • 9.2.12.4 Chrominance Nonlinear Phase Distortion

        • 9.2.12.5 Chrominance Nonlinear Gain Distortion

        • 9.2.12.6 Chrominance-to-Luminance Intermodulation

        • 9.2.12.7 Hue Accuracy

        • 9.2.12.8 Color Saturation Accuracy

        • 9.2.12.9 H Tilt

        • 9.2.12.10 V Tilt

  • Chapter 10: H.261 and H.263

    • 10.1 H.261

      • 10.1.1 Coding Algorithm

        • 10.1.1.1 Prediction

        • 10.1.1.2 Motion Compensation

        • 10.1.1.3 Loop Filter

        • 10.1.1.4 DCT, IDCT

        • 10.1.1.5 Quantization

        • 10.1.1.6 Clipping of Reconstructed Picture

        • 10.1.1.7 Coding Control

        • 10.1.1.8 Forced Updating

      • 10.1.2 Video Bitstream

        • 10.1.2.1 Picture Layer

        • 10.1.2.2 Group of Blocks (GOB) Layer

        • 10.1.2.3 Macroblock (MB) Layer

        • 10.1.2.4 Block Layer

      • 10.1.3 Still Image Transmission

    • 10.2 H.263

      • 10.2.1 Coding Algorithm

        • Prediction

        • Motion Compensation

        • Quantization

        • Coding Control

        • 10.2.1.5 Forced Updating

      • 10.2.2 Video Bitstream

        • 10.2.2.1 Picture Layer

        • 10.2.2.2 Group of Blocks (GOB) Layer

        • 10.2.2.3 Macroblock (MB) Layer

        • 10.2.2.4 Block Layer

        • 10.2.2.5 PLUSPTYPE Picture Layer Option

      • 10.2.3 Baseline H.263 Optional Modes

        • 10.2.3.1 Unrestricted Motion Vector Mode

        • 10.2.3.2 Syntax-based Arithmetic Coding Mode

        • 10.2.3.3 Advanced Prediction Mode

        • 10.2.3.4 PB Frames Mode

      • 10.2.4 H.263 Version 2 Optional Modes

        • 10.2.4.1 Continuous Presence Multipoint and Video Multiplex Mode

        • 10.2.4.2 Forward Error Correction Mode

        • 10.2.4.3 Advanced Intra Coding Mode

        • 10.2.4.4 Deblocking Filter Mode

        • 10.2.4.5 Slice Structured Mode

        • 10.2.4.6 Supplemental Enhancement Information

        • 10.2.4.7 Improved PB Frames Mode

        • 10.2.4.8 Reference Picture Selection Mode

        • 10.2.4.9 Temporal, SNR and Spatial Scalability Mode

        • 10.2.4.10 Reference Picture Resampling Mode

        • 10.2.4.11 Reduced Resolution Update Mode

        • 10.2.4.12 Independent Segment Decoding Mode

        • 10.2.4.13 Alternative Inter VLC Mode

        • 10.2.4.14 Modified Quantization Mode

      • 10.2.5 H.263 Version 2 Levels

        • 10.2.5.1 Level 3 Preferred Modes

        • 10.2.5.2 Level 2 Preferred Modes

        • 10.2.5.3 Level 1 Preferred Modes

      • 10.2.6 H.263++

  • Chapter 11: Consumer DV

    • 11.1 Audio

      • 11.1.1 IEC 61834

      • 11.1.2 SMPTE 314M

      • 11.1.3 Audio Auxiliary Data (AAUX)

        • 11.1.3.1 AAUX Source (AS) Pack

        • 11.1.3.2 AAUX Source Control (ASC) Pack

    • 11.2 Video

      • 11.2.1 DCT Blocks

      • 11.2.2 Macroblocks

      • 11.2.3 Super Blocks

      • 11.2.4 Compression

      • 11.2.5 Video Auxiliary Data (VAUX)

        • 11.2.5.1 VAUX Source (VS) Pack

        • 11.2.5.2 VAUX Source Control (VSC) Pack

    • 11.3 Digital Interface

      • 11.3.1 IEEE 1394

      • 11.3.2 SDTI

        • 11.3.2.1 SMPTE 314M Data

        • 11.3.2.2 IEC 61834 Data

  • Chapter 12: MPEG 1

    • 12.1 MPEG vs. JPEG

    • 12.2 Quality Issues

    • 12.3 Audio Overview

      • 12.3.1 Sound Quality

      • 12.3.2 Background Theory

    • 12.4 Video Overview

      • 12.4.1 Interlaced Video

      • 12.4.2 Encode Preprocessing

      • 12.4.3 Coded Frame Types

      • 12.4.4 Motion Compensation

      • 12.4.5 I Frames

        • 12.4.5.1 Macroblock

        • 12.4.5.2 DCT

        • 12.4.5.3 Quantizing

        • 12.4.5.4 Zig-Zag Scan

        • 12.4.5.5 Coding of Quantized DC Coefficients

        • 12.4.5.6 Coding of Quantized AC Coefficients

      • 12.4.6 P Frames

        • 12.4.6.1 Macroblocks

        • 12.4.6.2 DCT

        • 12.4.6.3 Quantizing

        • 12.4.6.4 Coding of Intra Blocks

        • 12.4.6.5 Coding of Non-Intra Blocks

      • 12.4.7 B Frames

        • 12.4.7.1 Macroblocks

        • 12.4.7.2 Coding

      • 12.4.8 D Frames

    • 12.5 Video Bitstream

      • 12.5.1 Video Sequence

        • 12.5.1.1 Sequence_end_code

      • 12.5.2 Sequence Header

        • 12.5.2.1 Sequence_header_code

        • 12.5.2.2 Horizontal_size

        • 12.5.2.3 Vertical_size

        • 12.5.2.4 Pel_aspect_ratio

        • 12.5.2.6 Bit_rate

        • 12.5.2.7 Marker_bit

        • 12.5.2.8 Vbv_buffer_size

        • 12.5.2.9 Constrained_parameters_flag

        • 12.5.2.10 Load_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 12.5.2.11 Intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 12.5.2.12 Load_non_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 12.5.2.13 Non_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 12.5.2.14 Extension_start_code

        • 12.5.2.15 Sequence_extension_data

        • 12.5.2.16 User_data_start_code

        • 12.5.2.17 User_data

      • 12.5.3 Group of Pictures (GOP) Layer

        • 12.5.3.1 Group_start_code

        • 12.5.3.2 Time_code

        • 12.5.3.3 Closed_gop

        • 12.5.3.4 Broken_link

        • 12.5.3.5 Extension_start_code

        • 12.5.3.6 Group_extension_data

        • 12.5.3.7 User_data_start_code

        • 12.5.3.8 User_data

      • 12.5.4 Picture Layer

        • 12.5.4.1 Picture_start_code

        • 12.5.4.2 Temporal_reference

        • 12.5.4.3 Picture_coding_type

        • 12.5.4.4 Vbv_delay

        • 12.5.4.5 Full_pel_forward_vector

        • 12.5.4.6 Forward_f_code

        • 12.5.4.7 Full_pel_backward_vector

        • 12.5.4.8 Backward_f_code

        • 12.5.4.9 Extra_bit_picture

        • 12.5.4.10 Extra_information_picture

        • 12.5.4.11 Extension_start_code

        • 12.5.4.12 Picture_extension_data

        • 12.5.4.13 User_data_start_code

        • 12.5.4.14 User_data

      • 12.5.5 Slice Layer

        • 12.5.5.1 Slice_start_code

        • 12.5.5.2 Quantizer_scale

        • 12.5.5.3 Extra_bit_slice

        • 12.5.5.4 Extra_information_slice

      • 12.5.6 Macroblock (MB) Layer

        • 12.5.6.1 Macroblock_stuffing

        • 12.5.6.2 Macroblock_escape

        • 12.5.6.3 Macroblock_address_increment

        • 12.5.6.4 Macroblock_type

        • 12.5.6.5 Quantizer_scale

        • 12.5.6.6 Motion_horizontal_forward_code

        • 12.5.6.7 Motion_horizontal_forward_r

        • 12.5.6.8 Motion_vertical_forward_code

        • 12.5.6.9 Motion_vertical_forward_r

        • 12.5.6.10 Motion_horizontal_backward_code

        • 12.5.6.11 Motion_horizontal_backward_r

        • 12.5.6.12 Motion_vertical_backward_code

        • 12.5.6.13 Motion_vertical_backward_r

        • 12.5.6.14 Coded_block_pattern

        • 12.5.6.15 End_of_macroblock

      • 12.5.7 Block Layer

        • 12.5.7.1 Dct_dc_size_luminance

        • 12.5.7.2 Dct_dc_differential

        • 12.5.7.3 Dct_dc_size_chrominance

        • 12.5.7.4 Dct_dc_differential

        • 12.5.7.5 Dct_coefficient_first

        • 12.5.7.6 Dct_coefficient_next

        • 12.5.7.7 End_of_block

    • 12.6 System Bitstream

      • 12.6.1 ISO/IEC 11172 Layer

        • 12.6.1.1 ISO_11172_end_code

      • 12.6.2 Pack Layer

        • 12.6.2.1 Pack_start_code

        • 12.6.2.2 Fixed_bits

        • 12.6.2.3 System_clock_reference_32–30

        • 12.6.2.4 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.2.5 System_clock_reference_29–15

        • 12.6.2.6 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.2.7 System_clock_reference_14–0

        • 12.6.2.8 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.2.8 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.2.9 Mux_rate

        • 12.6.2.10 Marker_bit

      • 12.6.3 System Header

        • 12.6.3.1 System_header_start_code

        • 12.6.3.2 Header_length

        • 12.6.3.3 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.3.4 Rate_bound

        • 12.6.3.5 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.3.6 Audio_bound

        • 12.6.3.7 Fixed_flag

        • 12.6.3.8 CSPS_flag

        • 12.6.3.9 System_audio_lock_flag

        • 12.6.3.10 System_video_lock_flag

        • 12.6.3.11 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.3.13 Reserved_byte

        • 12.6.3.14 Stream_ID

        • 12.6.3.15 Fixed_bits

        • 12.6.3.16 STD_buffer_bound_scale

        • 12.6.3.17 STD_buffer_size_bound

      • 12.6.4 Packet Layer

        • 12.6.4.1 Packet_start_code_prefix

        • 12.6.4.2 Stream_ID

        • 12.6.4.3 Packet_length

        • 12.6.4.4 Stuffing_byte

        • 12.6.4.5 STD_bits

        • 12.6.4.6 STD_buffer_scale

        • 12.6.4.7 STD_buffer_size

        • 12.6.4.8 PTS_bits

        • 12.6.4.9 Presentation_time_stamp_32–30

        • 12.6.4.10 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.11 Presentation_time_stamp_29–15

        • 12.6.4.12 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.13 Presentation_time_stamp_14–0

        • 12.6.4.14 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.15 DTS_bits

        • 12.6.4.16 Presentation_time_stamp_32–30

        • 12.6.4.17 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.18 Presentation_time_stamp_29–15

        • 12.6.4.19 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.20 Presentation_time_stamp_14–0

        • 12.6.4.21 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.22 Fixed_bits

        • 12.6.4.23 Decoding_time_stamp_32–30

        • 12.6.4.24 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.25 Decoding_time_stamp_29–15

        • 12.6.4.26 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.27 Decoding_time_stamp_14–0

        • 12.6.4.28 Marker_bit

        • 12.6.4.29 NonPTS_nonDTS_bits

        • Packet_data_byte

    • 12.7 Video Decoding

      • 12.7.1 Fast Playback Considerations

      • 12.7.2 Pause Mode Considerations

      • 12.7.3 Reverse Playback Considerations

      • 12.7.4 Decode Postprocessing

    • 12.8 Real-World Issues

      • 12.8.1 System Bitstream Termination

      • 12.8.2 Timecodes

      • 12.8.3 Variable Bit Rates

      • 12.8.4 Constrained Bitstreams

      • 12.8.5 Source Sample Clock

  • Chapter 13: MPEG 2

    • 13.1 Audio Overview

    • 13.2 Video Overview

      • 13.2.1 Levels

        • 13.2.1.1 Low Level (LL)

        • 13.2.1.2 Main Level (ML)

        • 13.2.1.3 High 1440 Level

        • 13.2.1.4 High Level (HL)

      • 13.2.2 Profiles

        • 13.2.2.1 Simple Profile (SP)

        • 13.2.2.2 Main Profile (MP)

        • 13.2.2.3 Multiview Profile (MVP)

        • 13.2.2.4 4:2:2 Profile (422P)

        • 13.2.2.5 SNR and Spatial Profiles

        • 13.2.2.6 High Profile (HP)

      • 13.2.3 Scalability

        • 13.2.3.1 SNR Scalability

        • 13.2.3.2 Spatial Scalability

        • 13.2.3.3 Temporal Scalability

        • 13.2.3.4 Data Partitioning

      • 13.2.4 Transport and Program Streams

    • 13.3 Video Encoding

      • 13.3.1 YCbCr Color Space

      • 13.3.2 Coded Picture Types

      • 13.3.3 Motion Compensation

        • 13.3.3.1 Motion Compensation Option

        • 13.3.3.2 Dual-Prime Motion Compensation Option

      • 13.3.4 Macroblocks

      • 13.3.5 I Pictures

        • 13.3.5.1 Macroblocks

        • 13.3.5.2 DCT

        • 13.3.5.3 Quantizing

        • 13.3.5.4 Zig-Zag Scan

        • 13.3.5.5 Coding of Quantized DC Coefficients

        • 13.3.5.6 Coding of Quantized AC Coefficients

      • 13.3.6 P Pictures

        • 13.3.6.1 Macroblocks

        • 13.3.6.2 DCT

        • 13.3.6.3 Quantizing

        • 13.3.6.4 Coding of Intra Blocks

        • 13.3.6.5 Coding of Non-Intra Blocks

      • 13.3.7 B Pictures

        • 13.3.7.1 Macroblocks

        • 13.3.7.2 Coding

    • 13.4 Video Bitstream

      • 13.4.1 Video Sequence

        • 13.4.1.1 Sequence_end_code

      • 13.4.2 Sequence Header

        • 13.4.2.1 Sequence_header_code

        • 13.4.2.2 Horizontal_size_value

        • 13.4.2.3 Vertical_size_value

        • 13.4.2.4 Aspect_ratio_information

        • 13.4.2.5 Frame_rate_code

        • 13.4.2.6 Bit_rate_value

        • 13.4.2.7 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.2.8 Vbv_buffer_size_value

        • 13.4.2.9 Constrained_parameters_flag

        • 13.4.2.10 Load_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.2.11 Intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.2.12 Load_non_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.2.13 Non_intra_quantizer_matrix

      • 13.4.3 User Data

        • 13.4.3.1 User_data_start_code

        • 13.4.3.2 User_data

      • 13.4.4 Sequence Extension

        • 13.4.4.1 Extension_start_code

        • 13.4.4.2 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.4.3 Profile_and_level_indication

        • 13.4.4.4 Progressive_sequence

        • 13.4.4.5Chroma_format

        • 13.4.4.6 Horizontal_size_extension

        • 13.4.4.7 Vertical_size_extension

        • 13.4.4.8 Bit_rate_extension

        • 13.4.4.9 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.4.10 vbv_buffer_size_extension

        • 13.4.4.11 Low_delay

        • 13.4.4.12 Frame_rate_extension_n

        • 13.4.4.13 Frame_rate_extension_d

      • 13.4.5 Sequence Display Extension

        • 13.4.5.1 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.5.2 Video_format

        • 13.4.5.3 Color_description

        • 13.4.5.4 Color_primaries

        • 13.4.5.5 Transfer_characteristics

        • 13.4.5.6 Matrix_coefficients

        • 13.4.5.7 Display_horizontal_size

        • 13.4.5.8 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.5.9 Display_vertical_size (14 bits)

      • 13.4.6 Sequence Scalable Extension

        • 13.4.6.1 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.6.2 Scalable_mode

        • 13.4.6.3 Layer_ID

        • 13.4.6.4 Lower_layer_prediction_horizontal_size

        • 13.4.6.5 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.6.6 Lower_layer_prediction_vertical_size

        • 13.4.6.7 Horizontal_subsampling_factor_m

        • 13.4.6.8 Horizontal_subsampling_factor_n

        • 13.4.6.9 Vertical_subsampling_factor_m

        • 13.4.6.10 Vertical_subsampling_factor_n

        • 13.4.6.11 Picture_mux_enable

        • 13.4.6.12 Mux_to_progressive_sequence

        • 13.4.6.13 Picture_mux_order

        • 13.4.6.14 Picture_mux_factor

      • 13.4.7 Group of Pictures (GOP) Layer

        • 13.4.7.1 Group_start_code

        • 13.4.7.2 Time_code (25 bits)

        • 13.4.7.3 Closed_gop

        • 13.4.7.4 Broken_link

      • 13.4.8 Picture Layer

        • 13.4.8.1 Picture_start_code

        • 13.4.8.2 Temporal_reference

        • 13.4.8.3 Picture_coding_type

        • 13.4.8.4 Vbv_delay

        • 13.4.8.5 Full_pel_forward_vector

        • 13.4.8.6 Forward_f_code

        • 13.4.8.7 Full_pel_backward_vector

        • 13.4.8.8 Backward_f_code

        • 13.4.8.9 Extra_bit_picture

        • 13.4.8.10 Extra_information_picture

      • 13.4.9 Picture Coding Extension

        • 13.4.9.1 Extension_start_code

        • 13.4.9.2 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.9.3 f_code [0,0]

        • 13.4.9.4 f_code [0,1]

        • 13.4.9.5 f_code [1,0]

        • 13.4.9.6 f_code [1,1]

        • 13.4.9.7 Intra_dc_precision

        • 13.4.9.8 Picture_structure

        • 13.4.9.9 Top_field_first

        • 13.4.9.10 Frame_pred_frame_dct

        • 13.4.9.11 Concealment_motion_vectors

        • 13.4.9.12 Q_scale_type

        • 13.4.9.13 Intra_vlc_format

        • 13.4.9.14 Alternate_scan

        • 13.4.9.15 Repeat_first_field

        • 13.4.9.16 Chroma_420_type

        • 13.4.9.17 Progressive_frame

        • 13.4.9.18 Composite_display_flag

        • 13.4.9.19 V_axis

        • 13.4.9.20 Field_sequence

        • 13.4.9.21 Sub_carrier

        • 13.4.9.22 Burst_amplitude

        • 13.4.9.23 Sub_carrier_phase

      • 13.4.10 Quant Matrix Extension

        • 13.4.10.1 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.10.2 Load_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.10.3 Intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.10.4 Load_non_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.10.5 Non-intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.10.6 Load_chroma_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.10.7 Chroma_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.10.8 Load_chroma_non_intra_quantizer_matrix

        • 13.4.10.9 Chroma_non_intra_quantizer_matrix

      • 13.4.11 Picture Display Extension

        • 13.4.11.1 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.11.2 Frame_center_horizontal_offset

        • 13.4.11.3 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.11.4 Frame_center_vertical_offset

        • 13.4.11.5 Marker_bit

      • 13.4.12 Picture Temporal Scalable Extension

        • 13.4.12.1 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.12.2 Reference_select_code

        • 13.4.12.3 Forward_temporal_reference

        • 13.4.12.4 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.12.5 Backward_temporal_reference

      • 13.4.13 Picture Spatial Scalable Extension

        • 13.4.13.1 Extension_start_code_ID

        • 13.4.13.2 Lower_layer_temporal_reference

        • 13.4.13.3 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.13.4 Lower_layer_horizontal_offset

        • 13.4.13.5 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.13.6 Lower_layer_vertical_offset

        • 13.4.13.7 Spatial_temporal_weight_code_table_index

        • 13.4.13.8 Lower_layer_progressive_frame

        • 13.4.13.9 Lower_layer_deinterlaced_field_select

      • 13.4.14 Slice Layer

        • 13.4.14.1 Slice_start_code

        • 13.4.14.2 Slice_vertical_position_extension

        • 13.4.14.3 Priority_breakpoint

        • 13.4.14.4 Quantizer_scale_code

        • 13.4.14.5 Intra_slice_flag

        • 13.4.14.6 Intra_slice

        • 13.4.14.7 Reserved_bits

        • 13.4.14.8 Extra_bit_slice

        • 13.4.14.9 Extra_information_slice

      • 13.4.15 Macroblock Layer

        • 13.4.15.1 Macroblock_escape

        • 13.4.15.2 Macroblock_address_increment

        • 13.4.15.3 Macroblock_type

        • 13.4.15.4 Spatial_temporal_weight_code

        • 13.4.15.5 Frame_motion_type

        • 13.4.15.6 Field_motion_type

        • 13.4.15.7 Dct_type

        • 13.4.15.8 Quantizer_scale_code

        • 13.4.15.9 Optional Motion Vectors

        • 13.4.15.10 Marker_bit

        • 13.4.15.11 Coded_block_pattern_420

        • 13.4.15.12 Coded_block_pattern_1

        • 13.4.15.13 Coded_block_pattern_2

      • 13.4.16 Block Layer

        • 13.4.16.1 Dct_dc_size_luminance

        • 13.4.16.2 Dct_dc_differential

        • 13.4.16.3 Dct_dc_size_chrominance

        • 13.4.16.4 Dct_dc_differential

        • 13.4.16.5 Dct_coefficient_first

        • 13.4.16.6 Dct_coefficient_next

        • 13.4.16.7 End_of_block

    • 13.5 Motion Compensation

      • 13.5.1 Field Prediction

      • 13.5.1 Frame Prediction

    • 13.6 Program Stream

      • 13.6.1 Pack Layer

        • 13.6.1.1 Pack_start_code

        • 13.6.1.2 Marker_bits

        • 13.6.1.3 System_clock_reference_base [32–30]

        • 13.6.1.4 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.1.5 System_clock_reference_base [29–15]

        • 13.6.1.6 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.1.7 System_clock_reference_base [14–0]

        • 13.6.1.8 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.1.9 System_clock_reference_extension

        • 13.6.1.10 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.1.11 Program_mux_rate

        • 13.6.1.12 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.1.13 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.1.14 Reserved

        • 13.6.1.15 Pack_stuffing_length

        • 13.6.1.16 Stuffing_byte

      • 13.6.2 System Header

        • 13.6.2.1 System_header_start_code

        • 13.6.2.2 Header_length

        • 13.6.2.3 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.2.4 Rate_bound

        • 13.6.2.5 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.2.6 Audio_bound

        • 13.6.2.7 Fixed_flag

        • 13.6.2.8 CSPS_flag

        • 13.6.2.9 System_audio_lock_flag

        • 13.6.2.10 System_video_lock_flag

        • 13.6.2.11 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.2.12 Video_bound

        • 13.6.2.13 Reserved_bits

        • 13.6.2.14 Stream_ID

        • 13.6.2.15 Marker_bits

        • 13.6.2.16 P-STD_buffer_bound_scale

        • 13.6.2.17 P-STD_buffer_size_bound

      • 13.6.3 Program Stream Map

        • 13.6.3.1 Packet_start_code_prefix

        • 13.6.3.2 Map_stream_ID

        • 13.6.3.3 Program_stream_map_length

        • 13.6.3.4 Current_next_indicator

        • 13.6.3.5 Reserved

        • 13.6.3.6 Program_stream_map_version

        • 13.6.3.7 Reserved

        • 13.6.3.8 Marker_bit

        • 13.6.3.9 Program_stream_info_length

        • 13.6.3.10 Descriptors

        • 13.6.3.11 Elementary_stream_map_length

        • 13.6.3.12 Stream_type

        • 13.6.3.13 Elementary_stream_ID

        • 13.6.3.14 Elementary_stream_info_length

        • 13.6.3.15 Descriptors

        • 13.6.3.16 CRC_32

    • 13.7 Transport Stream

      • 13.7.1 Packet Layer

        • 13.7.1.1 Sync_byte

        • 13.7.1.2 Transport_error_indicator

        • 13.7.1.3 Payload_unit_start_indicator

        • 13.7.1.4 Transport_priority

        • 13.7.1.5 PID

        • 13.7.1.6 Transport_scrambling_control

        • 13.7.1.7 Adaptation_field_control

        • 13.7.1.8 Continuity_counter

        • 13.7.1.9 Data_byte

    • 13.8 PES Packet

      • 13.8.1 Packet_start_code_prefix

      • 13.8.2 Stream_ID

      • 13.8.3 PES_packet_length

      • 13.8.4 Marker_bits

      • 13.8.5 PES_scrambling_control

      • 13.8.6 PES_priority

      • 13.8.7 Data_alignment_indicator

      • 13.8.9 Copyright

      • 13.8.10 Original_or_copy

      • 13.8.11 PTS_DTS_flags

      • 13.8.12 ESCR_flag

      • 13.8.13 ES_rate_flag

      • 13.8.14 DSM_trick_mode_flag

      • 13.8.15 Additional_copy_info_flag

      • 13.8.16 PES_CRC_flag

      • 13.8.17 PES_extension_flag

      • 13.8.18 PES_header_data_length

      • 13.8.19 Marker_bits

      • 13.8.20 PTS [32–30]

      • 13.8.21 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.22 PTS [29–15]

      • 13.8.23 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.24 PTS [14–0]

      • 13.8.25 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.26 Marker_bits

      • 13.8.27 PTS [32–30]

      • 13.8.28 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.29 PTS [29–15]

      • 13.8.30 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.31 PTS [14–0]

      • 13.8.32 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.33 Marker_bits

      • 13.8.34 DTS [32–30]

      • 13.8.35 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.36 DTS [29–15]

      • 13.8.37 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.38 DTS [14–0]

      • 13.8.39 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.40 Reserved

      • 13.8.41 ESCR_base [32–30]

      • 13.8.42 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.43 ESCR_base [29–15]

      • 13.8.44 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.45 ESCR_base [14–0]

      • 13.8.46 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.47 ESCR_extension

      • 13.8.48 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.49 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.50 ES_rate

      • 13.8.51 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.52 Trick_mode_control

      • 13.8.53 Field_ID

      • 13.8.54 Intra_slice_refresh

      • 13.8.55 Frequency_truncation

      • 13.8.56 Rep_cntrl

      • 13.8.57 Field_ID

      • 13.8.58 Reserved

      • 13.8.59 Reserved

      • 13.8.60 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.61 Additional_copy_info

      • 13.8.62 Previous_PES_packet_CRC

      • 13.8.63 PES_private_data_flag

      • 13.8.64 Pack_header_field_flag

      • 13.8.65 Program_packet_sequence_counter_flag

      • 13.8.66 P-STD_buffer_flag

      • 13.8.67 Reserved

      • 13.8.68 PES_extension_flag_2

      • 13.8.69 PES_private_data

      • 13.8.70 Pack_field_length

      • 13.8.71 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.72 Program_packet_sequence_counter

      • 13.8.73 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.74 MPEG1_MPEG2_identifier

      • 13.8.75 Original_stuff_length

      • 13.8.76 Marker_bits

      • 13.8.77 P-STD_buffer_scale

      • 13.8.78 P-STD_buffer_size

      • 13.8.79 Marker_bit

      • 13.8.80 PES_extension_field_length

      • 13.8.81 PES_extension_field_data

      • 13.8.82 Stuffing_byte

      • 13.8.83 PES_packet_data_byte

      • 13.8.84 PES_packet_data_byte

      • 13.8.85 Padding_byte

    • 13.9 Descriptors

      • 13.9.1 Data Stream Alignment Descriptor

        • 13.9.1.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.1.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.1.3 Alignment_type

      • 13.9.2 Copyright Descriptor

        • 13.9.2.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.2.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.2.3 Copyright_ID

        • 13.9.2.4 Additional_copyright_info

      • 13.9.3 Registration Descriptor

        • 13.9.3.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.3.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.3.3 Format_identifier

        • 13.9.3.4 Additional_identification_info

      • 13.9.4 Target Background Grid Descriptor

        • 13.9.4.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.4.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.4.3 Horizontal_size

        • 13.9.4.4 Vertical_size

        • 13.9.4.5 Aspect_ratio_information

      • 13.9.5 Language Descriptor

        • 13.9.5.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.5.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.5.3 ISO_639_language_code

        • 13.9.5.4 Audio_type

      • 13.9.6 System Clock Descriptor

        • 13.9.6.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.6.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.6.3 External_clock_reference_indicator

        • 13.9.6.4 Reserved

        • 13.9.6.5 Clock_accuracy_integer

        • 13.9.6.6 Clock_accuracy_exponent

        • 13.9.6.7 Reserved

      • 13.9.7 Multiplex Buffer Utilization Descriptor

        • 13.9.7.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.7.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.7.3 Bound_valid_flag

        • 13.9.7.4 LTW_offset_lower_bound

        • 13.9.7.5 Reserved

        • 13.9.7.6 LTW_offset_upper_bound

      • 13.9.8 Private Data Descriptor

        • 13.9.8.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.8.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.8.3 Private_data_indicator

      • 13.9.9 Video Stream Descriptor

        • 13.9.9.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.9.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.9.3 Multiple_frame_rate_flag

        • 13.9.9.4 Frame_rate_code

        • 13.9.9.5 MPEG_1_only_flag

        • 13.9.9.6 Constrained_parameter_flag

        • 13.9.9.7 Still_picture_flag

        • 13.9.9.8 Profile_and_level_indication

        • 13.9.9.9 Chroma_format

        • 13.9.9.10 Frame_rate_extension_flag

        • 13.9.9.11 Reserved

      • 13.9.10 Audio Stream Descriptor

        • 13.9.10.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.10.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.10.3 Free_format_flag

        • 13.9.10.4 ID

        • 13.9.10.5 Layer

        • 13.9.10.6 Variable_rate_audio_indicator

        • 13.9.10.7 Reserved

      • 13.9.11 Video Window Descriptor

        • 13.9.11.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.11.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.11.3 Horizontal_offset

        • 13.9.11.4 Vertical_offset

        • 13.9.11.5 Window_priority

      • 13.9.12 Hierarchy Descriptor

        • 13.9.12.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.12.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.12.3 Reserved

        • 13.9.12.4 Hierarchy_type

        • 13.9.12.5 Reserved

        • 13.9.12.6 Hierarchy_layer_index

        • 13.9.12.7 Reserved

        • 13.9.12.8 Hierarchy_embedded_layer_index

        • 13.9.12.9 Reserved

        • 13.9.12.10 Hierarchy_channel

      • 13.9.13 Maximum Bitrate Descriptor

        • 13.9.13.1 Descriptor_tag

        • 13.9.13.2 Descriptor_length

        • 13.9.13.3 Reserved

        • 13.9.13.4 Maximum_bitrate

      • 13.9.14 Private Data

    • 13.10 Video Decoding

    • 13.11 Audio/Video Synchronization

      • 13.11.1 Coarse Synchronization

      • 13.11.2 Fine Synchronization

      • 13.11.3 Lip Sync Issues

    • 13.12 Testing Issues

      • 13.12.1 Encoder Bitstreams Not Adequate

      • 13.12.2 Syntax Testing

      • 13.12.3 More than Just Video

      • 13.12.4 Pushing the Limits

  • Chapter 14: Digital Television (DTV)

    • 14.1 ATSC

      • 14.1.1 Video Capability

      • 14.1.2 Audio Capability

        • 14.1.2.1 Complete Main Audio Service (CM)

        • 14.1.2.2 Main Audio Service, Music and Effects (ME)

        • 14.1.2.3 Visually Impaired (VI)

        • 14.1.2.4 Hearing Impaired (HI)

        • 14.1.2.5 Dialogue (D)

        • 14.1.2.6 Commentary (C)

        • 14.1.2.7 Emergency (E)

        • 14.1.2.8 Voice-Over (V0)

      • 14.1.3 Closed Captioning and Emergency Messages

      • 14.1.4 Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP)

        • 14.1.4.1 Required Tables

        • 14.1.4.2 Optional Tables

        • 14.1.4.3 Descriptors

      • 14.1.5 Adding Future Data Services

      • 14.1.6 Terrestrial Transmission Format

        • 14.1.6.1 8-VSB Overview

    • 14.2 DVB

      • 14.2.1 Video Capability

      • 14.2.2 Audio Capability

      • 14.2.3 Subtitles

      • 14.2.4 VBI Data

        • 14.2.4.1 Closed Captioning

        • 14.2.4.2 EBU and Inverted Teletext

        • 14.2.4.3 Video Program System (VPS)

        • 14.2.4.4 Widescreen Signalling (WSS)

      • 14.2.5 Data Broadcasting

        • 14.2.5.1 Data Piping

        • 14.2.5.2 Data Streaming

        • 14.2.5.3 Multiprotocol Encapsulation

        • 14.2.5.4 Data Carousels

        • 14.2.5.5 Object Carousels

      • 14.2.6 Service Information (SI)

        • 14.2.6.1 Required Tables

        • 14.2.6.2 Optional Tables

        • 14.2.6.3 Descriptors

      • 14.2.7 Terrestrial Transmission Format

        • 14.2.7.1 COFDM Overview

      • 14.2.8 Cable Transmission Format

      • 14.2.9 Satellite Transmission Format

  • Chapter 15: CDROM Contents

    • 15.1 Still Directory

      • 15.1.1 Usage of Still Test Images

    • 15.2 H261 Directory

    • 15.3 H263 Directory

    • 15.4 MPEG_1 Directory

    • 15.5 MPEG_2 Directory

    • 15.6 Sequence Directory

      • 15.6.1 Jitter Directory

        • 15.6.1.1 Usage

  • Chapter 16: Glossary

  • Index

Nội dung

Table of Contents i Video Demystified A Handbook for the Digital Engineer Third Edition by Keith Jack Eagle Rock, VA http://www.llh-publishing.com/ http://www.video-demystified.com/ ii Table of Contents About the Author Keith Jack has architected and introduced to market over 25 multimedia ICs for the PC and con- sumer markets. Currently Director of Product Marketing at Sigma Designs, he is working on next-generation digital video and audio solutions. Mr. Jack has a BSEE degree from Tri-State University in Angola, Indiana, and has two patents for video processing. Librar y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jack, Keith, 1955- Video demystified: a handbook for the digital engineer / by Keith Jack 3rd ed. p. cm. (Demystifying technology series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-878707-56-6 (softcover : alk. paper) 1. Digital television. 2. Microcomputers. 3. Video recording Data processing. I. Title. II. Series. TK6678 .J33 2001 004.6 dc21 2001029015 Many of the names designated in this book are trademarked. Their use has been respected through appropriate capitalization and spelling. Copyright © 2001 by LLH Technology Publishing, Eagle Rock, VA 24085 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or means whatsoever, without permis- sion in writing from the publisher. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for dam- ages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover design: Sergio Villarreal Developmental editing: Carol Lewis ISBN: 1-878707-56-6 (paperbound) Table of Contents iii Acknowledgments I’d like to thank my wife Gabriela and son Ethan for bringing endless happiness and love into my life. And a special thank you to Gabriela for being so understanding of the amount of time a project like this requires. I would also like to thank everyone that contributed to the test sequences, bitstreams, and soft- ware, and for the feedback on previous editions. I hope you’ll find this edition even more useful. iii iv Table of Contents Table of Contents v Table of Contents Table of Contents Chapter 1 • Introduction 1 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Organization Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Video Demystified Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 2 • Introduction to Video 6 Analog vs. Digital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Video Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Digital Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Best Connection Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Video Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Interlaced vs. Progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Video Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Standard Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Enhanced Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 High Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Video Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Application Block Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Video Capture Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 DVD Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Digital Television Settop Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 v vi Table of Contents Chapter 3 • Color Spaces 15 RGB Color Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 YUV Color Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 YIQ Color Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 YCbCr Color Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 RGB - YCbCr Equations: SDTV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 RGB - YCbCr Equations: HDTV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4:4:4 YCbCr Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4:2:2 YCbCr Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4:1:1 YCbCr Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4:2:0 YCbCr Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 PhotoYCC Color Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 HSI, HLS, and HSV Color Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Chromaticity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Non-RGB Color Space Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Gamma Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Chapter 4 • Video Signals Overview 35 Digital Component Video Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Coding Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 BT.601 Sampling Rate Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Timing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 480-Line and 525-Line Video Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Interlaced Analog Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Interlaced Analog Composite Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Progressive Analog Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Interlaced Digital Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Progressive Digital Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 SIF and QSIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 576-Line and 625-Line Video Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Interlaced Analog Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Interlaced Analog Composite Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Progressive Analog Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Interlaced Digital Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Progressive Digital Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Table of Contents vii Chapter 4 • Video Signals Overview (continued) 720-Line and 750-Line Video Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Progressive Analog Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Progressive Digital Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1080-Line and 1125-Line Video Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Interlaced Analog Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Progressive Analog Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Interlaced Digital Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Progressive Digital Component Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Computer Video Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Chapter 5 • Analog Video Interfaces 66 S-Video Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Extended S-Video Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 SCART Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 SDTV RGB Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 7.5 IRE Blanking Pedestal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 0 IRE Blanking Pedestal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 HDTV RGB Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 SDTV YPbPr Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 HDTV YPbPr Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Other Pro-Video Analog Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 VGA Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces 92 Pro-Video Component Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Video Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Ancillary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Digital Audio Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Timecode Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 EIA-608 Closed Captioning Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 EIA-708 Closed Captioning Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Error Detection Checksum Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Video Index Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 viii Table of Contents Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces (continued) 25-pin Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 27 MHz Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 36 MHz Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 93-pin Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 74.25 MHz Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 74.176 MHz Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 148.5 MHz Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 148.35 MHz Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 270 Mbps Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 360 Mbps Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 540 Mbps Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 1.485 Gbps Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 1.4835 Gbps Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 SDTV—Interlaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 4:4:4:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 4:4:4:4 YCbCrK Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 RGBK Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 RGBK Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 SDTV—Progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 HDTV—Interlaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4:2:2:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 RGB Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 HDTV—Progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4:2:2:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 RGB Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Pro-Video Composite Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 NTSC Video Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 PAL Video Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Ancillary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 25-pin Parallel Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Serial Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Table of Contents ix Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces (continued) Pro-Video Transport Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Serial Data Transport Interface (SDTI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 High Data-Rate Serial Data Transport Interface (HD-SDTI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 IC Component Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 “Standard” Video Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Receiver Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Video Module Interface (VMI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Receiver Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 “BT.656” Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Zoomed Video Port (ZV Port) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Video Interface Port (VIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Video Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Consumer Component Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Digital Visual Interface (DVI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 TMDS Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Digital-Only Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Digital-Analog Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Digital Flat Panel (DFP) Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 TMDS Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Open LVDS Display Interface (OpenLDI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 LVDS Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 x Table of Contents Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces (continued) Gigabit Video Interface (GVIF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 GVIF Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Video Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Control Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Consumer Transport Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 IEEE 1394 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Network Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Node Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Node Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Physical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Link Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Transaction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Bus Management Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 1394 Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Home AV Interoperability (HAVi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Serial Bus Protocol (SBP-2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 IEC 61883 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Digital Camera Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Chapter 7 • Digital Video Processing 186 Rounding Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Conventional Rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Error Feedback Rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Dynamic Rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 SDTV - HDTV YCbCr Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 SDTV to HDTV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 HDTV to SDTV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 4:4:4 to 4:2:2 YCbCr Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Display Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Hue, Contrast, Brightness, and Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Color Transient Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Sharpness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Video Mixing and Graphics Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 [...]... grams to a hard drive for later viewing In addition to the MPEG and DV stan­ dards, there are several standards for transfer­ ring digital video between equipment They promise much higher video quality by elimi­ nating the digital- to-analog and analog-to -digital conversions needed for analog interfaces • IEEE 1394 This high-speed network enables transferring real-time com­ pressed, copy-protected digital. .. signal, instead of three separate signals, and in the same bandwidth as the original gray-scale video signal This com­ posite video signal is what the NTSC, PAL, and Video Timing SECAM video standards are still based on today This technique is discussed in more detail in Chapters 8 and 9 Today, even though there are many ways of representing video, they are still all related mathematically to RGB These... professional applica­ tions, such as video editing 6 The average consumer now has access to digi­ tal video thanks to continuing falling costs This trend has led to the development of DVD players, digital settop boxes, digital television (DTV), and the ability to use the internet for transferring video data Video Data Initially, video contained only analog gray-scale (also called black-and-white) information While... Introduction to Video Although there are many variations and imple­ mentation techniques, video signals are just a way of transferring visual information from one point to another The information may be from a VCR, DVD player, a channel on the local broadcast, cable television, or satellite system, the internet, game console, or one of many other sources Invariably, the video information must be transferred... quality video and audio • Digital Settop Boxes These interface the television to the digital cable, satellite, or broadcast system In addition, many now also provide support for interactiv­ ity, datacasting, sophisticated graphics, and internet access Many will include DVI and IEEE 1394 interfaces to allow the transfer of audio, video, and data digitally • Digital Televisions (DTV) These receive and... composite and svideo, they rapidly added component video connections for higher video qual­ ity The latest designs already support progressive scan capability, pushing the video quality level even higher • Digital VCRs and Camcorders DVCRs that store digital audio and video on tape are now common Many include an IEEE 1394 interface to allow the trans­ fer of audio and video digitally in order to maintain the. .. RGB These variations are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3 Several years ago, s -video was developed for connecting consumer equipment together (it is not used for broadcast purposes) It is a set of two analog signals, one analog Y and one that carries the analog U and V information in a specific format (also called C or chroma) Once available only on S-VHS machines, it is now present on many televisions,... settop boxes, and DVD players This is discussed in more detail in Chapter 9 Although always used by the professional video market, analog RGB video data has made a come-back for connecting consumer equip­ ment together Like s -video, it is not used for broadcast purposes A variation of the analog YUV video signal, called YPbPr, is now also used for connecting consumer equipment together Some manufac­ turers... incorrectly label the YPbPr connectors YUV, YCbCr, or Y(B-Y)(R-Y) Chapter 5 discusses the various analog interconnect schemes in detail Digital Video Recently, digital video has become available to consumers, and is rapidly taking over most of the video applications The most common digital signals used are RGB and YCbCr RGB is simply the digitized version of the analog RGB video signals YCbCr is basically the. .. 5.1 DIGITAL AUDIO CPU INPUT Figure 2.5 Simplified Block Diagram of a DVD Player Digital Television Settop Boxes The digital television standards fall into five major categories: 1 ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) 2 DVB (Digital Video Broadcast) 3 ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) 4 Digital cable standards, such as Open Cable 5 Proprietary standards, such as DirectTV These . Librar y of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jack, Keith, 195 5- Video demystified: a handbook for the digital engineer / by Keith Jack 3rd ed. p. cm. (Demystifying technology series) . ii Table of Contents About the Author Keith Jack has architected and introduced to market over 25 multimedia ICs for the PC and con- sumer markets. Currently Director of Product Marketing at. Table of Contents i Video Demystified A Handbook for the Digital Engineer Third Edition by Keith Jack Eagle Rock, VA http://www.llh-publishing.com/ http://www .video- demystified. com/

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