ASTIGMATISM – OPTICS, PHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Michael Goggin Astigmatism – Optics, Physiology and Management Edited by Michael Goggin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Nenadic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Astigmatism – Optics, Physiology and Management, Edited by Michael Goggin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0230-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Development, Physiology and Optics of Astigmatism 1 Chapter 1 Physiology of Astigmatism 3 Seyed-Farzad Mohammadi, Maryam Tahvildari and Hadi Z-Mehrjardi Chapter 2 Etiology and Clinical Presentation of Astigmatism 15 David Varssano Chapter 3 Optics of Astigmatism and Retinal Image Quality 33 M. Vilaseca, F. Díaz-Doutón, S. O. Luque, M. Aldaba, M. Arjona and J. Pujol Part 2 Diagnosis and Imaging of Astigmatism 57 Chapter 4 Astigmatism – Definition, Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis and Non-Surgical Treatment 59 Dieudonne Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo Chapter 5 Diagnosis and Imaging of Corneal Astigmatism 75 Jaime Tejedor and Antonio Guirao Part 3 Correction of Astigmatism 91 Chapter 6 Cataract Surgery in Keratoconus with Irregular Astigmatism 93 Jean-Louis Bourges Chapter 7 Aspheric Refractive Correction of Irregular Astimatism 103 Massimo Camellin and Samuel Arba-Mosquera VI Contents Chapter 8 Treating Mixed Astigmatism – A Theoretical Comparison and Guideline for Combined Ablation Strategies and Wavefront Ablation 125 Diego de Ortueta, Samuel Arba Mosquera and Christoph Haecker Chapter 9 Management of Post-Penetrating Keratoplasty Astigmatism 135 Sepehr Feizi Chapter 10 Controlling Astigmatism in Corneal Marginal Grafts 147 Lingyi Liang and Zuguo Liu Chapter 11 Contact Lens Correction of Regular and Irregular Astigmatism 157 Raul Martín Herranz, Guadalupe Rodríguez Zarzuelo and Victoria de Juan Herráez Chapter 12 Posterior Chamber Toric Implantable Collamer Lenses – Literature Review 181 Erik L. Mertens Chapter 13 Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Astigmatism Correction 193 Duna Raoof-Daneshvar and Shahzad I. Mian Chapter 14 Optimized Profiles for Astigmatic Refractive Surgery 211 Samuel Arba-Mosquera, Sara Padroni, Sai Kolli and Ioannis M. Aslanides Chapter 15 Measurement and Topography Guided Treatment of Irregular Astigmatism 247 Joaquim Murta and Andreia Martins Rosa Chapter 16 Toric Intraocular Lenses in Cataract Surgery 267 Nienke Visser, Noël J.C. Bauer and Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts Chapter 17 Surgical Correction of Astigmatism During Cataract Surgery 293 Arzu Taskiran Comez and Yelda Ozkurt Preface This book presents a modern understanding of the underlying physiology of primary astigmatism and the pathology of astigmatism associated with disease and trauma. It explores many therapeutic approaches to amelioration of the effects of astigmatism in its many forms by surgical and optical means. It has been my pleasure to assist in the presentation of the evidence behind our present management of this significant refractive error, the treatment of which is seldom simple. The authors and I hope that the reader will find its content accessible and useful both in daily practice and in arriving at a deeper understanding of the condition. Dr. Michael Goggin The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Australia . ASTIGMATISM – OPTICS, PHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Michael Goggin Astigmatism – Optics, Physiology and Management Edited. be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Astigmatism – Optics, Physiology and Management, Edited by Michael Goggin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0230-4