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CARCINOGENESIS
Edited by Kathryn Tonissen
Carcinogenesis
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2982
Edited by Kathryn Tonissen
Contributors
Francesca Duraturo, Raffaella Liccardo, Angela Cavallo, Marina De Rosa, Paola Izzo, Maria
Auxiliadora Vieira do Carmo, Patrícia Carlos Caldeira, Andrés Castillo, Anna Ptak, Ewa Lucja
Gregoraszczuk, Ming-Chei Maa, Tzeng-Horng Leu, Ewa Balcerczak, Aleksandra Sałagacka,
Malwina Bartczak-Tomczyk, Marek Mirowski, Maneet Bhatia, Therese C. Karlenius, Giovanna
Di Trapani, Kathryn F. Tonissen, Hiroko Kuwabara, Masahiko Yoneda, Zenzo Isogai,
M.E. Hernández-Caballero, Jinhui Zhang, Lei Wang, Yong Zhang, Junxuan Lü, Naoki Ashizawa,
Takeo Shimo, Magdy Sayed Aly, Amani Abd ElHamid Mahmoud, Pornngarm Limtrakul,
Pornsiri Pitchakarn, Shugo Suzuki, Mohamed F. El-Refaei, Essam A. Mady
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2013 InTech
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Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and
not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy
of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for
any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials,
instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Oliver Kurelic
Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team
First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Carcinogenesis, Edited by Kathryn Tonissen
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0945-7
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Cancer Pre-Disposition and Pre-Cancerous
Risk Classification 1
Chapter 1 Synergistic Effects of Low-Risk Variant
Alleles in Cancer Predisposition 3
Francesca Duraturo, Raffaella Liccardo,
Angela Cavallo, Marina De Rosa and Paola Izzo
Chapter 2 Binary System of Grading Epithelial Dysplasia
in Oral Leukoplakias 25
Maria Auxiliadora Vieira do Carmo and Patrícia Carlos Caldeira
Section 2 Cancer Development and Progression 43
Chapter 3 Human Papillomavirus and Carcinogenesis
in the Upper Aero-Digestive Tract 45
Andrés Castillo
Chapter 4 Oestrogens, Xenoestrogens
and Hormone-Dependent Cancers 63
Anna Ptak and Ewa Lucja Gregoraszczuk
Chapter 5 EPS8, an Adaptor Protein Acts as an Oncoprotein
in Human Cancer 87
Ming-Chei Maa and Tzeng-Horng Leu
Chapter 6 FJ194940.1 Gene and Its Protein Product ACJ04040.1
– Potential Tumor Marker
– From Protein to cDNA
and Chromosomal Localization 105
Ewa Balcerczak, Aleksandra Sałagacka,
Malwina Bartczak-Tomczyk and Marek Mirowski
VI Contents
Chapter 7 The Interaction Between Redox and Hypoxic
Signalling Pathways in the Dynamic Oxygen
Environment of Cancer Cells 125
Maneet Bhatia, Therese C. Karlenius,
Giovanna Di Trapani and Kathryn F. Tonissen
Chapter 8 Expressional Alterations of Versican,
Hyaluronan and Microfibril Associated
Proteins in the Cancer Microenvironment 153
Hiroko Kuwabara, Masahiko Yoneda and Zenzo Isogai
Chapter 9 Molecular Mechanisms of Metastasis:
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Anoikis
and Loss of Adhesion 165
M.E. Hernández-Caballero
Section 3 Animal Model Systems to Study Carcinogenesis 195
Chapter 10 Lobe-Specific Carcinogenesis in
the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma
of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) Mouse Model 197
Jinhui Zhang, Lei Wang, Yong Zhang and Junxuan Lü
Chapter 11 Mechanism of Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis Induced
by a Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitor, in Rats 221
Naoki Ashizawa and Takeo Shimo
Section 4 Natural Products that Prevent or Treat Cancer 237
Chapter 12 Cancer Chemoprevention by Dietary Polyphenols 239
Magdy Sayed Aly and Amani Abd ElHamid Mahmoud
Chapter 13 Kuguacin J, a Triterpenoid from Momordica charantia Linn:
A Comprehensive Review of
Anticarcinogenic Properties 275
Pornngarm Limtrakul, Pornsiri Pitchakarn and Shugo Suzuki
Chapter 14 Regulation of Apoptosis, Invasion and Angiogenesis
of Tumor Cells by Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester 297
Mohamed F. El-Refaei and Essam A. Mady
Preface
An increased understanding of the molecular, biochemical and cellular processes
governing carcinogenesis can only be of benefit in improving the effectiveness of
strategies used to prevent and treat cancer. Since cancer is a multifaceted and complex
disease a number of factors can contribute to its development and progression. A
broad knowledge of these factors may aid in understanding how they interact and
influence the processes of initiating and promoting cancer. This in turn enables more
effective preventative and therapeutic strategies to be devised and more relevant
prognostic tools to be developed. This book includes comprehensive reviews and
some specialized experimental findings that cover diverse processes that contribute to
carcinogenesis, its diagnosis and treatment. The goal is for these examples to inform
and influence a reader’s own specialty by stimulating thinking across a diverse range
of topics. A cross fertilization of ideas arising from understanding the various
preventative, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches together with a broad knowledge
of factors that affect cancer progression could be the impetus for further progress in
tackling a disease that still exerts a heavy human toll worldwide.
Section 1 includes genetic, molecular and morphological approaches to assessing
cancer susceptibility and classifying the risk of developing a cancer. While individual
mutations are known to influence cancer formation a knowledge of the synergistic
effects of low-risk variant alleles are also important when assessing predisposition to
cancer. This section also describes a binary system using morphology and molecular
analysis for classifying pre-cancerous lesions into either high or low-risk potential to
subsequently develop into oral carcinoma.
Section 2 contains chapters that discuss the various mechanisms and stimuli that may
contribute to the initiation of cancer or influence progression of the disease into a
metastatic state. These stimuli include infection by the human papillomavirus and
hormonal stimuli such as oestrogens. Specific proteins may also play a role in
carcinogenesis and therefore have prognostic or therapeutic value. Examples of
oncogenes and tumor markers, along with their characterisation in cancer cells, are
described in this book. The oxygen environment of a cancer cell is an important
determinant of carcinogenesis and a description of the redox and hypoxic signaling
pathways and how they influence cancer development and metastasis is provided.
The cancer microenvironment also plays a role in cancer progression and is the focus
X Preface
of a chapter that assesses the expression of specific stromal proteins in cancer tissues.
Metastasis involves the movement of tumor cells to a distant tissue and the process of
epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is described in detail in the final chapter of
this section.
The study of cancer and how it develops, progresses and responds to treatments or
chemopreventive agents is often conducted in animal models. Section 3 contains
chapters that describe specialized models for studying cancers and offer key insights
into interpreting and adapting animal studies into human consequences.
Natural products are increasingly becoming recognised as an important tool for both
preventing and treating cancer. Section 4 contains chapters describing naturally
sourced compounds, including dietary polyphenols, and their characterisation as
chemopreventive or therapeutic agents.
This book is aimed towards researchers, students and medical practitioners wishing to
obtain knowledge of the processes that underpin the broader carcinogenesis field. The
goal is to inspire new ideas and innovative research directions, so that ultimately
cancer will be defeated. The contributions by each of the specialist authors for their
chapters and by Professor Krystyna Frenkel for the initial concept and reviews,
together with the assistance from the extremely professional staff at InTech is greatly
valued and appreciated in preparing this book.
Associate Professor Kathryn Tonissen
School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences and
Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies
Griffith University
Nathan, Qld
Brisbane
Australia
. CARCINOGENESIS Edited by Kathryn Tonissen Carcinogenesis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2982 Edited by Kathryn Tonissen Contributors Francesca. www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Carcinogenesis, Edited by Kathryn Tonissen p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0945-7 Contents Preface. describe clinical penetrance. c By biochemical testing (pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin levels) is 95–100% by age 70. Table 1. Highly penetrant cancer syndromes Carcinogenesis 6 syndromes
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