18.2 Electrical effects in continuous dielectric media
18.3 Theory of electro-elastic membranes
18.4 Dielectric elastomer actuators: a diaphragm configuration
18.5 Constitutive equations
18.6 Numerical results: a qualitative analysis
sdarticle_022.pdf
Section V.I: Biomedical, Haptic and Micro-Scale Applications
Chapter 19: A new frontier for orthotics and prosthetics: application of dielectric elastomer actuators to bionics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Competitive and developmental advantages of DEA use
19.3 Case studies: possible application of DEA technology to orthotics and prosthetics
19.4 Limitations and design considerations of orthotic and prosthetic uses of dielectric elastomer
19.5 Conclusion
sdarticle_023.pdf
Chapter 20: Portable force feedback device based on miniature rolled dielectric elastomer actuators
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Force feedback system
20.3 Miniature rolled DE actuators
20.4 Electrical safety issues
20.5 Demonstration devices
20.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
sdarticle_024.pdf
Chapter 21: Programmable surface deformation: thickness-mode dielectric elastomers and their applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Thickness-mode actuator configuration
21.3 Design parameters and modelling
21.4 Applications of thickness-mode actuators
21.5 Summary
sdarticle_025.pdf
Chapter 22: Application to very small devices: microactuators, micro-optics, microfluidics, and more
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Representative applications
22.3 Challenges
22.4 Summary
Acknowledgements
sdarticle_026.pdf
Chapter 23: A new Braille display system design using a polymer-based soft actuator tactile display
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Design of a cell
23.3 Braille display devices
23.4 Experimental evaluation
Acknowledgement
sdarticle_027.pdf
Section V.II: Robotic and Biorobotic Applications
Chapter 24: Biomimetic robots
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Advantages of biomimetics
24.3 Desired properties of new robot actuators
24.4 First generation of EPAM-enabled robots
24.5 Future generations of EPAM-enabled robots
24.6 Summary and conclusions
sdarticle_028.pdf
Chapter 25: Micro-annelid-like robot actuated by artificial muscles based on dielectric elastomers
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Locomotion of earthworm
25.3 New actuation ideas for dielectric elastomers
25.4 Building the proposed actuator
25.5 Simulation and experimental results
25.6 Building and operating of earthworm robot
25.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
sdarticle_029.pdf
Chapter 26: Binary actuation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Binary actuators
26.3 Properties of DEAs
26.4 Binary robotic systems with DEAs
26.5 Conclusion
26.6 Appendix: summary of DEA failure modes study
Acknowledgement
sdarticle_030.pdf
Chapter 27: Robotic arm
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Rolled DE actuators
27.3 Arm wrestling robot
27.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
sdarticle_031.pdf
Chapter 28: Stiffness control of biomimetic systems through recruitment of bundle elastomeric actuators
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Feldmans muscle model
28.3 Dielectric elastomers, artificial motor unit fibres and pseudomuscular ac tuators
28.4 Compliance control: introduction to the dynamic case
28.5 The compliance operator
28.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
sdarticle_032.pdf
Section V.III: Commercial Applications
Chapter 29: Commercial actuators and issues
29.1 Introduction
29.2 UMA platform
29.3 Improvements in robustness
29.4 Manufacturing process development
29.5 Improvements in performance
29.6 Improvements in manufacturing
29.7 Electronics and power supplies
29.8 Integration of power supply electronics and the muscle actuator
29.9 Electronics summary
29.10 Commercialization conclusion
sdarticle_033.pdf
Chapter 30: Dielectric elastomer loudspeakers
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Design and operation
30.3 Performance
30.4 Harmonic distortion
30.5 Loudspeaker shape effects
30.6 Applications
sdarticle_034.pdf
Index
Nội dung
[...]... decreased as the thickness decreased and area increased By contrast, in the constant voltage case, as the film decreases in thickness and increases in area, the field pressure increases to reduce the net stiffness of the film in thickness compression As the thickness of the film increases, however, at constant voltage the field decreases Hence, the effects of the field on mechanical stiffness decrease... VHB based elastomers, respectively The continuous power output of dielectricelastomers also matches or exceeds that of our skeletal muscle, with human muscle producing about 50 W/kg, compared to about 400 W/kg in the elastomers In fact the specific power generated by dielectricelastomers is similar to that of highrevving electric motors These figures of merit are compared in Table 2.1 Overall, dielectric. .. along the chain, thereby preventing the formation of extended domains The resulting electromechanical coupling in the defect containing materials, known as relaxor ferroelectrics, is 10–40% [3] This is not quite as high as is achievable in dielectric elastomers, but is in the same range as muscle As in dielectric elastomers, the coupling needs to be divided by two (or more) to obtain the actual amount... such as film stability and leakage, as well as applied to devices such as sensors and variable stiffness devices that transduce mechanical energy both to and from electrical energy The analysis conveniently uses an energy approach because ideal DEs are lossless, but more realistic energy loss mechanisms such as leakage and viscoelasticity are also discussed Keywords: Actuators, dielectric elastomers, electromechanical. .. PROPERTIES OF DIELECTRICELASTOMERS Anne Ladegaard Skov1 and Peter Sommer-Larsen2 1 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Polymer Department, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Abstract The basic physical and chemical properties of elastomers are essential for their use in dielectric elastomer actuators The elastic modulus, the dielectric constant,... extent the properties of the resulting elastomer In order to design dielectric elastomer actuators it is necessary to keep in mind the possibilities and limitations of the applied elastomeric material Different aspects of the choice of material as well as the preparation procedure are discussed in the present chapter 3.1.1 Elastomers The empirical definition of an elastomer is a macromolecular material... shape shortly after the load has been released A more physical definition is that an elastomer is a crosslinked polymer material above its glass transition temperature Three common types of elastomers are chemically crosslinked (vulcanized) rubbers, physically crosslinked thermoplastic elastomers, and polymers of sufficiently high chain length, where entanglements serve as physical crosslinks A wealth... seconds to days – viscoelastic response observed in most elastomers Chapter 17 illustrates how viscoelasticity affects the dynamic behaviour of acrylate elastomer actuators The dielectric constant is proportional to the density of polarizable groups and decreases with increasing temperature due to thermal expansion The affine model for rubber elasticity (see below) states that the elastic modulus is proportional... the energy density of batteries is at least 20 times lower than that of sugars and fats used by muscle, meaning that to go the same distance with the same efficiency, 20 ϫ more fuel mass must be carried Cycle life in dielectricelastomers is reasonable, but at ϳ106 for moderate to large strains [3] is still much lower than is possible in muscle itself Dielectricelastomers have two advantages relative... recruitment, regeneration and variable stiffness Dielectricelastomers are not the only materials that actuate in response to applied voltage, producing displacements akin to those of muscle A selection of other technologies are now described and compared to dielectricelastomers The aim is to describe advantages and disadvantages of each relative to dielectricelastomers 2.3 RELAXOR FERROELECTRIC POLYMERS . constant charge case, the field and field pressure of the film decreased as the thickness decreased and area increased. By contrast, in the constant voltage case, as the film decreases in thickness. develop improved muscle-like actuators, dielectric elastomers have also been shown to have great potential for applications as generators and sensors. Dielectric elastomers can potentially replace. of dielectric elas- tomers. This section describes how dielectric elastomers work and how they fit into the larger picture of electroactive polymers. The second section looks at dielectric elastomer