THE MEDITERRANEAN GENETIC CODE - GRAPEVINE AND OLIVE Edited by Danijela Poljuha and Barbara Sladonja The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3442 Edited by Danijela Poljuha and Barbara Sladonja Contributors Stefano Meneghetti, Zohreh Rabiei, Sattar Tahmasebi Enferadi, José Eiras-Dias, Jorge Cunha, Pedro Fevereiro, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, João Brazão, Massimo Muganu, Marco Paolocci, Mirza Musayev, Zeynal Akparov, Lidija Tomić, Branka Javornik, Nataša Štajner, Rosa Adela Arroyo-Garcia, Eugenio Revilla, Denis Rusjan, Jernej Jakše, Rotondi Annalisa, Catherine Marie Breton, André Berville, Anthony Ananga, Vasil Georgiev, Joel W. Ochieng, Bobby Phills, Violetka Tsolova, Devaiah Kambiranda Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to disseminate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetary compensation for such service (excluded InTech representatives and agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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ISBN 978-953-51-1067-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Molecular Insight into Variability 1 Chapter 1 Characterization of Grapevines by the Use of Genetic Markers 3 Lidija Tomić, Nataša Štajner and Branka Javornik Chapter 2 Application of Microsatellite Markers in Grapevine and Olives 25 Jernej Jakše, Nataša Štajner, Lidija Tomić and Branka Javornik Chapter 3 The Current Status of Wild Grapevine Populations (Vitis vinifera ssp sylvestris) in the Mediterranean Basin 51 Rosa A. Arroyo García and Eugenio Revilla Chapter 4 Inter- and Intra-Varietal Genetic Variability in Vitis vinifera L. 73 Stefano Meneghetti, Luigi Bavaresco, Antonio Calò and Angelo Costacurta Section 2 Genetics in Service of National Germplasms Preservation 97 Chapter 5 Centuries-Old Results of Cultivation and Diversity of Genetic Resources of Grapes in Azerbaijan 99 Mirza Musayev and Zeynal Akparov Chapter 6 Portuguese Vitis vinifera L. Germplasm: Accessing Its Diversity and Strategies for Conservation 125 Jorge Cunha, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, João Brazão, Pedro Fevereiro and José Eduardo Eiras-Dias Chapter 7 Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity and Relations Between Grapevine Varieties: Slovenian Germplasm 147 Denis Rusjan Section 3 From Genotype to Product 177 Chapter 8 Italian National Database of Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils 179 Annalisa Rotondi, Massimiliano Magli, Lucia Morrone, Barbara Alfei and Giorgio Pannelli Chapter 9 Challenges for Genetic Identification of Olive Oil 201 Sattar Tahmasebi Enferadi and Zohreh Rabiei Section 4 And All Begins with Genetics 219 Chapter 10 Adaptation of Local Grapevine Germplasm: Exploitation of Natural Defence Mechanisms to Biotic Stresses 221 Massimo Muganu and Marco Paolocci Chapter 11 Production of Anthocyanins in Grape Cell Cultures: A Potential Source of Raw Material for Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetic Industries 247 Anthony Ananga, Vasil Georgiev, Joel Ochieng, Bobby Phills and Violeta Tsolova Chapter 12 From the Olive Flower to the Drupe: Flower Types, Pollination, Self and Inter-Compatibility and Fruit Set 289 Catherine Breton and André Bervillé ContentsVI Preface Grapes and olives were once a symbol and an exclusive trademark of the Mediterranean. Nowadays these cultures are present on all continents and their cultivation is increasing constantly, becoming an important economical branch. Therefore, the science based on these two cultures involves scientists from all over the globe. The book “The Mediterranean Genetic Code – Grapevine and Olive“ collects relevant papers documenting the results of research in grapevine and olive genetics, as a contribution to overall compendium of the existing biodiversity for both species with insight into molecular mechanisms responsible for their desirable and important traits. Book encompasses a broad and diverse palette of different topics related to grapevine and olive genetics, with no areal or any other strict limitation, keeping the title as a loose frame for borderless science. Divid‐ ed in four sections it takes us for a “molecular walk” through different levels of genetic vari‐ ability, uncovering the remains of still existing wild populations and treasures of neglected local peculiarities, weaving the network from plant to product and back to the beginning, to the hearth of all questions asked and answers hidden in genetics. The first section gives an overview of genetic markers used in grapevine research, with spe‐ cial emphasis on microsatellite markers and their application in grapevine and olive, accom‐ panied by practical examples. Since wild grapevines are endangered in their natural habitats, conservation priority is given to these populations. This section provides also a de‐ tailed insight in the current status of the remaining wild grape populations around the Med‐ iterranean basin and their relationships with cultivated varieties obtained by molecular genetics approach. Many researches worldwide have tried to clarify origin and phylogenetic relationships of a great number of today known grapevine varieties. Here we present a mo‐ lecular strategy applied in inter- and intra-varietal genetic variability studies with the aim of ascertaining relationships between molecular profiles, environmental parameters and mor‐ phological traits in grapevine. A special accent is given on the preservation of autochthonous grapevine biotypes and sup‐ porting a targeted propagation of local genetic material, selected for centuries and adapted to locally specific environment. This is elaborated in detail on the examples of national col‐ lections and germplasms preservation in Azerbaijan, Portugal and Slovenia given in the sec‐ ond section. Third part articulates peculiar connection and traceability between plant genotype and final product – olive oil. The example of efficient strategy of valorization and promotion of local and national olive genetic heritage presented on the case of Italian National Database of Mon‐ ovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils and supplemented with recent advances in application of DNA markers in olive oil authentication and traceability, implies olive biodiversity preserva‐ tion, olive oil quality improvement as well as consumers’ education and interest protection. The last section discusses molecular mechanisms responsible for important traits of both grapevine and olive, comprising natural defense mechanisms and responses to abiotic stress, anthocyanin biosynthesis and finally closing with the description of main phases and steps from blossoming to harvest in olive, from both physiological and genetic point of view. The book is aimed at researchers interested in molecular methods, growers and producers of olives, olive oil, grapes and wine, agricultural experts, biotechnical students, olive oil and wine educated consumers and marketing operators for agricultural products. By accepting the challenge of this book adventure we hoped to provide answers to some questions deeply rooted in genetics. We honestly believe we succeeded in this mission. The book has come to fruition thanks to the efforts and expertise of the contributing authors, as well as of good friends and colleagues. We hope that this shared effort will be the start of more collaboration possibilities in the future, and also an impulse for new questions and answers in some future journey aimed to reveal secrets hidden in molecules. Danijela Poljuha Research Centre Metris, Istrian Development Agency Croatia Barbara Sladonja Institute of Agriculture and Tourism Poreč Croatia Preface VIII Section 1 Molecular Insight into Variability [...]... derived from grape ESTs Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 100(5), 723-726 17 18 The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive [28] Cervera, M T., Cabezas, J A., Rodriguez-Torres, I., Chavez, J., Cabello, F., & Marti‐ nez-Zapater, J M (2002) Varietal diversity within grapevine accessions of cv Tem‐ pranillo Vitis, 41(1), 33-36 [29] Tomić, L (2009) Genetic characterization of the grapevine variety Žilavka... ge‐ nome was the first sequenced plant genome to become available, at the end of 2000 [17] A study by Morgante et al [18], in which genome and EST sequences of Arabidopsis and 4 ma‐ 27 28 The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive jor crops were used to estimate microsatellite densities, showed that overall microsatellite frequency is related to the investigated genome size and the amount of... Genotyping of grapevine and rootstock cultivars using microsatellite markers Vitis, 37(1), 15-20 [51] This, P., Jung, A., Boccacci, P., Borrego, J., Botta, R., Costantini, L., et al (2004) Devel‐ opment of a standard set of microsatellite reference alleles for identification of grape cultivars Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 109(7), 1448-1458 19 20 The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive [52]... These were the first publications to indicate the different frequencies of microsatellite repeats in plants compared to animals and humans, in which (AC)n/(TG)n repeats are by far the most frequent class and the (AT)n type quite rare The most abundant trinucleotide repeats were (TAT)n and (TCT)n microsatellites, accounting for 27.5% and 25%, respectively Based on the volume of data they searched, they... phylogenetic tree was con‐ 13 14 The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive structed from these data, which discriminated well among the analyzed 16 cultivars (11 Eurasian and 5 Euramerica cultivars), proving SNPs to be effective for grapevine geno‐ type identification Lijavetzky et al [86] employed high throughput SNP discovery approach for analysing 230 gene fragments of eleven genotypes The. .. correlated with the completion of the sequencing of the heterozygous genome of Pinot Noir [83] About 950 candidates SNP from non-repetitive contigs of the assembled genome of Pinot Noir, were tested on 90 progeny of a Syrah × Pinot Noir cross They obtained 563 new eSNPs and mapped them according to their quality values This methodology was shown to be accurate and reproducible, and the high level of... observable, due to the world‐ © 2013 Tomić et al.; licensee InTech This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive wide predominance... systems for the detection of DNA polymorphism 4 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was the first widely used marker tech‐ nique for molecular characterization of grapevines Digestion of genomic DNA by restric‐ 5 6 The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive tion enzymes results in the production of numerous DNA fragments, and RFLP markers... genomes and are still the marker system of choice for various applications, such as genetic diversity and genetic structure studies, fingerprinting of individuals, parent‐ age analyses and mapping studies Although they have been used as a PCR marker system for more than 20 years now [1, 2], the numerous recent publications on their use confirm their durability and relevance This is mainly due to their... “satellite” band It was found that these satellite bands contain tandem arrays of repetitive sequences [3] Based on the length of the core repeat unit, the repetitive DNA is classified as satellite, minisatellite or microsatellite DNA While the repeat units in satellite and minisatellite DNA can be from 100 kb to over Mb and from 10 to 80 bp long, respectively, the core repeat unit of microsatellites is the . THE MEDITERRANEAN GENETIC CODE - GRAPEVINE AND OLIVE Edited by Danijela Poljuha and Barbara Sladonja The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3442 Edited. economical branch. Therefore, the science based on these two cultures involves scientists from all over the globe. The book The Mediterranean Genetic Code – Grapevine and Olive collects relevant. useful for grapevine germplasm analysis. The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive 6 5. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) The RAPD technique is based on a PCR reaction and the use