Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona potx

UNDERSTANDING TUBERCULOSIS – ANALYZING THE ORIGIN OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS PATHOGENICITY Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity, Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-942-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Dissecting the Interphase Host-Pathogen 1 Chapter 1 Ten Questions to Challenge the Natural History of Tuberculosis 3 Pere-Joan Cardona Chapter 2 Inflammation and Immunopathogenesis of Tuberculosis Progression 19 Irina Lyadova Chapter 3 Host–Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis 43 Clara Espitia, Eden Rodríguez, Lucero Ramón-Luing, Gabriela Echeverría-Valencia and Antonio J. Vallecillo Chapter 4 Broadening Our View About the Role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Components During Infection: A Battle for Survival 77 Jordi B. Torrelles Chapter 5 For Host Factors Weddings and a Koch’s Bacillus Funeral: Actin, Lipids, Phagosome Maturation and Inflammasome Activation 123 Elsa Anes Chapter 6 The Role of Non-Phagocytic Cells in Mycobacterial Infections 149 B.E. Garcia-Perez, N.S. Castrejon-Jimenez and J. Luna-Herrera Chapter 7 Epithelioid Cell: A New Opinion on Its Nature, Parentage, Histogenesis, Cytomorphogenesis, Morphofunctional Potency, Role in Pathogenesis and Morphogenesis of Tuberculous Process 179 Sergey Arkhipov VI Contents Chapter 8 How Mycobacterium tuberculosis Manipulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity – New Views of an Old Topic 207 Susanna Brighenti and Maria Lerm Chapter 9 Role of TNF in Host Resistance to Tuberculosis Infection: Membrane TNF Is Sufficient to Control Acute Infection 235 Valerie Quesniaux, Irene Garcia, Muazzam Jacobs and Bernhard Ryffel Chapter 10 Immunoregulatory Role of GM-CSF in Pulmonary Tuberculosis 253 Zissis C. Chroneos and Chinnaswamy Jagannath Chapter 11 Double Edge Sword: The Role of Neutrophils in Tuberculosis 277 Patricia González-Cano, Rommel Chacón-Salinas, Victoria Ramos-Kichik, Rogelio Hernández-Pando, Jeanet Serafín-López, Georgina Filio-Rodríguez, Sergio Estrada-Parra and Iris Estrada-García Chapter 12 Role of NK Cells in Tuberculous Pleurisy as Innate Promoters of Local Type 1 Immunity with Potential Application on Differential Diagnosis 297 Pablo Schierloh, Silvia De La Barrera and Maria Sasiain Chapter 13 Are Polyfunctional Cells Protective in M. tuberculosis Infection? 313 Nadia Caccamo and Francesco Dieli Chapter 14 MHC Polymorphism and Tuberculosis Disease 343 Khalid Sadki, Youssef Bakri, M'Hamed Tijane and Saaid Amzazi Chapter 15 Partial Mapping of the IL-10 Promoter Region: Identification of New SNPs and Association with Tuberculosis Outcome in Brazilians 357 L.B. Spinassé, M.Q.P. Lopes, A.B. Miranda, R.L.F. Teixeira, F.C.Q. Mello, J.R. Lapa e Silva, P.N. Suffys and A.R. Santos Part 2 Manipulating the Immune Responses to Favor the Host 367 Chapter 16 Vaccines Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Overview from Preclinical Animal Studies to the Clinic 369 Rhea N. Coler, Susan L. Baldwin, and Steven G. Reed Chapter 17 Immune Responses Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Vaccine Strategies 391 Toshi Nagata and Yukio Koide Contents VII Chapter 18 Towards a New Challenge in TB Control: Development of Antibody-Based Protection 415 Armando Acosta, Yamile Lopez, Norazmi Mohd Nor, Rogelio Hernández Pando, Nadine Alvarez and Maria Elena Sarmiento Chapter 19 Identification of CD8 + T Cell Epitopes Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 433 Fei Chen, Yanfeng Gao and Yuanming Qi Chapter 20 The Hidden History of Tuberculin 445 Cristina Vilaplana and Pere-Joan Cardona Chapter 21 Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis with IgA and Cytokines 457 Rajko Reljic and Juraj Ivanyi Chapter 22 Therapy for Tuberculosis: M. vaccae Inclusion into Routine Treatment 473 Diana G. Dlugovitzky, Cynthia Stanford and John Stanford Chapter 23 Adjuvant Interferon Gamma in the Management of Multidrug - Resistant Tuberculosis 501 Idrian García-García, María T Milanés-Virelles, Pedro A López-Saura, Roberto Suárez-Méndez, Magalys Valdés-Quintana, Norma Fernández-Olivera, Carmen M Valenzuela-Silva, Lidia González- Méndez, Yamilet Santos-Herrera, Gladys Abreu-Suárez and Isis Cayón-Escobar Chapter 24 Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 28 kD Protein 525 Elinos-Báez Carmen Martha and Ramírez González Chapter 25 P27-PPE36 (Rv2108) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen – Member of PPE Protein Family with Surface Localization and Immunological Activities 539 Vincent Le Moigne and Wahib Mahana Preface The most intriguing property of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is its ability to remain for years in the host tissue, in a discrete and non-replicative way, reactivating and causing disease. This skill has stimulated multiple studies to try to discern why the host is not able to effectively eradicate it, instead of “tolerating” its persistence in the tissues. In this book, different specialists dissect the different factors and cells implied in the natural and adaptive immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an attempt to understand the extent to which the bacilli has adapted itself to the host and to its final target. On the other hand, there is a section in which other specialists discuss how to manipulate this immune response to obtain innovative prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to truncate the intimal co-evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Homo sapiens. Dr. Pere-Joan Cardona Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) Catalunya, Spain [...]... presence of intralobar septae to support the inflated structure 6 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Fig 2 Map of the previous situation of Barcelona on 1714 before the siege settled by the Borbon Army (Picture A) Picture B shows the works of the neighbors of the East wall that were forced to fall down their houses in order to clean the space at the. .. release of TNF-a from AMs, as well as an enhancement of phagosome–lysosome fusion 4 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity 2 Do the bacilli reside in the cytosol of the AM? Classically, intracellular Mtb growth has been related to its growth inside the phagosome [Armstrong 1971], and this was the base for understanding the immune response based in the. .. 2003] One of the main factors is the tropism Again, as in other pathogens, Mtb has a special site that favors their growth This is the upper lobe 10 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Cavity formation has traditionally been considered to occur from solid caseum, and a lot of controversies were raised to understand who is the responsible of inducing... pathways, compared with the treatment of other bacteria Of course the discover of a drug able to reduce even more this administration time would be desirable, but taking into account the global experience in quicker germens, it appears that we are reaching a kind of “glass roof” in this respect 14 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity One growing... liquefaction: the reactivation of the bacilli trapped in the caseum of old lesions? the macrophage through the extracellular release of hydrolytic enzymes? We understand liquefaction as one of the three possible outcomes (the other two being control and dissemination) of the constant endogenous reinfection process which would maintain LTBI [Cardona 2011] The induction of a higher number of new lesions... also contributes to the reinfection process Symbols: black = necrotic tissue; yellow = mineralized tissue Obtained from Cardona & Ivanyi 2011 8 Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity Fig 4 Latent TB infection (LTBI) and generation of active TB (TB) Comparison between the traditional ‘static’ theory and the dynamic hypothesis Once the initial lesion... red), and the thickness of the arrow is proportional to the intensity of this induction The upper lobe appears to be the sine qua non condition for the process to take place Macrophage (MФ) activation and the presence of CD4 is linked to the appearance of different cytokines with time: TNF initially, followed by IFN-γ and IL-4, and TGF-β from the Ten Questions to Challenge the Natural History of Tuberculosis. .. macrophages (due to the high concentration of free fatty acids) and fibroblasts, thereby preventing the structuration of the site It could be said that liquefaction appears to be a stochastic effect due to disturbance in the organization of the intragranulomatous necrosis The immune response and its magnitude, the bacillary load, the speed of the bacillary growth and the amount of extracellular bacilli,... allow the persistence of the bacilli inside the body Early data strongly support a defensive role in the case of TB, as after building the granuloma, there is enough chemokine production to attract specific lymphocytes, a fact that would not be possible in the case of isolate infected macrophages [Bru 2010] On the other hand, the special structure of the lung parenchyma of bigger mammals requires the. .. of the spread of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain of the Beijing genotype on Gran Canaria Island Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, 1165-1170 [10] Canetti G (1955) The tubercle bacillus in the pulmonary lesion of man Histobacteriology and its bearing on the therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc [11] Cardona, P J & Ivanyi, J (2011) The secret trumps, impelling the . UNDERSTANDING TUBERCULOSIS – ANALYZING THE ORIGIN OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS PATHOGENICITY Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the. enhancement of phagosome–lysosome fusion. Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing the Origin of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathogenicity 4 2. Do the bacilli reside in the cytosol of the AM?. On the other hand, the special structure of the lung parenchyma of bigger mammals requires the presence of intralobar septae to support the inflated structure Understanding Tuberculosis – Analyzing