Zoonosis by Jacob Lorenzo-Morales docx

ZOONOSIS Edited by Jacob Lorenzo-Morales Zoonosis Edited by Jacob Lorenzo-Morales Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Zoonosis, Edited by Jacob Lorenzo-Morales p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0479-7 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Managerial Epidemiology 1 Chapter 1 Managerial Epidemiology and Zoonoses: Application of Managerial Epidemiology in Control of Zoonotic Disease in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Semra Čavaljuga Chapter 2 Health Adjusted Life Years (HALY) – A Promising Measure to Estimate the Burden of Zoonotic Diseases on Human Health? 15 Dietrich Plass, Paulo Pinheiro and Marie-Josée Mangen Chapter 3 Sciences of Complexity and Chaos to Analyze Vectors and Zoonosis 39 Emilio Arch-Tirado and Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez Chapter 4 Zoonotic Role of the Grasscutter 53 Maxwell N. Opara Part 2 Bacterial and Viral Zoonosis 63 Chapter 5 Coxiella burnetii 65 Giorgia Borriello and Giorgio Galiero Chapter 6 Helicobacter – An Emerging New Zoonotic Pathogen 89 Okjin Kim Chapter 7 Bovine Tuberculosis in European Bison as Possible Zoonotic Impact in Poland 101 Kita Jerzy, Anusz Krzysztof, Salwa Andrzej, Welz Mirosław, Orłowska Blanka and Zaleska Magdalena Chapter 8 Anthrax 111 Antonio Fasanella VI Contents Chapter 9 Brucellosis Vaccines: An Overview 143 Seyed Davar Siadat, Ali Sharifat Salmani and Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi Chapter 10 Insights into Leptospirosis, a Neglected Disease 167 Manjula Sritharan Chapter 11 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) 193 Sadegh Chinikar, Ramin Mirahmadi, Maryam Moradi, Seyed Mojtaba Ghiasi and Sahar Khakifirouz Chapter 12 Epidemiology, Surveillance and Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in the WHO South-East Asia Region 213 Chandika D. Gamage, Hiko Tamashiro, Makoto Ohnishi and Nobuo Koizumi Part 3 Protozoan Zoonosis 227 Chapter 13 Toxoplasma gondii in Meat and Food Safety Implications – A Review 229 Susana Bayarri, María Jesús Gracia, Regina Lázaro, Consuelo Pérez-Arquillué and Antonio Herrera Chapter 14 Major Role for CD8+T Cells in the Protection Against Toxoplasma gondii Following Dendritic Cell Vaccination 255 Isabelle Dimier-Poisson Chapter 15 Visceral Leishmaniosis: An Old Disease with Continuous Impact on Public Health 263 Marcella Zampoli Troncarelli, Deolinda Maria Vieira Filha Carneiro and Helio Langoni Part 4 Zoonotic Nematoda 283 Chapter 16 Zoonosis Caused by Baylisascaris procyonis 285 José Piñero, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Carmen Martín-Navarro, Atteneri López-Arencibia, María Reyes-Batlle and Basilio Valladares Chapter 17 Angiostrongyliasis in the Americas 303 Arnaldo Maldonado Jr., Raquel Simões and Silvana Thiengo Part 5 Veterinary Zoonosis 321 Chapter 18 Echinococcosis 323 Mesut Akarsu, Funda Ugur Kantar and Aytaç Gülcü Contents VII Chapter 19 Zoonotic Abortion in Herds: Etiology, Prevention and Control 371 Kelvinson F. Viana and Marcos S. Zanini Chapter 20 Endoparasites with Zoonotic Potential in Domesticated Dogs 393 Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani, Willian Marinho Dourado Coelho, Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes, Juliana de Carvalho Apolinário, Natalia Marinho Dourado Coelho, Milena Araúz Viol and Alvimar José da Costa Chapter 21 Gastrointestinal Parasites in Domestic Cats 415 Willian Marinho Dourado Coelho, Juliana de Carvalho Apolinário, Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes, Alessandro Franscisco Talamini do Amarante and Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani Preface A zoonosis (derived from New Latin, zoo- animal -+ Greek noso s –disease-) is defined as an infection or disease that is transmissible from animals (vertebrates) to human beings. Sometimes there is also a vector involved in the transmission. Nevertheless, animals play a main role in maintaining the infections in nature. Zoonotic diseases are mainly due to bacterial, viral or parasitic agents although “unconventional agents “such as prions could also be involved in zoonotic diseases. Many of the zoonotic diseases are a public health concern but also affect the production of food of animal origin and thus they could cause problems in the international trade of animal-origin goods. A major factor contributing to the emergence of new zoonotic pathogens in human populations is the increased contact between humans and animals. This is mainly due to either by encroachment of human activity into wilderness areas or by movement of wild animals into areas of human activity due to anthropological or environmental disturbances. For all the described issues above, some zoonotic diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, thus the importance of these diseases worldwide is gaining major concern within the clinical and veterinarian point of view. This book covers different aspects of zoonotic diseases from epidemiology to some of the major zoonotic bacterial, viral and parasitic agents worldwide. The first part of this book covers one of the most important aspects of any zoonotic pathogen study which is the epidemiology and monitoring of these diseases. Different epidemiological approaches are covered in chapter I of this book. The other sections (chapter II) of this book are dedicated to bacterial (leptospirosis, brucellosis, anthrax) and viral zoonotic agents of high importance all over the world. Parasitic agents (protozoa and nematode) are discussed and reviewed in chapters III and IV including emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases affecting the world population and animal origin goods international trade. Finally and taking into account the effect of zoonosis in the veterinary and farming field, the last section of the book is dedicated to zoonotic agents affecting pets and farm animals. These pathogens are causing enormous economical damages all over the world. X Preface Therefore, the authors and the editor of this book hope that the work compiled in it would help to raise awareness and interest in this field and also help researchers, clinicians and other readers in their investigations, clinical usage and as a source of information for any other aspects that zoonotic agents could be affecting. Dr. Jacob Lorenzo-Morales Senior Researcher at the University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, ULL Spain [...]... of Zoonotic Disease in Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 3.2 A brief overview of the situation with zoonosis in Bosnia and Herzegovina World Health Organisation (WHO) defines zoonosis as any disease and/or infection which is naturally "transmissible from vertebrate animals to man" (WHO, 1959), and emerging zoonosis as “a zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously but shows... age of 100 years By adding this health goal, health losses due to both mortality and morbidity can be derived In figure 1, the losses due to mortality are represented by the area C Health losses due to living in health states worse than perfect are assessed by adding the upper part of area B to the losses in area C due premature mortality The size of the part of area B is estimated by using weighting... to a disease outbreak was implemented through a policy of test and removal of positive animals This was hampered by a lack of sufficient funding for farmer's compensation resulting in limited reporting of disease suspicion by animal caretakers The following zoonotic diseases were reported by sources from entity’s and DB veterinary sectors: Anthrax, Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Rabies, Q fever, Tuberculosis,... afford not to do anything despite the fact that at this moment brucellosis is the only emerging zoonosis at this moment in Bosnia and Herzegovina?” The following is the story on brucellosis in Bosnia after 2008: the outbreak was admitted but never official proclaimed by the respective entity governments as by the end of 2008 the total number of reported cases was 994, and almost all the suggested measures... Dictionary, 2011) 4 Zoonosis - a study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems (Last, 2001) By the Last's definition (2001), »study« includes surveillance, observation, hypothesis testing, analytic research, and the experiments; »distribution« refers to analysis by the time, place... and Trichinellosis, with substantial number of contact/exposure to Rabies but without recorded clinical cases in humans In addition several zoonotic diseases that are not covered by the national animal diseases reporting 8 Zoonosis systems are occurring in human population in B&H (e.g., Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)) Many of these diseases may be considered as emerging according to the... knowledge on human pathogens and zoonosis There are many research publications discussing known number of human pathogens, their structure and level of emergence The range of the total number of human pathogens, according to such publications (Taylor et al., 2001, Hart; 2008, Woolhouse and GowtageSequeria, 2005) varies from 1,407 to 1,870 with similar percentage of zoonosis within: 5869% Publication... important to point to the decline in number of Brucellosis cases among animals as well as in humans as direct result of all the prevention and control measure used by respecting application of both the epidemiological and management principles by all sectors and levels Managerial epidemiology and Zoonoses: Application of Managerial Epidemiology in Control of Zoonotic Disease in Bosnia and Herzegovina... pick by the end of 2008: 9941 Morbidity rates (such as incidence) cannot yet not be calculated with relevant precision, as denominator – population number - is only estimated, and the last population census in B&H was done 1991 The data on brucellosis from 1996 to 2007 were extrapolated using Holt’s linear trend method, as greater significance is given to the recent data for the most optimal period by. .. Publication on the research conducted 2005 by Woolhouse and Gowtage-Sequeria met all criteria Čavaljuga was researching in 2008 in order to study the spread in Bosnia and Herzegovina of diseases with known human pathogens – pathogens that can infect more than one host, matching the WHO definition of emerging diseases; human pathogens with taxonomic classifications, defined by the WHO and the Centers for Disease . ZOONOSIS Edited by Jacob Lorenzo-Morales Zoonosis Edited by Jacob Lorenzo-Morales Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000. www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Zoonosis, Edited by Jacob Lorenzo-Morales p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0479-7 Contents Preface. Carneiro and Helio Langoni Part 4 Zoonotic Nematoda 283 Chapter 16 Zoonosis Caused by Baylisascaris procyonis 285 José Piñero, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Carmen Martín-Navarro, Atteneri López-Arencibia,