ENDOMETRIOSIS - BASIC CONCEPTS AND CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS Edited by Koel Chaudhury and Baidyanath Chakravarty Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends Edited by Koel Chaudhury and Baidyanath Chakravarty Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Bojan Rafaj Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends, Edited by Koel Chaudhury and Baidyanath Chakravarty p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0524-4 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Endometriosis 1 Chapter 1 Endometriosis 3 Mohammad Reza Razzaghi, Mohammad Mohsen Mazloomfard and Anahita Ansari Jafari Chapter 2 Urinary Tract Endometriosis 31 Aliasghar Yarmohamadi and Nasser Mogharabian Chapter 3 Diagnosis and Treatment of Perineal Endometriosis 53 Lan Zhu, Na Chen and Jinghe Lang Chapter 4 Abdominopelvic Complications of Endometriosis 65 Arturo del Rey-Moreno Chapter 5 Endometrial Tumors in Postoperative Scars - Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment 85 Stanisław Horák and Anita Olejek Chapter 6 Pathological Aspects of Endometriosis 101 Agatha Kondi-Pafitis Section 2 Pathogenesis 113 Chapter 7 Involvement of Prostaglandins in the Pathophysiology of Endometriosis 115 Gabriela F. Meresman and Carla N. Olivares Chapter 8 Genetic Polymorphisms and Molecular Pathogenesis of Endometriosis 133 Vijayalakshmi Kodati and Q. Hasan VI Contents Chapter 9 Progesterone Resistance and Targeting the Progesterone Receptors: A Therapeutic Approach to Endometriosis 157 Nick Pullen Chapter 10 Endometriosis and Angiogenic Factors 183 P. G. Artini, M. Ruggiero, F. Papini, G. Simi, V. Cela and A. R. Genazzani Chapter 11 The Local Immune Mechanisms Involved in the Formation of Endometriotic Lesions 211 Yulia Antsiferova and Natalya Sotnikova Chapter 12 Virus Infection and Type I Interferon in Endometriosis 245 Pia M. Martensen, Anna L. Vestergaard and Ulla B. Knudsen Chapter 13 Stem Cell as the Novel Pathogenesis of Endometriosis 263 Eing-Mei Tsai Chapter 14 Green Tea for Endometriosis 277 Gene Chi Wai Man, Hui Xu and Chi Chiu Wang Chapter 15 Endometrial Stem Cells and Endometriosis 297 Jafar Ai and Esmaeil Sadroddiny Section 3 Recent Research Trends 309 Chapter 16 Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer: The Role of Oxidative Stress 311 Yoriko Yamashita and Shinya Toyokuni Chapter 17 Alteration in Endometrial Remodeling: A Cause for Implantation Failure in Endometriosis? 325 Saikat K. Jana, Priyanka Banerjee, Shyam Thangaraju, Baidyanath Chakravarty and Koel Chaudhury Chapter 18 Pathomechanism of Infertility in Endometriosis 343 Hendi Hendarto Chapter 19 Analysis of Differential Genes of Uyghur Women with Endometriosis in Xinjiang 355 Aixingzi Aili, Ding Yan, Hu Wenjing, Yang Xinhua and Hanikezi Tuerxun Chapter 20 Primary Afferent Nociceptors and Visceral Pain 367 Victor Chaban Contents VII Chapter 21 Embryo Quality and Pregnancy Outcome in Infertile Patients with Endometriosis 383 Veljko Vlaisavljević, Marko Došen and Borut Kovačič Chapter 22 Endometriosis and Infertility: The Role of Oxidative Stress 399 Ionara Barcelos and Paula Navarro Section 4 Diagnosis and Treatment 417 Chapter 23 Current Insights and Future Advances in Endometriosis Diagnostics 419 Michele Cioffi and Maria Teresa Vietri Chapter 24 Imaging Tools for Endometriosis: Role of Ultrasound, MRI and Other Imaging Modalities in Diagnosis and Planning Intervention 437 Shalini Jain Bagaria, Darshana D. Rasalkar and Bhawan K. Paunipagar Chapter 25 Pelvic Endometriosis: A MR Pictorial Review 447 Rosario Francesco Grasso, Riccardo Del Vescovo, Roberto Luigi Cazzato and Bruno Beomonte Zobel Chapter 26 Pathophysiological Changes in Early Endometriosis 459 Tao Zhang, Gene Chi Wai Man and Chi Chiu Wang Chapter 27 Medical Treatment in Endometriosis 475 Elham Pourmatroud Chapter 28 Sequential Management with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist and Dienogest of Endometriosis-Associated Uterine Myoma and Adenomyosis 485 Atsushi Imai, Hiroshi Takagi, Kazutoshi Matsunami and Satoshi Ichigo Preface Dedication We dedicate this book to thousands of women all over the world suffering from endometriosis Endometriosis is a progressive debilitating disease affecting the physical, social and psychological aspects of normal life quality in nearly 1 of 7 women of reproductive age. Endometriosis is considered to be an enigmatic disease owing to the lack of specific set of symptoms, poorly understood pathogenesis, complexity in diagnosis and limited therapeutic options available for management of the disorder. The last three decades we have witnessed a significant volume of research related to endometriosis. We felt the need to bring together contributions of experts working on pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects of endometriosis. We genuinely hope that the readers will enjoy reading these informative articles contributed by eminent clinicians and scientists. We, as editors, would sincerely feel rewarded if the readers put to use the contents of the book to alleviate the pain and misery of women suffering from endometriosis, a disease which still remains a challenge. We sincerely appreciate the valuable contributions of all the authors who have put in considerable effort to make the book a success. We are grateful to Dr. Ashalatha Ganesh for providing her expert opinion and valuable suggestions. We are most thankful to InTech publisher for providing us with an opportunity to edit a book of such great clinical relevance. Finally, our sincere thanks to Bojan Rafaj, Publishing Process Manager for the excellent support extended to us throughout the editing process. Koel Chaudhury (Editor) Associate Professor School of Medical Science and Technology Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur India Baidyanath Chakravarty (Co-editor) Director Institute of Reproductive Medicine Salt Lake, Kolkata India [...]... stromal cells J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86, 576 5-5 773 [30] Noble LS etal (1996) Aromatase expression in endometriosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81, 17 4-1 79 [31] Guo SW Epigenetics of endometriosis Mol Hum Reprod 2009 Oct;15(10):58 7-6 07 24 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends [32] Seli E, Arici A: Endometriosis: interaction of immune and endocrine systems Semin Reprod Med 21:135,... to creating an environment for induction of progressive endometriosis (63) 7 Patient symptoms Although women with endometriosis may be asymptomatic, symptoms are common and typically include chronic pelvic pain and infertility As previously stated, the current ASRM 12 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends classification of endometriosis, which describes the extent of disease bulk,... levels of Cox-2 in endometriosis than in endometrium from controls These data support the conclusion that Cox-2 is induced by endometriosis and leads to higher levels of prostaglandins (42) 5.9 Clinical association between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases Clinical conditions associated with endometriosis by patients, providers, and researchers alike have included headaches, arthralgias and myalgias,... of pelvic pain) and the significant morbidity 4 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends associated with this disease, mainly with regard to the possible consequences on reproductive function and on the risk of developing gynecologic tumors, such as ovarian cancer (1 0-1 2) The prevalence in women without symptoms is 2-5 0%, depending on the diagnostic criteria used and the populations... are 16 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends present in endothelial cells of endometrial vasculature Finally, it is possible that b receptor acts intracellularly as an ERa inhibitor, by dimerizing with the ERa molecules to form a faulty product (87) b - Antiprogestins: Danazol 40 0-8 00 mg/day Gestrinone 1.2 5-2 .5 Twice /week The first medication approved for the treatment of endometriosis. .. associated to endometriosis [98] 18 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends Aromatase inhibitors have similar hypoestrogenic side-effect profiles as GnRH agonists, but hold promise in severe, refractory cases of endometriosis Treatment of rats with induced endometriosis using the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor fadrozole hydrochloride or YMsl l resulted in a dose-dependent volume... myalgias, allergies, eczema, hypothyroidism, 10 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and susceptibility to vaginal candidiasis These often ill-defined entities carry an allure of mystery, paralleling many nonspecific symptoms encountered by patients with known autoimmune disease Because of this parallelism, and with no alternative explanation for... Barakat H, Dousset B, Pansini V, Vacher-Lavenu MC, Dubuisson JB Anatomical distribution of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: surgical implications and proposition for a classification Hum Reprod 2003;18(1):15 7-6 1 26 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends [67] Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, Lesaffre E, Cornillie FJ Suggestive evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease,... women have some degree of retrograde menstruation but only a little percentage has endometriosis and the presence of the disease in absence of menses However, the absence of endometriosis in other tissues derived from coelomic epithelium argues against this theory (22) 8 Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends 5.4 Induction theory The theory of endometrial stem cells or transient amplifying... of steroids such as estrogen, progesterone and androgen are mediated through their respective receptors - Estrogen Receptors (ER), Progesterone Receptors (PR) Endometriosis 9 and Androgen Receptors (AR) - these receptors must be and have shown to be intimately involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis ERs, PRs and AR, along with glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor, form the steroid . ENDOMETRIOSIS - BASIC CONCEPTS AND CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS Edited by Koel Chaudhury and Baidyanath Chakravarty Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research. orders@intechopen.com Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends, Edited by Koel Chaudhury and Baidyanath Chakravarty p. cm. ISBN 97 8-9 5 3-5 1-0 52 4-4 Contents. hypothyroidism, Endometriosis - Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends 10 fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and susceptibility to vaginal candidiasis. These often ill-defined entities