This Page Intentionally Left Blank Handbook of Engineering and Speciality Thermoplastics Scrivener Publishing Winter Street, Suite Salem, MA 01970 Scrivener Publishing Collections Editors James E R Couper Rafiq Islam Norman Lieberman W Kent Muhlbauer S A Sherif Richard Erdlac Pradip Khaladkar Peter Martin Andrew Y C Nee James G Speight Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com) Handbook of Engineering and Speciality Thermoplastics Volume Polyolefins and Styrenics Johannes Karl Fink Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria Scrivener )WILEY Copyright © 2010 by Scrivener Publishing LLC All rights reserved Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, 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Congress Cataloging-in-Publication ISBN 978-0-470-62583-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 Data: Preface This volume on Polyolefins and Styrenics is the first part of a fourpart set on Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics The other three parts, to be published in late 2010 and 2011, are on Polyethers and Polyesters; Nylons; Water Soluble Polymers The aim of the Handbook is to keep the practitioner abreast of the recent developments in these subfields as well as to equip the advanced student with up-to-date knowledge as he/she enters the industrial arena This volume focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of polyolefins and styrenics The text is arranged according to the chemical constitution of polymers and reviews the developments that have taken place in the last decade A brief introduction to the polymer type is given and previous monographs and reviews dealing with the topic are listed for quick reference The text continues with monomers, polymerization, fabrication techniques, properties, application, as well as safety issues Following this information, suppliers and commercial grades are presented Even though materials are ordered according to chemical structure, a great variety of individual materials belonging to the same polymer type are discussed as well In particular, the properties and safety data given should be considered as indicative The reader who is actively engaged with the materials presented here should consult the technical data sheets and the material safety data sheets provided by the individual manufacturers How to Use this Book Utmost care has been taken to present reliable data Because of the vast variety of material presented here, however, the text cannot be complete in all relevant aspects, and it is recommended to the reader to study the original literature for complete information For v vi this reason, the author cannot assume responsibility for the completeness and validity of, nor for the consequences of, the use of the material presented here Every attempt has been made to identify trademarks; however, there were some that the author was unable to locate, and I apologize for any inadvertent omission Index There are four indices: an index of trademarks, an index of acronyms, an index of chemicals, and a general index In the index of chemicals, compounds that occur extensively, e.g., "acetone", are not included at every occurrence, but rather when they appear in an important context Acknowledgements I am indebted to our university librarians, Dr Christian Hasenhüttl, Dr Johann Delanoy, Dolores Knabl, Franz Jurek, Friedrich Scheer, Christian Slamenik, and Renate Tschabuschnig for support in literature acquisition I also want to express my gratitude to all the scientists who have carefully published their results concerning the topics dealt with here This book could not have been otherwise compiled Last, but not least, I want to thank the publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his abiding interest and help in the preparation of the text and Jane Higgins for careful proofreading Johannes Fink 19th February 2010 Contents Preface v Metathesis Polymers 1.1 Monomers 1.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 1.2.1 Metathesis Reaction 1.2.2 Catalysts 1.2.3 Rate Controlling 1.2.4 Molecular Weight Regulating Agents 1.2.5 Polymers 1.2.6 Copolymers 1.2.7 Thermosets 1.2.8 Reinforced Polymer Composites 1.2.9 Polymers with Functional Groups 1.2.10 Poly(acetylene)s 1.3 Properties 1.3.1 Mechanical Properties 1.3.2 Optical Properties 1.4 Fabrication Methods 1.5 Fluorinated Polymers 1.6 Special Additives 1.7 Applications 1.7.1 Packaging Films 1.7.2 Wire Coating Materials 1.7.3 Chromatographie Supports 1.8 Suppliers and Commercial Grades 1.9 Safety References vu 2 14 17 17 18 19 21 23 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 32 35 35 viii Engineering Thermoplastics: Polyolefins and Styrenics Cyclic Olefin Copolymers 2.1 Monomers 2.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 2.2.1 Catalysts 2.2.2 Metallocene Catalyzed Polymerization 2.2.3 Addition Polymerization 2.2.4 Thermosetting Resins 2.2.5 Analysis 2.2.6 Solvent Bonding 2.3 Properties 2.3.1 Mechanical Properties 2.3.2 Thermal Properties 2.3.3 Optical Properties 2.3.4 Barrier Properties 2.3.5 Chemical Resistance 2.4 Applications 2.4.1 Films 2.4.2 Optical Applications 2.4.3 Medical Applications 2.4.4 Packaging Areas 2.4.5 Absorption of Organic Contaminants 2.4.6 Adhesives in Semiconductor Technology 2.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades 2.6 Safety 2.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling References Ultra High Molecular Weight Poly(ethylene) 3.1 Monomers 3.2 Polymerization and Fabrication 3.2.1 Ziegler-Natta Catalysts 3.2.2 Mixed Catalysts 3.2.3 Single-Site Catalysts 3.2.4 Fractionation 3.2.5 Crosslinking 3.2.6 Fabrication 3.2.7 Porous Parts 3.3 Properties 41 41 43 45 47 48 50 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 58 59 62 63 65 65 67 67 75 75 76 76 78 79 80 81 81 82 82 Index Divinylbenzene, 50, 151, 297, 316, 317 Dodecylenedinorbornene dicarboxyimide, Dodecylmercaptan, 218, 219, 272, 335 1-Eicosene, 110 ß-(3,4-Epoxy cyclohexyl) ethyl trimethoxysilane, 233 Ethanol, 4, 75, 202 Ethyl acetate, 19, 305, 338 Ethyl acrylate, 194, 214 Ethylaluminum dichloride, 154 Ethylaluminum sesquichloride, 19 Ethylbenzene, 116, 211, 217, 254, 272, 300, 301 Ethyl cellulose, 121, 239 Ethylene bis(indenyl) zirconium dichloride, 45, 46 Ethylene bistetrabromophthalimide, 166 Ethylene diamine, 170 Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 335 Ethylene sulfonic acid, 188 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, 2, 194, 214 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene, 42 Ethyl lactate, 58 2-Ethyl methacrylate phosphoric acid, 195 N'-2-Ethylphenyl-N'-2-hydroxyphenyloxalamide, 25 o-Ethylstyrene, 214 m-Ethylstyrene, 214 p-Ethylstyrene, 214 Ethyltetracyclododecene, 42, 62 Ethyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide, 223 Ferrocenealdehyde, 31 Fumaric acid, 110, 137, 138 Fumaronitrile, 211, 212 Glutaraldehyde, 238 Guerbet ester, 97 Hafnium tetrakis(trimethylsilylmethyl), 78 n-Heptane, 112 Hexabromocyclododecane, 166 1-Hexadecene, 110 l,4,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-l,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene, 30 Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, 176 Hexamethyldisilazane, 79 Hexamethylenetetramine, 323 5,5,5',5',5",5"-Hexamethyl tris(l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-methane)amino-2,2',2"-trioxide, 232 1-Hexene, 17, 25, 78, 111, 114, 137, 138 369 370 Engineering Thermoplastics: Polyolefins and Styrenics Hydrotalcite, 82 Hydroxyacetone, 271 p-Hydroxydiphenylamine, 171 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate, 20 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 271 Hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 340 Isobutane, 79, 154 Isobutylene, 153, 154, 156, 157, 203 Isobutylmethylol acrylamide, 191 Isobutyl vinyl ether, 153 Isoprenylaluminum, 77 Isopropylene bis(l-indenyl) zirconium dichloride, 47 4-Isopropyltoluene), Itaconic acid, 110, 137, 138, 188 Kaolin, 118 Lauroyl peroxide, 115 R-Limonene, 289 Magnesium hydroxide, 278, 279 Magnesium hypochlorite, 161 Magnesium oxide, 198 Maleic acid, 49, 110, 137, 138, 188 Maleic anhydride, 48, 56, 63, 137, 250 Mesityl imidazole, 10 l-Mesityl-3-(7-octene)-imidazole bromide, 10 Methacrylic acid, 110, 137, 138, 146, 188, 214, 332 Methacrylonitrile, 214 3-(Methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, 279 Methanol, 14, 112, 153, 190, 195, 202, 289, 300 5-Methoxymethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptene-2, Methyl acetate, 195 Methyl acrylamidoglycolate methyl ether, 191 α-Methylbenzenaldehyde, 286 Methylcyclopentane, 116 2-Methyl-l,4,5,8-dimethano-l,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene, 41 Methylene-bis(3-t-butyl-l-indenyl)hafnium dichloride, 46 Methylene-bis(3-ferf-butyl-l-indenyl) zirconium dichloride, 46 Méthylène chloride, 3,6-Methylene-l,2,3,6-tetrahydro-ris-phthalic anhydride, 4-(l-Methyl-l-ethylidene)-l-methyl-l-cyclohexene, 272 Methyl ethyl ketone, 217 Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, 115 Methyl methacrylate, 211, 213, 269, 316, 317, 331, 336 5-Methyl-2-norbornene, 42 N-Methylol acrylamide, 188, 190, 191, 194 4-Methyl-l-pentene, 42, 109-112, 114, 117, 119, 129 2-Methyl-pentylalumoxane, 46 Methylphosphonic acid diphenyl ester, 232 a-Methylstyrene, 211-214, 219, 270, 272, 297, 301, 302 4-Methylstyrene, 151, 152, 214, 270 m-Methylstyrene, 214 o-Methylstyrene, 213, 214 2-Methyltetracyclododecene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester, 42 Montmorillonite, 80, 222, 274, 275 Nadie acid, 49 Naphthalene, 255, 292 1-Naphthyl glycidyl ether, 222 Nickel acetylacetonate, Nickel bis-(tri-n-butylphosphine) dichloride, Nickel bis-(tricyclohexylphosphine) dichloride, Nickel(2-ethylhexanoate), 49 2-Nitrile-4,6-diphenylhex-l-ene, 254 4-Nitrile-2,6-diphenylhex-l-ene, 254 2-Nitrile-4-phenylbut-l-ene, 254 Nonylphenol, 334 Norbornadiene, 2, 43 2-Norbornene, 50, 67 Norbornene carboxylic acid butyl ester, 50 Norborn-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, 30 Norbornene 2-ethylhexyl carboxylate, 2, 20 cndo-Norbornene-5-yl-N,N-di-2-pyridyl carboxylic amide, 31 Nucleosil, 31 1-Octadecene, 110 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 32 p,p'-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide), 192 Paclitaxel, 175 Palladium(II) acetylacetonate, 50 Pentaerythritol bis(methyl phosphate), 233 Pentaerythritol bis(phenyl phosphate), 232, 233 Pentaerythritol diphenyl diphosphate, 233 Pentaerythritol distearate, 57 Pentaerythritol tetrastearate, 57 Pentafluoroethane, 120 n-Pentane, 10 Phenol, 212 Phenylacetylene, 25 nz-Phenylene-bis(diphenyl phosphate), 232 372 Engineering Thermoplastics: Polyolefins and Styrenics 1,3-Phenylene-N,N'-bis(0,0-diphenylphosphoramidate), 232 Phenylenediamine, 291 p-Phenylene diamine, 171 N-Phenylmaleimide, 211, 213 Phenylmethylene-bis-(tricyclohexylphosphine) ruthenium dichloride, 22 N-Phenyl-3,6-methylene-l ,2,3,6-tetrahydro-cis-phthalimide, 2-Phenyl-4-nitrilebut-l-ene, 254 N-Phenyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]5-heptene-2,3-dicarboximide, 32 Phenyl phosphonic acid diethyl ester, 232 4-Phenylstyrene, 213 Phosphonium sulfonate, 283 Phosphorus oxychloride, 235 Phosphorus pentachloride, Phthalic anhydride, 112 Piperazinediy]-N,N'-bis(0,0-diphenylphosphorarnidate, 232 Piperylene, 214 Potassium tert-butylate, 158 Potassium hypochlorite, 161 Potassium hypophosphite, 318 Potassium peroxydisulfate, 298 Potassium perphosphate, 220 Potassium persulfate, 220, 334, 335 Propylamine, 17 exo,m)-N,N'-Propylene-di-(norbornene-5,6-dicarboxyimide, Propyl gállate, 166 Pyridine, 14 5-(2-Pyridyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene-2, Quebracho, 249, 289 8-Quinolinoxytitanium trichloride, 79 5-(4-Quinolyl)-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene-2, Salicylic acid, 29 Siloxane bischloroformate, 307 Sodium bicarbonate, 29 Sodium diamyl sulfosuccinate, 193 Sodium dicyclohexyl sulfosuccinate, 193 Sodium diisopropylnaphthalene sulfosuccinate, 193 Sodium dodecyl sulfate, 335 Sodium dodecyl sulfonate, 333 Sodium erysorbate, 193 Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate, 193 Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, 317 Sodium hypochlorite, 161 Sodium isobutyl sulfosuccinate, 193 Sodium montmorillonite, 275 Sodium perborate, 220 Sodium persulfate, 192, 220, 333, 334 Sodium phosphate, 318 Sodium sulfosuccinate, 193 Stearyl alcohol, 28 Styrène, 17, 211, 213-215, 270, 297, 315, 316, 331 Styrene-7,8-oxide, 287 Succinic anhydride, 20 Terephthalic acid, 198 Tetraallyl silane, 21 Tetrabromobisphenol A, 323 Tetrachloroethylene, 338 Tetracyclododecene, 41, 42, 50 Tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene, 166 H-Tetradecane, 242 Tetradecylphenothiazine, 168 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, 281 2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-l,4-dibromobutane, 156 Thiophene, 16, 17 Titanium dioxide, 339 Titanium tetrachloride, 77, 159 Toluene sulfinic acid, 271 p-Toluenesulfonic acid, 20 p-Toluene sulfonyl hydrazide, 192 Tributylamine, 275 Tributyl phosphate, 232 Tributylphosphine, 16, 17 Trichlorodifluoroethane, 117 Trichloroethylene, 127 Trichlorofluoromethane, 117, 308 Tricresyl phosphate, 28, 232 Tricyclohexylphosphine, 9, 14, 15, 50 Tricyclopentylphosphine, 14, 15 5-Triethoxysilyl-2-norbornene, 41, 42 Triethylaluminum, 62, 78, 79, 112 Triethylamine, 226 Triethylborane, 49 Triethylene glycol, 308 a, a, «-Trifluorotoluene, 49 Triisopropylphenyl phosphate, 232 Triisopropylphosphine, 14 Trimethoxyvinylsilane, 63 374 Engineering Thermoplastics: Polyolefins and Trimethylaluminum, 45 Trimethylamine, 226 Trimethylchlorosilane, 176 Trimethylmethoxysilane, 112 Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 270 2,4,4-Trimethyl-pentylalumoxane, 46 Triphenylarsine, 17 2,4,6-Triphenylhex-l-ene, 254 Triphenyl phosphate, 229, 232, 233, 278 Triphenyl phosphine, 14 Triphenyl phosphite, 17 Tris-(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, 232 Tris(2,4-di-ferf-butylphenyl)phosphite, 232, 234 l,l,3-Tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl phenyl)butane, 320 Trixylyl phosphate, 28 Tungsten carbide, 90 Tungsten hexachloride, 19, 62 Versatic acid vinyl ester, 193 Vinyl acetate, 187-189, 193 4-Vinylbiphenyl, 130 4-Vinylcyclohex-l-ene, 318 Vinylidene chloride, 188 5-Vinyl-2-norbornene, 42, 50 N-Vinylpyrrolidone, 188 Xylene, 116, 167 Zinc borate, 229 Zirconium acetylacetonate, 332 Zirconium tetrakis(trimethylsilylmethyl), 78 Styrenics Index 375 General Index Abrasion resistance, 83, 222 Absorber IR, 28 UV, 24, 25, 306 Absorption organics, 63 sound,83 water, 26, 83 Accident chemical plant, 247 environmental, 179 Accumulation monomers, 287 Acetabular cup, 86 Acoustic devices, 128 Activator blowing agent, 192 polymerization, 22, 46 Additive anti-striation, 58 antioxidant, 166, 319 antistatic, 144 aqueous systems, 321 biodegradable, 198 cement, 237 drag reducer, 167 electrically conducting, 229 flame retardant, 221, 232, 278, 322 for SAN, 306 fuel, 167 gel modification, 14 gel processing, 97 impact modifier, 278 inorganic, 82 low gloss, 308, 339 master batch, 170 mold release, 231 plasticizer, 58 polyolefin, 28 UV-protection, 165 viscosity modifiers, 155 weatherability improver, 339 Adhesion promoters, 188 Adhesives, 59, 63, 125, 146, 166, 176, 198, 201 Adsorbent material, 99, 286 Agglomeration, 76, 191, 218, 219, 318 partial, 219 random, 239 Aging, 343 Aging resistance, 334 Agricultural films, 29 Airplanes, 146 Anode materials, 243 Anti-drip agents, 235, 309 Antimicrobial ASA, 343 Antistatic agents, 28, 144, 282 Arrhenius factor, 253 Artificial hip joints, 85, 86 Aseptic loosening, 86 Autoclave, 6, 193 Azeotropic points, 302 Bacteria, 125, 343 Ball-cup friction, 86 Ballistic vests, 100 Barrier polymers, 303 Barrier properties, 23, 52, 125, 195 Battery separators, 121, 122 Betaines, 97 Biodegradation accelerant, 198 Biofuels, 202 Biostability, 159 Blister packs, 18, 59 Blistering, 281 /3-Blockers, 31 Blow molding, 59, 132, 139 Bone cement, 87 Bottles, 59, 279, 321 376 Engineering Thermoplastics: Branching agent, 156 Brazing, 89 Butyl rubber, 161, 175, 200 Cage effect, 226 Calendering, 99 Capacitors, 98 Carbocationic polymerization, 168 Carbon nanotubes, 131, 132 Catalysts alumoxane, 46 amine, 225 classification, coated, 189 Friedel-Crafts, 154 hydrodenitrogenation, 255 metallocene, 45-47 metathesis, mixed, 78 organometallic, 43 phase transfer, 307 ROMP, 12 ruthenium, 15 single-site, 76, 79 transition metal, 26 zeolite, 255, 292 Ziegler-Natta, 44, 49, 76, 112 Ceiling temperature, 212 Cements, 237 Ceramics, 96, 128, 248 Chain transfer agent, 24, 44, 111, 218, 219, 272, 300, 335 Chewing gums, 174 Chromatographie supports, 30 Clarity, 57, 59, 197, 319 Clay nanocomposites, 233 Cloud-point pressure, 117 Co-spin agent, 117 Coaxial cables, 28, 29 Coaxial fibers, 204 Cold compaction strength, 82 Cold flow improvers, 203 Colloidal stability, 219 Comb polymer, 203 Polyolefins and Styrenics Compatibilization, 291 Composites ABS, 221, 229 antistatic, 282 carbonnanotubes, 131, 222 CNT reinforced, 227 conductive, 229 fiber reinforced, 21, 50, 88, 310 nano, 232, 274 prosthetic bearings, 87 thermosets, 19 TPU/PIB, 159 weatherable, 336 Compositions, 168 adhesive, 166, 176, 202 antistatic, 222 cementing, 237 chewing gum, 174 conductive, 236 crosslinkable, 41 foam, 236 heat sealable, 123 ionomer, 139 low gloss, 340 lubricating, 170 molding, 47, 221, 336 powder coatings, 324 solar control, 146 thermoset, 19, 50 Concrete, 174, 199 Condensation reaction, 323 Conductivity electrical, 77, 223, 229, 230 thermal, 84 Conformational energy, 162 Contact angle, 51, 231, 239 Cookware, 118 Coronary stent, 175 Cosmetic applications, 120 Coupling agent, 233, 250, 272, 274 Crazing, 276, 281 Crosslinking chemical, 93, 191 Index density, 96 electron beam, 93, 94 inhibitors, 302 ionic, 141, 143 mechanisms, 140 monomers, 190, 238, 270, 317 peroxide, 84, 141 properties, 92, 93, 276 radiation, 270 surface, 93 Cryogenic applications, 84 Crystallization, 131, 143, 163 Cure accelerator, 323 Cushion materials, 191 Cyclization, 10, 156, 254 Dehydration, 75, 239 Dehydrochlorination, 158, 164 Diamond coatings, 88 Dielectric loss, 28, 29, 64 Diels-Alder reaction, 2, 19, 25, 27, 41 Diesel fuel, 202 Digital cameras, 54 Disordered carbon, 243, 244 Drag reduction, 167 Drug delivery, 176, 197, 204 Drug release, 175 Dulling agents, 340 Dust adherence, 61 Dust explosion, 247 Edgebands, 202 Electroless plating, 240 Electrolytes, 121, 122, 144 Electroplating, 240 Emulsion explosives, 173 Encapsulation blowing agent, 300 phase change material, 241 polymer, 309 End-reactive oligomers, 164 polymers, 164 Endcapping reagent, 24, 307 377 Exfoliation, 275 Fatty amines, 97 Fibrillation, 99, 117 Filaments, 236 Fillers, 84, 131, 202, 235 Films adhesive, 64 agricultural, 29 anti-glare, 53 barrier, 59 conductive, 64 fibril strands, 116 optical, 26 overwrap, 125 oxygen scavenging, 62 packaging, 18, 29 polarizing, 18, 54 porous, 121 water-repellent, 201 Fish eyes, 195 Flammability, 83, 189 Flip chip bonding, 64 Floating, 248 Floor tiles, 145 Fluidized-bed reactor, 67 Fluorescence, 55 Foaming agents, 28, 29, 196 Foaming aids, 29 Foams abrasion resistant, 191 microcellular, 117 Food packaging, 29, 118, 120, 144, 287 Foodservice applications, 279 Footwear, 191 Fractionation, 80 Freeze-coagulation, 219 Fresnel lenses, 29 Friedel-Crafts reaction, 211 Froth flotation, 249, 289 Fruits packaging, 124 respiration rates, 124 378 Engineering Thermoplastics: Fuel additive, 167 Fuel cells, 98, 145 Fuels, 166 Garden furniture, 342 Gel permeation chromatography, 19 Golf balls, 139 Grignard coupling, 156 Headspace solid phase microextraction, 286 Heat aging, 319 Heat resistance, 18, 26, 54, 62, 64, 118, 121, 123-126, 191, 227, 236, 321 High-voltage power cables, 28 Hip joint, 85 Hip replacements, 93 Histiocytic reactions, 86 Hock process, 212 Hot stamping, 81 ß-Hydride elimination, 78 Hydrocyclones, 249, 289 Image forming, 55, 126 Impact resistance, 18, 79, 83, 123, 125, 227, 232, 282 Infusion bags, 18 Inifer method, 164 Initiators functional, 153, 156 ionic, 274 metathesis, peroxides, 19, 215-217, 226, 271 photo, 29 redox, 271 Injection molding, 17, 44, 59, 123, 139, 141, 191, 215, 222, 247, 283, 310, 321, 342 Interactions, 76, 84 Intercalations, 233, 243, 275 Interlayer adhesion, 196 Ion-pair dissociation, 152 Isotactic copolymers, 114 Laminates, 122, 145, 342 Polyolefins and Styrenics Laser beam weldability, 230 Laser printers, 54, 127 Lewis acid, 153, 154 Lithium batteries, 98 Lithium ion batteries, 121, 122, 243 Loop slurry process, 78 Lube oils, 166 Lubricants, 82, 97, 155, 231, 323, 343 Macroinitiators, Macromonomers, Macrophages, 86 Magneto rheological elastomers, 237 Masonry surfaces, 201 Mastics, 200 Media aggressive, 304 charging, 290 data storage, 57 packaging, 124 Membranes, 96, 120 Metal soaps, 82 Metalcarbene complexes, Metallization, 240 Metallocenes, 45 Microcapsules, 242 Microporous battery separators, 98 fibers, 140 membranes, 96 sheets, 98 Microspheres, 173, 300 Microwave crosslinking, 93 extraction, 286 heating, 95 plasma-assisted, 90 radiation, 95 resistance, 118 Miktoarm star polymers, 156 Mold release agent, 231, 306 Mold-releasing materials, 124 Index Monolithic capillary columns, Multilayered film, 59 Municipal waste, 255, 291 Nanocomposites, 274, 275 Nanofiltration, 238 Non-blocking test, 199 Nonwoven fabrics, 121, 122 Novolak, 243, 323 Nucleating agents, i 18, 131 Oil absorbent, 63 Oil-less toners, 56 Optical Applications, 54 Optical lenses, 26 Organophilic clay, 80 Ozone depletion, 117, 281 Particles capsule, 272 carbon, 239 catalyst, 78 filler, 235 gel, 48 grafted, 227 magnetizable, 237 metal hydride, 242 mirco, 192 polymer, 47, 76, 78, 219 rubber, 219, 269, 271, 273, 276, 309, 334 soft phase, 276 toner, 57 wear, 86 Peelability, 119 Pervaporation membranes, 239 Photoacid generators, 58 Photocopiers, 127 Photomask, 57, 58 Photoresists, 57, 58, 62 Photo initiators, 19 Pipelines, 167 Plasticizers, 28, 272 Plexifilamentary fibers, 117 Plexifilaments, 117 Plugging point, 203 379 Plumbing fixtures, 240 Pneumatic transport, 76 Polymerization alkyne, 25 anionic, 7, 272 cationic, 152, 156 continuous bulk, 271 emulsion, 194, 198, 218, 317, 334 free enthalpy, free radical, 215, 299 graft, 219 Grignard coupling, 156, 157 macromonomers, mass, 215 metallocene catalyzed, 47 metathesis, precipitation, 30 quasi living, 44 radical, 114 slurry, 154 solution, 190 suspension, 30, 76 vinyl addition, 44, 48 Ziegler-Natta, 44, 76, 111 Polymers alternating, 299 block, 19 core-shell, 315 crosslinked, 18 cyclic olefin, 10, 41 degradable, elastomers, 165 emulsion, 193 end-reactive, 164 flash spinning, 116 fuel additive, 167 functional, 23 functionalized, 225 graft, 224, 226 hydrophobic, 145 ionic, 137 living, 153 metathesis, 1, 43 380 Engineering Thermoplastics: popcorn, 302 recycling, 251 regio-regular, 24 ring opening, 17 semicrystalline, 166, 188 star, 155 telechelic, 24 thỗrmoset, 19 UHMWPE, 81 unsaturated, 32 water-soluble, 13 Popcorn polymers, 302 Post-crystallization, 60 Prepregs, 322, 324 Pressure sensitive adhesives, 176 Printed circuit, 124 Processing aids, 198, 343 Prosthetic joints, 84 Quenching reagents, 153 Radioactive mineral deposits, 130 Rapid prototyping, 235 Reaction 1,2-addition, 274 backbiting, 163 control agent, 20 disproportionation, 95, 163 transalkylideneation, Recycling, 67, 179, 247, 288, 310 Refractive index, 52, 222, 307 Reinforcement fibers, 21, 88 phase, 21 Reinforcing fibers, 22 fillers, 84, 323 Resilient foams, 191 Reverse osmosis membranes, 238 Rheology modifiers, 155 Ring-chain equilibrium, Safety glass, 145 Sailing boats, 100 Sandals, 191 Sanitary units, 343 Polyolefins and Styrenics Saponification, 195 Satellite antennas, 342 Scavenger acid, 82 chlorine, 81 oxygen, 62, 88 Scintillators, 130 Scratch resistance, 128, 335 Seeded emulsion polymerization, 333 Semiconductor chip, 64 Semiconductors, 61 Shelf-aging, 92 Short circuits, 121, 122 Shutdown separators, 98 Sick house syndrome, 192 Silicon wafers, 58 Sintering, 82, 89 Slurry aids, 111 Smoke suppression, 279 Sol-gel technology, 30 Solar control, 146 Solvent casting, 18 Solvothermal method, 226 Sonochemical reactions, 95 Sound-dampening, 83 Speaker panels, 128 Spin welding, 81 Spinnerette, 140 Sport applications, 197 Stabilizers heat, 218, 231, 232, 343 light, 84, 231, 235, 306, 338 reactive, 301 Staining contaminants, 200 Steam cracking, 75, 211 Sterilization, 81, 88, 92 Stress dissipation, 238 whitening, 281 Stretch-blow molding, 59 Sub-surface fatigue, 86 Sultaines, 97 Index Surface embossing, 340 Surfactants, 97, 155, 193, 221 Synergistic effects flame retardants, 166, 233, 279, 292 optical properties, 336 Tackifier, 146, 166 Tearability, 279 Tissue necrosis, 86 Toner formulations, 56 Toner resins, 29, 55 Transdermal drug delivery, 176 Transesterification, 195, 332 Transparent adhesives, 176 conductive products, 54 products, 18, 309 resins, 26, 119 SAN, 307 Triboelectric separators, 290 Triboelectrification, 249, 289 381 Turbulent flow, 167 Twin-screw extruder, 62, 97, 198, 229, 300 Ultrasonic transducer heads, 120 Vacuum metallization, 240 Vacuum packaging, 92 Vegetables, 124 Video projector, 129 Vulcanization, 4, 141, 151 Water resistance, 18, 26 Water-initiation, 153 Waxes, 201 Wear debris, 86 Weathering, 18, 166, 336, 338, 339, 343 Weatherometer, 230 Welding, 89 Wire coating, 18, 29 Wood-plastic composites, 250 Wurtz-Fittig reaction, 157 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Also of Interest Check out these published and forthcoming related titles from Scrivener Publishing A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers by Johannes Karl Fink Published 2010 ISBN 978-0-470-60955-2 The book focuses on additives for thermoplastic polymers and describes 21 of the most important and commonly used additives from Plasticizers and Fillers to Optical Brighteners and Anti-Microbial additives It also includes chapters on safety and hazards, and prediction of service time models Guide to Safe Material and Chemical Handling by Nicholas P Cheremisinoff and Anton Davletshin Published 2010 ISBN 978-0-470-62582-8 The volume provides an assembly of useful engineering and properties data on materials of selection for process equipment, and the chemical properties, including toxicity of industrial solvents and chemicals Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics Volume Two: Polyethers and Polyesters edited by Sabu Thomas and Visakh P.M Forthcoming late 2010 Volume Three: Nylons edited by Sabu Thomas and Visakh P.M Forthcoming late 2010 Volume Four: Water Soluble Polymers edited by Johannes Karl Fink Forthcoming 2011 Miniemulsion Polymerization Technology edited by Vikas Mittal Forthcoming summer 2010 383 ... on Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics The other three parts, to be published in late 2010 and 2011, are on Polyethers and Polyesters; Nylons; Water Soluble Polymers The aim of. .. Martin Andrew Y C Nee James G Speight Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com) Handbook of Engineering and Speciality. ..This Page Intentionally Left Blank Handbook of Engineering and Speciality Thermoplastics Scrivener Publishing Winter Street, Suite Salem, MA 01970 Scrivener