THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Edited by Pieter Kok, Derik Gelderblom, John O. Oucho & Johan van Zyl
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
CompiledbytheIntegratedRegionalandRuralDevelopmentResearchProgramme,
HumanSciencesResearchCouncil
PublishedbyHSRCPress
PrivateBagX9182,CapeTown,8000,SouthAfrica
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
©2006HumanSciencesResearchCouncil
Firstpublished2006
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedin
anyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,includingphotocopying
andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermission
inwritingfromthepublishers.
ISBN0-7969-2113-X
CoverbyFlame
TextdesignbyChristabelHardacre
PrintmanagementbycomPress
DistributedinAfricabyBlueWeaverMarketingandDistribution
POBox30370,Tokai,CapeTown,7966,SouthAfrica
Tel:+27+21701-4477
Fax:+27+21701-7302
email:orders@blueweaver.co.za
Distributedworldwide,exceptAfrica,byIndependentPublishersGroup
814NorthFranklinStreet,Chicago,IL60610,USA
www.ipgbook.com
Toorder,calltoll-free:1-800-888-4741
Allotherinquiries,Tel:+1+312-337-0747
Fax:+1+312-337-5985
email:Frontdesk@ipgbook.com
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Contents
Listoffiguresandtablesv
Frequentlyusedacronymsandabbreviationsix
Chapter1 Introduction
PieterKok,DerikGelderblomandJohanvanZyl1
PARTI: Thecontextofmigrationfromacontinentalandregionalperspective
Chapter2 InternalandinternationalmigrationwithinAfrica
AderantiAdepoju26
Chapter3 Cross-bordermigrationandregionalinitiativesin
managingmigrationinsouthernAfrica
JohnO.Oucho47
Chapter4 HistoricalbackgroundtoSouthAfricanmigration
MarieWentzelandKholadiTlabela71
Chapter5 MigrationinSouthAfricaincomparativeperspective
BarbaraA.Anderson97
PARTII: FindingsfromSouthAfricansurveydata
Chapter6 MigrationandhealthinSouthAfrica
NiëlRouxandLouisvanTonder120
Chapter7 Evaluatingthe2001–02HSRCMigrationSurvey
JohanvanZyl147
Chapter8 ContemporarySouthAfricanmigrationpatternsandintentions
MarieWentzel,JohanViljoenandPieterKok171
Chapter9 Migrantmotivationsandcapacitiesinrelationtokeymigrationstreams
CatherineCross205
Chapter10 Thelimitsandpossibilitiesofmigrantnetworks
DerikGelderblomandWhynieAdams227
Chapter11 MigrationintentionsinSouthAfricaandelsewhere
GordonF.DeJongandMicheleSteinmetz249
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
PARTIII:Atheoreticalsynthesis
Chapter12 Towardsasyntheticmodelofmigration
DerikGelderblom268
APPENDICES
AppendixA ThehistoryandmethodologyoftheHSRCsurveys
PieterKok,JohanvanZylandJacquesPietersen292
AppendixB GISasatoolinmigrationresearch
GinaWeir-SmithandS’bonisileZama307
AppendixC Applyingthemultiregionalprojectionmodelusingcensusmigrationdata:
atheoreticalbasis
JacquesLedentandSulaimanBah327
AppendixD Provinciallevelsofsatisfactionwithservicedelivery:
ananalyticalframeworkbasedoninterprovincialmigration
OumarBouareandJohannaNkau343
Abouttheauthors355
Index359
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
v
Listoffiguresandtables
Figures
Figure1.1Theworld’sforeign-bornpopulation2
Figure1.2Globalnetmigrationpatterns3
Figure1.3Specificpoliciesonimmigration4
Figure1.4Somespecificpoliciesonemigration5
Figure1.5Theworld:urbanandruralpopulations(actualandprojected)11
Figure1.6TrendsinurbanisationlevelsofselectedsouthernAfricancountries(actualand
projected)11
Figure1.7Governmentpoliciesoninternalmigrationintometropolitanareasinthemore
developedregionsoftheworld12
Figure1.8Governmentpoliciesoninternalmigrationintometropolitanareasinthe
less
developedregionsoftheworld13
Figure3.1AveragenumberofpeopleemployedonSouthAfricanminesbycountryoforigin,
1986–199258
Figure5.1Comparativegrowthratesper1000population103
Figure5.2Estimatednetmigrationratesper1000population103
Figure5.3Legalimmigration,emigrationandnetmigrationratesforSouthAfrica
per1000population104
Figure5.4NetmigrantstoSouthAfrica,fromresidualmethodandfromofficialdata105
Figure5.5Percentageofpopulationsinurbanareas108
Figure5.6Growthratesofurbanpopulations(per1000population)109
Figure5.7Estimatedratesofnetrural–urbanmigrations(per1000population)110
Figure5.8PercentagesofAfricansandofnon-Africansinurbanareas111
Figure5.9LivingsconditionsforvariousSouthAfricangroupsin1994and1999112
FigureB1Intra-provincialmigrationintheEasternCape,2001308
FigureB2Intra-provincialmigrationmovementstowardstheCapemagisterialdistrict,2001310
FigureB3Intra-provincialmigrationtoGauteng,2001311
FigureB4MigrantstoGautengbyprovinceoforigin,2001312
FigureB5Comparisonofemploymentandunemploymentin1996and2001312
FigureB6Inter-provincialmigrationtoKwaZulu-Natal,2001313
FigureB7Inter-provincialmigrationtotheWesternCape,2001314
FigureB8MigrantstoWesternCapebyprovinceoforigin,2001314
FigureB9Inter-provincialmigrationtoGauteng,KwaZulu-NatalandWesternCape,2001315
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
vi
FigureB10Comparinginter-provincialmigrationinGauteng,2001316
FigureB11Copyingfeaturesfromonelayertoanother318
FigureB12Exampleofanorigintablewithallthecalculatedfields319
FigureB13Exampleofaflowtable320
FigureB14Exampleofdatadirectories321
FigureB15ExampleofopeningfilesinFlowmap321
FigureB16PeopleflowsfromselectedmagisterialdistrictstoEastLondon,2001322
FigureB17Redrawingorerasingthescreen323
FigureB18MigrationflowsfromselectedmagisterialdistrictstoEastLondon,2001324
Tables
Table1.1SelectedsouthernAfricancountries’immigrantpopulations
(internationalmigrantstock)9
Table1.2IndicatorsofspatialpopulationdistributionforselectedsouthernAfricancountries9
Table3.1TypologyofcurrentinternationalmigrationinsouthernAfrica,
bytypicalcharacteristicsandcountryoforigin/destination50
Table3.2Totalpopulation,migrantstockandemigrationandmigrationpoliciesin
southernAfricancountries1990–200053
Table3.3SampleofimmigrantstoSouthAfricabycountryoforiginandcountry
ofpreviousresidence(weightedpopulationfigures)54
Table3.4EmploymentonSouthAfricangoldminesbycountryoforigin1986–1992
58
Table3.5RefugeesandasylumseekersinsouthernAfricabyoriginandhostcountry,200161
Table4.1NumbersofAfricansinurbanareasbetween1914and1960
84
Table6.1Healthoutcomesasconsideredbymigrationphase
122
Table6.2Frequencydistributionofrespondentsbymigrationstatusand
selectedsocio-demographiccharacteristics127
Table6.3Self-ratedhealthstatus
128
Table6.4Percentagesindicatingknowledgeofhavingcontractedspecificdiseases
129
Table6.5Primaryreasonformovetocurrentplaceofresidence
130
Table6.6Pre-migrationknowledgeofhealthandpublicservices,
bysocio-demographiccharacteristics131
Table6.7Migrantsindicatingimprovementinspecifichealthindicators
133
Table6.8Percentageofmigrantsindicatingsicknessbeforeandaftermoving
135
Table6.9Logisticregressionanalysisforself-ratingofhealth136
Table6.10Logisticregressionanalysisforknowledgeofhealthandpublicservices
beforepreviousmove138
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
vii
Table6.11Logisticregressionanalysisforspecifichealthindicators139
Table7.1HSRCMigrationSurvey:totalnon-responseratesbypopulationgroup
148
Table7.2HSRCMigration
Survey:itemnon-responseformonthlyincome148
Table8.1Cross-bordermigrantsbycountryoforigin(lastmoveonly)
175
Table8.2Employmentstatusofvariousmigrantcategories
176
Table8.3Reasonsfornotworking,bymigrantcategory
176
Table8.4Occupationalstatus,byrespondentgroup
177
Table8.5Migrants’monthlyincome,bymigranttype
178
Table8.6Cross-bordermigrants’lengthofstayincurrentarea178
Table8.7Cross–bordermigrants’reasonsforleavingpreviousareaofresidence
179
Table8.8Mainreasonsformoving,bymigrantgrouping
180
Table8.9Cross-bordermigrants’reasonsforselectingdestinationarea
181
Table8.10Cross-bordermigrants’priorknowledgeofdestinationarea
181
Table8.11Cross-bordermigrants’informationsourcesondestinationarea182
Table8.12Cross-bordermigrantdecisionmakersformovetocurrentarea
182
Table8.13Levelofsatisfactionwithpresentcircumstances,byrespondentgroup
183
Table8.14Internalmigrants’provinceoforigin(beforelastmove)
185
Table8.15Employmentstatusofvariousmigrantcategories
185
Table8.16Reasonsfornotworking,bymigrantcategory185
Table8.17Distributionofoccupationalstatus,byrespondentgroup
186
Table8.18Distributionofrespondents’monthlyincome
187
Table8.19Internalmigrants’periodofstayincurrentarea
187
Table8.20Internalmigrants’reasonsforleavingpreviousarea
188
Table8.21Internalmigrants’reasonsforselectingdestinationarea
188
Table8.22Respondents’mainreasonsformoving
189
Table8.23Internalmigrants’priorknowledgeofdestinationarea190
Table8.24Internalmigrants’informationsourcesregardingdestinationarea
190
Table8.25Internalmigrantdecisionmakersformovetocurrentarea
190
Table8.26Satisfactionlevelsregardingpresentcircumstances,byrespondenttype
191
Table8.27Currentprovinceandpossibledestinationinnextfiveyears
193
Table8.28‘Verylikely’interprovincial/internationalmigrationinnextfiveyears
194
Table8.29StatisticaldetailsofexplanatoryvariablesusedintheMNA
195
Table8.30Migrationintentions,byagegroup196
Table8.31Migrationintentions,bycurrentmaritalstatus
196
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
viii
Table8.32Migrationintentions,byeducation197
Table8.33Migrationintentions,bylifesatisfaction
197
Table8.34Migrationintentions,byexistenceornotofmigrantnetwork
198
Table8.35Migrationintentions,byvalue-expectancyfor‘urbanenvironment’
198
Table8.36Migrationintentions,byvalue-expectancyfor‘wealthandcomfort’
198
Table8.37Migrationintentions,byvalue-expectancyfor‘affiliationandmorality’
199
Table9.1ScaleofmigrationactivityinSouthAfrica,byAfricanpopulation
208
Table9.2Yearofmovetoareaofinterview
209
Table9.3Proportionsoflifetimeflowtakingplaceviamajorstreams210
Table9.4Typeofareawhereborn,bymigrationstream
213
Table9.5Previousresidenceareatype,bymigrationstream
214
Table9.6Reasonsforleavinglaststoparea,bymigrationstream
215
Table9.7Reasonsforchoosingtomovetocurrentarea
216
Table9.8Capacities:demographicandeconomicfactors218
Table9.9Economicactivity,landaccessandlabourmigrancy
219
Table10.1Comparisonbetweenmarketandnetworkexchange
229
Table10.2Immediatefamilyorclosefriendsatdestination
242
Table10.3Immediatefamilyorclosefriendsatdestination,byincomeandgender
242
Table10.4Previousmigrations:mainsourceofinformationaboutdestination243
Table10.5Intendedmigrations:mainsourceofinformationaboutdestination
243
Table10.6Previousmigrations:mainsourceofinformation
243
Table10.7Intendedmigrations:mainsourceofinformation
243
Table10.8Respondents’networkconnectionsinpreviousandcurrentlocations244
Table11.1Ruralandurbanresidents’intentionstomigrate
253
Table11.2Intentionstomigrate,byselectedindividualandhousehold
254
Table11.3Logisticregressionofintentionstomigrate:totalsample258
Table11.4Logisticregressionofintentionstomigrate:ruralandurbansamples
262
TableA1Realisationresultsbysurveycompany
303
TableA2Realisationresultsintermsoforiginalstratification
303
TableB1Filestructureexample
318
TableB2
Exampleofaflowtable319
TableD1Questionnaireitemtobeusedthroughouttheprovincesofacountry
346
TableD2Exampleofproportionaldistributionofrespondentcategories
347
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
ix
Frequentlyusedacronymsandabbreviations
BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation
CENPOPS CentreforPopulationStudies(UniversityofPretoria)
COMESA CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica
DBSA DevelopmentBankofSouthernAfrica
EA enumeratorarea
GIS geographicalinformationsystem(s)
GNP grossnationalproduct
HSRC HumanSciencesResearchCouncil(SouthAfrica)
ILO InternationalLabourOffice(UN)
IMP InternationalMigrationPolicy
IOM InternationalOrganizationforMigration
LDRs less-developedregions(oftheworld)
MDRs more-developedregions(oftheworld)
MIDA MigrationforDevelopmentinAfrica
MIDSA MigrationDialogueforSouthernAfrica
MNA multivariatenominal-scaleanalysis
MPI MigrationPolicyInstitute
NRC NativeRecruitingCorporation
NEPAD NewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment
OHS OctoberHouseholdSurvey
PRB PopulationReferenceBureau(USA)
SADC SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCommunity
SADCC SouthernAfricanDevelopmentCoordinationConference
SAMHS SouthAfricanMigrationandHealthSurvey
SAMP SouthernAfricanMigrationProject
SANSA SouthAfricanNetworkofSkillsAbroad
SDI SpatialDevelopmentInitiative
StatsSA StatisticsSouthAfrica
UN UnitedNations
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram
UNECA UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfrica
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
x
UNFPA UnitedNationsPopulationFund
UNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees
Unisa UniversityofSouthAfrica
WHO WorldHealthOrganization(UN)
WNLA WitwatersrandNativeLabourAssociation(Wenela)
ZAR ZuidAfrikaanscheRepubliek
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
. PopulationReferenceBureau(USA) SADC Southern AfricanDevelopmentCommunity SADCC Southern AfricanDevelopmentCoordinationConference SAMHS South African Migration and HealthSurvey SAMP Southern African Migration Project SANSA. Historicalbackgroundto South African migration MarieWentzel and KholadiTlabela71 Chapter5 Migration in South Africa in comparativeperspective BarbaraA.Anderson97 PARTII: Findingsfrom South Africansurveydata Chapter6. help themselves.Migratingillegallyisawager,whichtheymightlose,buttheyknow theywilldefinitelyloseiftheydonotmigrate.Itis,indeed,economicrisk-taking, ifofanunconventionalkind.(Nicholson2002:4) Internal migration and urbanisation Itwaspointedoutearlierthatthelevelof migration from Africa hasbeen surprisinglylow, and thiswasascribedtohighpovertylevels and aconsequentlack ofmobility.Theevidenceforthisconclusioncanhoweverberegardedassomewhat ambiguous(see,forexample,Hatton&Williamson2002).Chapter12byDerik Gelderblomprovidesanexplanationfordifferences in incomeselectivity:the thresholdincomewhere migration becomesaffordablevariesfromtimetotime and fromplacetoplace.Whenthecostsof migration arelowrelativetoincomes,income selectivityisalsolow, and if migration costsarehighrelativetoincomes,income selectivityishigh.Althoughthepolicyimplicationsofsuchtrendsareclear,itis notatallclearwhetherorhowdevelopmentpolicy and planningwouldbeableto addresstheissueofout -migration fromruralareasamongthebetterskilled(seealso Kok,O’Donovan,Bouare&VanZyl2003). Recurrentchanges in viewson migration- relatedproblemswerereportedby theUnitedNations(2003)forthegovernmentsof South Africa and fourofits immediateneighbours.Tables1.1 and 1.2,basedonthesedata,givethecontextfor theseviews in termsoftheunderlyingmagnitudesforthereportedyearsfrom1976 to2003. Table1.1(basedonUnitedNations2003figures)showstheestimatednumbers and proportionsofformerimmigrantswithrespecttofiveselected southern African countries.Theestimatedinternationalmigrantstock in Namibiaincreasedfrom 42000(4.5%) in 1976to143000(7.5%) in 2003.ThesameappliestoBotswana, whoseforeign-bornpopulationalsogrewconsistentlyfrom13000(1.6%) in 1976 to52000(3.0%) in 2003.Ontheotherhand, South Africa, whichaccommodates byfarthelargestestimatednumberofimmigrants in thesub-region,hasseena proportionaldecrease in thesenumbersfrom5.5percent in 1986toasignificantly lower3.0percent in 2003. Whereas39percentof Africa stotalpopulationlived in urbanareas in 2003,by 2030thecontinent’surbanareasarelikelytoaccommodatethemajority(54%)of itspeople(UnitedNations2004).Asfarasinternalpopulationredistribution in thesub-regionisconcerned,Table1.2(alsobasedonUnitedNations2003figures) showsthattheruralpopulationsofBotswana,Lesotho and South Africa are purportedtobecurrentlyexperiencingnegativegrowth,whileBotswana,Lesotho and Swazilandexperiencedrapidurbanisationbetween1976 and 2003.Botswana wasparticularlyaffectedbyurbanisationprocesses,withthelevelofurbanisation increasingfrom13percent in 1976to50percent in 2003. 4 Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za 10 • migration in south and southern africa Table1.1Selected southern Africancountries’immigrantpopulations (internationalmigrantstock) Botswana
Ngày đăng: 30/03/2014, 10:20
Xem thêm: Migration in South and Southern Africa potx