Essential Supreme Court Decisions Essential Supreme Court Decisions Summaries of Leading Cases in U.S Constitutional Law Fifteenth Edition JOHN R VILE ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vile, John R Essential Supreme Court decisions : summaries of leading cases in U.S constitutional law / John R Vile — 15th ed p cm Rev ed of: Summaries of leading cases on the Constitution / Joseph F Menez and John R Vile 14th ed 2004 Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4422-0384-6 (cloth : alk paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-0385-3 (pbk : alk paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-0386-0 (electronic) Constitutional law—United States—Digests I Menez, Joseph Francis, 1917– Summaries of leading cases on the Constitution II Title KF4547.4.V55 2010 342.7300264—dc22 2010008375 ϱ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface to the Fifteenth Edition xxi Acknowledgments xxv This Is Our Supreme Court xxvii Article I: The Legislative Branch Powers Commerce Gibbons v Ogden (1824) Brown v Maryland (1827) Cooley v Board of Wardens (1851) United States v E C Knight Co (1895) In re Debs (1895) Champion v Ames (1903) The Shreveport Case (1914) Hammer v Dagenhart (1918) Stafford v Wallace (1922) 10 Ashwander v Tennessee Valley Authority (1936) 11 Kentucky Whip and Collar Co v Illinois Central R.R Co (1937) 12 West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish (1937) 13 [United States v Carolene Products Company (1938)]* [United States v F W Darby Lumber Co (1941)] Wickard v Filburn (1942) 14 * Brackets denote related cases found in other chapters of this book v vi Contents United States v Southeastern Underwriters Association (1944) 15 Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc v United States (1964) United States v Lopez (1995) 17 Jones v United States (2000) 18 [United States v Morrison (2000)] Gonzales v Raich (2005) 19 16 Delegation of Powers 21 J.W Hampton, Jr & Co v United States (1928) 21 Panama Refining Co v Ryan (1935) 22 Schechter Poultry Corp v United States (1935) 23 United States v Curtiss-Wright Export Corp (1936) 24 Yakus v United States (1944) 25 Mistretta v United States (1989) 26 Implied Powers 28 McCulloch v Maryland (1819) 28 McGrain v Daugherty (1927) 29 Watkins v United States (1957) 29 Barenblatt v United States (1959) 30 Taxing/Spending and Regulatory Powers 31 Hylton v United States (1796) 31 Veazie Bank v Fenno (1869) 32 Collector v Day (1871) 33 Legal Tender Cases (1871) 34 Pollock v Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co (1895) 35 Northern Securities Co v United States (1904) 37 McCray v United States (1904) 38 South Carolina v United States (1905) 38 Swift and Co v United States (1905) 39 Standard Oil Co of New Jersey v United States (1910) 40 Bailey v Drexel Furniture Co (1922) 41 United States v Butler (1936) 42 Steward Machine Co v Davis (1937) 42 National Labor Relations Board v Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) 43 Helvering v Davis (1937) 45 Graves v New York ex rel O’Keefe (1939) 45 Mulford v Smith (1939) 47 Contents vii National Labor Relations Board v Yeshiva University (1980) 48 NCAA v Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma (1984) 48 South Dakota v Dole (1987) 49 Eldred v Ashcroft (2003) 50 Privileges and Terms of Members 51 Powell v McCormack (1969) 51 Gravel v United States (1972) 52 U.S Term Limits, Inc v Thornton (1995) 53 Article II: The Executive Branch Powers 58 Martin v Mott (1827) 58 Ex parte Merryman (1861) 59 Mississippi v Johnson (1867) 60 In re Neagle (1890) 61 Myers v United States (1926) 62 Ex parte Grossman (1925) 63 Rathbun, Humphrey’s Executor v United States (1935) 64 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co v Sawyer (1952) 65 Dames and Moore v Regan (1981) 66 Haig v Agee (1981) 67 57 Privileges and Limitations 68 United States v Nixon (1974) 68 Nixon v Fitzgerald (1982) 69 Clinton v Jones (1997) 70 Articles I and II: Distinct Yet Overlapping Powers Separation of Powers Issues 74 United States v Lovett (1946) 74 Immigration and Naturalization Service v Chadha (1983) 75 Bowsher v Snyar (1986) 77 Morrison v Olson (1988) 78 Clinton v City of New York (1998) 79 Treaties and Executive Agreements 80 Head Money Cases (1884) 80 Missouri v Holland (1920) 81 73 viii Contents United States v Belmont (1937) 82 Goldwater v Carter (1979) 83 War-Making Powers 84 The Prize Cases (1863) 84 Ex parte Milligan (1866) 85 Selective Draft Law Cases (1918) 86 Hamilton v Kentucky Distilleries & Warehouse Co (1919) 87 Ex parte Quirin (1942) 88 Korematsu v United States (1944) 89 Duncan v Kahanamoku (1946) 90 Woods v Cloyd W Miller Co (1948) 90 Johnson v Eisentrager (1950) 91 [Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co v Sawyer (1952)] Rostker v Goldberg (1981) 93 Hamdi v Rumsfeld (2004) 93 Rasul v Bush (2004) 95 Hamdan v Rumsfeld (2006) 97 Boudmediene v Bush (2008) 100 Article III: The Judicial Branch Judicial Jurisdiction and Standing 105 Marbury v Madison (1803) 105 Martin v Hunter’s Lessee (1816) 106 Cohens v Virginia (1821) 107 Eakin v Raub (1825) 108 Ableman v Booth (1859) 109 Ex parte McCardle (1869) 110 Commonwealth of Massachussetts v Mellon (Frothingham v Mellon) (1923) 111 Erie Railroad Co v Tompkins (1938) 112 Cooper v Aaron (1958) 113 Flast v Cohen (1968) 114 Stone v Powell (1976) 115 Missouri v Jenkins (1990) 116 Elk Grove v Newdow (2004) 118 Political Questions Doctrine 119 Luther v Borden (1849) 119 Muskrat v United States (1911) [Coleman v Miller (1939)] 120 103 Contents ix Baker v Carr (1962) 121 [Powell v McCormack (1969)] Nixon v United States (1993) 123 Articles IV and VI: Federalism Eleventh Amendment and Sovereign Immunity of States 127 Hans v Louisiana (1890) 127 Monaco v Mississippi (1934) 128 Alden v Maine (1999) 128 Kimel v Florida Board of Regents (2000) 130 University of Alabama Board of Trustees v Garrett (2001) 131 Lapides v Board of Regents of University of Georgia (2002) 132 Federal Maritime Commission v South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002) 133 Federal Preemption 134 Southern Pacific Co v Arizona (1945) 134 Pennsylvania v Nelson (1956) 135 Sprietsman v Mercury Marine (2002) 136 Judicial Jurisdiction over States 137 Chisholm v Georgia (1793) 137 [Cohens v Virginia (1821)] Cherokee Nation v Georgia (1831) 138 Worcester v Georgia (1832) 139 Puerto Rico v Branstad (1987) 140 Limits on the States 141 [McCulloch v Maryland (1819)] Leisy v Hardin (1890) 141 Virginia v Tennessee (1893) 142 Edwards v California (1941) 143 Camps Newfound/Owatonna v Town of Harrison (1997) 143 Crosby v National Foreign Trade Council (2000) Cook v Gralike (2001) 146 Smith v Doe (2003) 147 [Gonzales v Raich (2005)] Limits on Federal Regulation of States 148 New York v United States (1992) 148 145 125 522 Index Authorization for the Use of Military Force, 94–95 automobile searches, 314, 325–26 Baker v Carr, 76, 105, 123, 446 Bakke decision, 422 Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, 77 Baldus Study, 367–68 Ballew v Georgia, 351 Bank of U.S constitutionality, 28–29 Barenblatt v United States, 30 Barnes v Glen Theater, Inc., 301 Barron v Baltimore, 198 Bartkus v Illinois, 340 Bartles v Iowa, 379 Bates v State Bar, 279 Benanti v United States, 407 Berman v Parker, 193, 195 Bethel School District No 503 v Fraser, 249, 309 Betts v Brady, 357 Bible reading in public schools, 213–14 bicameralism, 1, 75–76 bigamy, 208, 232–33 Bigelow v Virginia, 279, 281 bill of attainder, 75 Bill of Rights, 100, 198; incorporation, 200–5 Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2001, 273, 276–78 birth control law, 381–82 Black, Hugo Lafayette, 199, 248 Black Panthers, 266 Blacks, 401–25 blockade, 84–85 blood sample, 363–64 BMW v Gore, 170, 191 Board of Airport Commissioners v Jews for Jesus, 236 Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v Grumet, 224 Bolling v Sharpe, 419 Booth v Maryland, 370 Bowers v Hardwick, 378, 390, 442 Bowsher v Synar, 73 Boyd v United States, 320 Boy Scouts of America v Dale, 247 Braden v 30th Judicial Circuit Court of KY, 96 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1992), 150 Brandeis Brief, 183 Brandeis, Louis D., 183 Brandenburg v Ohio, 248 Braunfeld v Brown, 216 Breithaupt v Abram, 363–64 Brewer v Williams, 328 Bricker Amendment, 82 Brown v Board of Education, 113–14, 343, 397, 405, 410–11 Brown v Maryland, 141 Buckley v Valeo, 248, 277 Bullington v Missouri, 342 Burma, 145 burning: cross, 249, 302–3; flag, 249, 299–300 Bush v Gore, 51, 445 bussing to promote desegregation, 413, 414–15 bus transportation to parochial schools, 209–10 Calder v Bull, 169 California Alien Land Law, 428 California v Ciraolo, 331 campaign-related speech, 272–78 capital punishment See death penalty Cardozo, Benjamin, 199 Carey v Population Services, 279 Carlin, George, 305 Carroll v United States, 326 Carter v Carter Coal Co., 44 Carter, Jimmy, 64, 66, 93 case or controversy, 121 Central Intelligence Agency, 67, 306–7 Charles C Steward Machine Co v Davis, 456 Charles River Bridge Co v Warren River Bridge, 169 Index charter, 172 checks and balances, 73 chief justice, 104 chief law enforcement officials, 150 child labor, 9–10, 166 Child Labor Tax Law of 1919, 41 Child Online Protection Act (COPA), 289–90 Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) of 1996, 288 Chisholm v Georgia, 126, 127–28, 129, 130, 133, 162 Christmas crèche, 298 citizenship, 296, 402–3 Citizens United v Federal Election Commission, 248 City of Boerne v Flores, 131, 208–9 City of Renton v Playtime Theatres, 192 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 19, 159, 415– 16, 424–25, 433, 438 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 413 Civil Rights Cases, 152, 297 Clayton Act, 41 clear and present danger test, 248 Cleburne v Cleburne Living Center, Inc., 132 Clinton v City of New York, Clinton v Jones, 58 coerced confessions, 355–56 Colegrove v Green, 122, 451 Coleman v Miller, 162 collective bargaining, 48 Collector v Day, 46 Combatant Status Review Tribunal, 97, 100–2 commander-in-chief, 58, 73 commerce powers, 2–21 commercial speech, 248, 279–81 common law, federal, 112–13 Communications Decency Act of 1996, 286, 290 Communications Workers v Beck, 188 Communist Control Act of 1954, 135 Communist Party, 29, 31, 135, 249, 292–93, 293–94 523 community, cross-section of, 352 Compassionate Use Act, 19–29 compelling state interest test, 208 compensatory damages, 189–90, 190– 91, 347–48 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, 19–21 comptroller general, 77 Compulsory Education Act (Oregon), 379 compulsory flag salute, 296 compulsory process, 339 compulsory school attendance laws, 216, 379–80 concurring opinions, 104 confederal government, 125 Confederate government, 153 confidentiality of new sources, 265 confrontation, right to, 340–41 congressional investigations, 29–31 Connecticut Department of Public Safety v John Doe, 148 Controlled Substance Act, 19–21, 245 conscientious objectors, 236–37 Conscription Act, 291 contract clause, 171–77 Controlled Substance Act, 245 Cooper v Aaron, Copyright Term Extension Act (1998), 50 corporations, 172, 180, 280 council, right of, 328, 354–59 Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, 103 Coyle v Smith, 157 creation science, 221 criminal anarchy, 200 criminal syndicalism law, 249, 294 criminal trials: press access to, 269; television of, 270 cross burning, 302–3 cross-examination, 339, 341 cruel and unusual punishments, 365–76 Cummings v Missouri, 75 Curtis, Ex parte, 251 Cutter v Wilkinson, 245 524 dancing, nude, 300–1 dangerous tendency test, 248 Dartmouth College v Woodward, 169 Davis v Beason, 442 deaf interpreter in parochial schools, 223–24 death penalty, 365–73, 374–76 delegata potestas non potest delegari, 23, 25 delegation of powers, 21–27 Dennis v United States, 248 Department of Human Resources of Oregon v Smith, 240 Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, 97, 100 deterrence function of punishment, 371 dilation and evacuation (D&E), 392 dilation and extraction (D&X), 392–93 Dillon v Gloss, 162 direct and indirect taxes, 32 dissenting opinions, 104 District of Columbia v Heller, 313 divided government, 57 Dobbins v Erie County, 46 domestic dependent nations, 138 dormant commerce clause, 126, 144 double jeopardy, 201–2, 337, 339–40, 341–42, 365–66 double standard, 200 Douglas, William O., 377 Douglass, Frederick, 423 draft cards, 301 drug testing, 332–33 dual federalism, 42 due process clauses, 177–92 during good behavior, 104 Duncan v Louisiana, 351, 359 durational residency requirements, 454 education funding, 437 EEOC v Wyoming, 130, 159 Eighteenth Amendment, 126, 163, 165–66 Eighth Amendment, 365–76 election of 2000, 445, 457–60 Index Electoral College, 57, 445 electronic surveillance, 314, 317–20 eleemosynary institution, 172 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 114 Eleventh Amendment, 126–34, 138 Ellsburg, Daniel, 265 El Paso v Simmons, 176 Emancipation Proclamation, 395 Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, 25 enemy combatant, 93–94 Equal Pay Act of 1963, 433 equal protection clause of Fourteenth Amendment, 121, 401–25 Equal Rights Amendment, 162, 433 Espionage Act, 162, 259–70, 291 Ethics in Government Act of 1978, 78 Everson v Board of Education of Ewing Township, 208, 215, 229, 231 evolution, 221 exclusionary rule, 116, 314, 320–22 executive agreements, 73 executive branch, 57–71 executive order of president, 89 executive powers, 58–68 executive privilege and limitations, 58, 68–71 ex post facto law, 171 extradition, 140–41 Fairfax’s Devisee v Hunter’s Lessee, 106 Fair Labor Standards Act, 10, 128, 157 fair trial, 268 faith-based initiatives, 208 Faubus, Orval, 113–14 Federal Boat Safety Act, 136 federal coastal license, federal common law, 112–13 Federal Communications Commission, 305–6 Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974, 272 Federal Extradition Act, 140 Index federalism, 103, 125–60, 161 Federalists, 377 Federal Maritime Commission, 133 Federal Motor Carriers Act of 1935, 155 federal preemption, 134–37 Federal Sentencing Commission, 73 Federal Trade Commission, 64 Federal Trade Commission Act, 41 Feldman v United States, 362 Field v Clark, 22 Fifteenth Amendment, 178, 447–48 Fifth Amendment: double jeopardy and right of confrontation, 337, 339–42; due process clause, 93, 342–48; grand jury indictment, 337; selfincrimination and immunity, 204, 360–65; takings clause, 192–96, 200 fighting words, 302 Filled Milk Act, 202 First Amendment: association, assembly, and petition, 249–58; establishment clause, 114–15, 118– 19, 209–31; freedom of the press, 259–71; freedom of speech, 272– 314; free exercise clause, 232–46 First National Bank of Boston v Bellotti, 277–78 flag burning, 299–300 Flag Protection Act, 300 flag salute, 249 Flast v Cohen, 112 Fletcher v Peck, 169 Ford, Gerald, 64, 69 Ford v Wainwright, 366 foreign language, teaching of, 278–79 Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, 258–59 44 Liquormart, Inc v Rhode Island, 248, 280 Fourteenth Amendment, 131, 143, 178, 395–444 Fourth Amendment, 313–24, 317–36 Frankfurter, Felix, 199 freedom of contract, 13, 177–92 Frothingham v Mellon, 114 525 fruit of the poisonous tree, 328 fugitive slave, 109–10 Fullilove v Klutznick, 419 fundamental fairness, 199, 204 Furman v Georgia, 339, 367 gag orders, 248, 266–67 gambling, 364–65 garbage, searches of, 331–32 Garcetti v Ceballas, 249 Garcia v San Antonio Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 130, 158–59 Garland, Ex parte, 75 gerrymandering, 446, 455–57 Gibson, John Bannister, 109 Gideon v Wainwright, 357, 359 Gillette v United States, 236 Gitlow v New York, 199, 248 Goldman v United States, 319 Goldwater v Carter, 73 Gonzales v Carhart, 378 good-faith exception, 327 Graham v Richardson, 427 grandfather clauses, 446, 447–48 grand jury, 265–66, 337, 349 Gratz v Bollinger, 423 Gravel v United States, Graves et al., Tax Commissioners v New York ex rel O’Keefe, 34 gravity of the evil test, 248 Griffin v California, 204–5 Griggs v Duke Power Co., 425 Griswold v Connecticut, 247, 377, 390 Grovey v Townsend, 449, 450 Grutter v Bollinger, 421 guarantee clause, 111, 121 Guinn v United States, 445 Gunecht v United States, 237 Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, 17–18 gun ownership, 313, 315–17 habeas corpus, 59–60, 85–86, 90, 94– 97, 115–16 526 Index Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, 100 Habitual Criminal Act, 345 Hammer v Dagenhart, 157 handbill distribution, 262 Harlan, John Marshall I, 199 Harmelin v Michigan, 373 Harper v Virginia Board of Elections, 460 Harris v United States, 323 Hatch Act, 251 Hawaiian Organic Act, 90 Hawaii Housing Authority v Midkiff, 170, 195 Hawaii Land Reform Act of 1967, 192–93 Hazelwood School District v Kuhlmeier, 249, 309 head of government, 57–58 head of state, 57–58 Heart of Atlanta Motel v United States, 404 Heath v Alabama, 340 Hepburn v Griswold, 35 Hirabayashi v United States, 89 Hobbs Act, 347 Hollingsworth v Virginia, 161 Home Building & Loan Association v Blaisdell, 169, 176 homosexuals, 386, 390, 91, 441–42 hostile environment, 440 House Committee on Unamerican Activities, 29–31 House Judiciary Committee, 69 House of Representatives, Housing and Rent Act of 1947, 90, 91 Hudgens v National Labor Relations Board, 235 Hyde Amendment, 385 illegitimacy classifications, 442–43 Immigration and Nationality Act, 75 Immigration and Naturalization Service v Chadha, 73, 77 imminent lawless action threat, 248, 294 Immunity Act, 360 immunity from civil suits, 69–71 impeachment, 123–24 implied powers, 28–31, 197 income tax, 35–36, 45–46 independent counsel, 78–79 Indian tribe, 128, 138–49 inevitable discovery, 314 Inflation Control Act of October 2, 1942, 25 informant, 325 information, indictment by, 338, 348–49 “In God We Trust,” 298–99 inherent powers, 35, 61 intentional infliction of emotional distress, 271 intermediate scrutiny, 397, 418 Internal Security Act of 1950, 135 International Economic Powers Act, 66 interposition, 125 Interstate Commerce Commission, Jackson, Andrew, 140 Japanese exclusion, 89 Jaworski, Leon, 68 Jefferson, Thomas, 105, 198, 207 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 233–36, 295–96 Jim Crow laws, 397, 404–5 Johnson v Eisentrager, 95–96, 98, 101 Jones v Alfred H Mayer Co., 408 Jones v Opelika, 234 Jordan v Massachusetts, 351 judicial branch, 103–24 judicial review, 104 Judiciary Act of 1789, 96, 105 Judiciary Act of 1801, 105 Julliard v Greenman, 29 jurisdiction, 105–7 jury exemptions, 352–53 jury selection, 349–50, 352–54 jury size, 351–52 jury trial, 350–51 jus sanguinis, 426 jus soli, 426 just compensation clause, 170 justiciability, 104 Index Kastigar v United States, 361 Katzenbach v McClung, 17, 396 Katzenbach v Morgan, 401 Katz v United States, 314, 319, 322, 330 Keating-Owen Act, Keller v State Bar of California, 244 Kelo v City of New London, 170 Kennedy v Mendoza-Martinez, 147 Kentucky v Dennison, 140–41 Klaas, Polly, 373 Knickerbocker Ice Co v Stewart, 23 Korematsu v United States, 74 Ku Klux Klan, 60, 294, 302 Lamb’s Chapel v Center Moriches Union Free School Dist., 227, 242 Landrum-Griffin Labor Act, 75 Lassiter v Northhampton County Board of Elections, 398–99 Lawrence v Texas, 378 Law School Admission Test (LSAT), 423 Lee v Weisman, 119, 225–26 Legal Tender Cases, 28–29 legislative branch, 1–56; privileges and terms of members, 51–55 legislative veto, 73, 76 Lehnert v Ferris Faculty Assn., 244 Leisy v Hardin, Lemon Test, 208, 223 Lemon v Kurtzman, 208, 220, 231, 299 lethal injection, 374–76 Lewinsky, Monica, 71 Lewis v United States, 263–64 libel, 47–48, 365 liberty of contract, 170 licensing laws, 234, 250–51 Lincoln, Abraham, 74, 395 Line Item Veto Act, 79–80 Linmark Associates, Inc v Willingboro, 279 literacy tests, 453 Lloyd Corporation v Tanner, 235 Lochner v New York, 130, 170, 182, 388 527 Locke, John, 169 lotteries, 7–8, 107–8, 174–75 Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985, 148–49 Lyng v International Union, 188 Madison, James, 73, 105, 198 Magna Carta, 100 Maher v Roe, 385 Malloy v Hogan, 204 Mapp v Ohio, 314, 321 Marbury v Madison, 104, 109, 403 marriage, right of, 384–85 Marsh v Chambers, 232 Marshall, John, 104, 157, 169, 174, 198 martial law, 86 Martin v Hunter’s Lessee, 108 Maryland v Wirtz, 157 massive resistance, 411 Maternity Act of 1921, 111 Maxwell v Dow, 351 McCarran Act, 16 McConnell v Federal Election Commission, 273, 276 McCreary County v ACLU, 208 McCulloch v Maryland, 2, 26, 197 McIntyre v Ohio Elections Commission, 278 Medicaid, 385 Megan’s Law, 148, 444 mental retardation: classification, 397, 437–39; and death penalty, 371 Metro Broadcasting, Inc v FCC, 419 Meyer v Nebraska, 377, 390 Michael M v Superior Court of Sonoma County, 432 migratory birds, 81–82 military commission, 84–86, 88–89 Military Selective Service Act, 93 militia, 58–59 Miller v California, 238, 285, 289 Milligan, Ex parte, 74, 94 Minersville School District v Gobitis, 296 Minimum Wage Act of 1918, 184 528 minimum wages, 13–14, 156, 184 Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium Law, 175 minority business enterprises, 417–18 Miracle, The, 282 Miranda v Arizona, 338, 359–60 miscegenation laws, 412 Missouri Compromise, 401–2 Missouri v Holland, 25 Missouri v Jenkins, 118 Mistretta v United States, 73 moment of silence in school, 220–21 mootness, 105 Morehead v New York ex rel Tipaldo, 14 Morrison v Olson, 73 movies, and First Amendment, 282 Mueller v Allen, 223, 228 Mulford v Smith, 42 Muller v Oregon, 181 Mulloy v United States, 237 Munn v Illinois, 170, 181 Murphy v Ford, 64 Murray v Curlett, 214 Myers v United States, 58 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 152, 297 National Collegiate Athletic Association, 48–49 National Endowment for the Arts, 287 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1990, 287 National Industrial Recovery Act, 22–23, 23–24 National Labor Relations Act, 43, 48 National Labor Review Board v Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., National League of Cities v Usery, 159–60 National Minimum Drinking Age Amendment of 1984, 49–50 National Prohibition Act, 63, 165, 317, 339 Index Native American Church, 239–40 nativity scene, 298–99 Nazi saboteurs case, 88–89 Neagle, In re, 25, 58 Near v Minnesota, 247 Nebraska Press Association v Stuart, 248 necessary and proper clause, neutrality toward religion, 207 Newberry v United States, 449, 450 New Hampshire v Maine, 142 New Jersey v T.L.O., 314, 335 newspapers: criticisms of judges, 261– 62; search of offices, 323–24 New London Development Corporation, 194 New York Milk Control Board, 185 New York State Club Association v New York City, 254–55 New York Times Company v United States, 247 New York Times v Sullivan, 248 New York v Belton, 335 New York v Ferber, 289 New York v United States, 151 Nineteenth Amendment, 446 Ninth Amendment, 91, 251, 377–93 Nixon, Richard, 68–70 Nixon v Condon, 450 Nixon v Fitzgerald, 58, 71 Nixon v Herndon, 448, 450 Nix v Williams, 314 Nollan v California Coastal Commission, 194 Northern Securities, 41 nude dancing, 300–1 nullification, 125 obscenity, 248, 282–91 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 324–25 Oestereich v Selective Service Board, 236 oleomargarine tax, 38 Olmstead v United States, 314, 319 Index Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, 319 “One nation under God,” 298 one person/one vote, 446 open forum, 218, 241–42 Oregon v Mitchell, 162 original package doctrine, Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, 18 Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921, 10 Palko v Connecticut, 199 pandering, 284 paper money, 34–35 parade permits, 250 parade, right of association, 256 pardon power, 63–64 parliamentary system, 57 parochial schools: aid to, 214–15, 223, 228; bus transportation to, 209; deaf interpreter in, 223; voucher programs for, 228 parody of public figures, 271 patronage See political party affiliation Paul v Davis, 444 Paul v Virginia, 16 Pennsylvania Sedition Act, 135 Pentagon Papers, 265 penumbral rights, 381 peremptory challenges, 353 person, definition of, 383 petit jury, 338, 350, 351, 372 peyote, 239–40 pharmacy advertising, 279 physician-assisted suicide, 389 Pickering v Board of Education, 310–11 picketing, 255–56 Pierce v Society of Sisters, 377, 390 pilotage regulations, state, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey, 378, 391 plea bargaining, 345 pledge to the flag, 118 529 Plessy v Ferguson, 388, 397, 406, 409, 410 political party affiliation, 252, 273–74 political questions, 77, 84, 105, 119–24, 162 Pollock v Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 32, 162 poll taxes, 446 polygamy See bigamy Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v Tourism Co of Puerto Rico, 280, 281 Powell v Alabama, 350 Powell v McCormack, 1, 54, 77 prayer: at public school games, 225; at public school graduations, 119, 222–23; in public schools, 212–13; in state legislatures, 212–13, 219 presentment clause, 75, 79 presumption of innocence, 337 primary elections, 449–50 Prince v Massachusetts, 216 prior restraint, 247, 260–61 privacy, right to, 247, 381, 383–84 privileges and immunities clause, 396 Prize Cases, The, 74 property rights, 169–96 Prudential Insurance Co v Benjamin, 16 Pruneyard Shopping Center v Robins, 235 public facilities, religious use of, 226–27 public figure, 263–64, 267–68, 271–72 public schools: Bible reading in, 213; prayer in, 212, 222, 225; religious instruction in, 210 Public Works Employment Act, 417 punitive damages, 170, 189–91 qualifications clause (Article I), 146 quid pro quo, 440 Quirin, Ex parte, 92, 94, 97–98 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO), 346 Rahrer, In re, 141 530 Index Rathbun, Humphrey’s Executor v United States, 63, 75 rational basis review, 437, 440 R.A.V v City of St Paul, 302–3 Reconstruction Acts of 1867, 60 Reed v Reed, 433 Rehnquist, William, 124 released time programs, 211 reliance interests, 387–88 Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 244–46, 400–1 religious instruction public schools, 210 Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000, 245 religious use of public facilities, 226–27 removal powers of president, 62, 64 Republican Party, 395 residency requirements, 453–55 restrictions of speech: time, place, and manner, 303–11 restrictive covenants, 407–8 retribution function of punishment, 371 Reynolds v Sims, 455 Reynolds v United States, 208, 216 Ricci v DeStefano, 397 Richmond v J A Croson Co., 419, 424 right to counsel, 338, 354–60 right to die, 378 right to work, 187 Ring v Arizona, 342 ripeness, 105 Roberts v United States Jaycees, 254, 257 Robinson v California, 366 Rochin v California, 364 Roe v Wade, 377, 382, 387 Romer v Evans, 378 Roosevelt, Theodore, 37, 58 Roper v Simmons, 369 Rosenberger v Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 209, 227 Rostker v Goldberg, 74 Roth test, 283–84 Roth v United States, 283–84 Ruckelshaus v Monsanto Co., 195 rule of four, 104 rule of reason, 40–41 Rummel v Estelle, 373 sacrilegious speech, 282 safe harbor provision, 458–59 Santa Clara County v Southern Pacific Railroad Co., 170 Santeria religion, 240–41 Schenck v United States, 248 Schinck v Reed, 64 Schneider v State, 235 school attendance laws, 216, 379 School District of Grand Rapids v Ball, 224 Scottsboro boys, 349–50 Scott v Sandford, 106, 162, 395 searches, aerial, 336 search incident to arrest, 323, 333–35 Second Amendment, 151, 313, 315–17 Sedition Act of 1798, 264 selective exclusiveness doctrine, selective incorporation, 199, 201–2, 396 selective incorporation plus, 199 selective service, 86–87 self-incrimination, 338, 360–65 Seminole Tribe v Florida, 128, 130 Senate, Seneca Falls Convention, 446 Sentencing Commission, 26–27 Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, 26–27 “separate but equal,” 405, 406, 409, 410 separation of church and state See wall of separation separation of powers, 27, 70, 73, 74–80 Seventeenth Amendment, 126 sexual classifications, 432–36 sexual harassment, 132, 439–49 Shaw v Reno, 457 Sherbert v Verner, 208, 239, 244, 400 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 5–6, 15, 40 Sherman, Roger, 198 shield laws, 266 Silverthorne Lumber Co v United States, 328 Index Sirica, John J., 68 Sixteenth Amendment, 36, 162, 170 Sixth Amendment, 116, 266 Skinner v Oklahoma, 381 Slaughterhouse Cases, 170, 381, 396–97 Smith Act of 1940, 292 Smith v Allwright, 449 Smith v Maryland, 331 Social Security Act, 42, 385 Social Security taxes, 216, 237 sodomy, 386–87, 390–91 “soft money” contributions, 273 Solem v Helm, 373 sound trucks, 303–4 South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 126 sovereign immunity, state, 126–34 special prosecutor, 73 speech: commercial, 279–81; student, 297, 307–9; symbolic, 295–302 speech and debate clause, 52 speedy trial, 338 spending clause, 49–50 Splawn v California, 284 Springer v United States, 36 standing, 80, 104, 118–19 Stanford v Kentucky, 369 stare decisis, 387–88 state action, 413–14 state boundary lines, 142–43 state capitals, 154 State Farm Insurance v Campbell, 170 state pilotage laws, 4–5 state police powers, 156–60 statutory rape laws, 434 steamboat monopoly, 2–3 sterilization, compulsory, 380–81 Stone, Harlan Fiske, 2, 199, 203 Stone v Graham, 214, 229–31 stop and frisk, 314, 322–23 Strader v Graham, 403 Strauder v West Virginia, 353 stream of commerce, 11 strict scrutiny, 419, 437, 457 531 student activity fees, 241–43, 243–44 student searches, 329–30, 332–33, 335–36 student speech, 196–98, 307–10 subpoena duces tecum, 68 substantive due process, 170, 338 subversive speech, 291–95 sugar refining monopoly, 5–6 Sumner v Shuman, 366 supremacy clause, 47 surveillance, electronic, 317–19 suspect category, 415, 434, 432 Suspension Clause, 95, 100, 107, 109 Swain v Alabama, 353–54 Sweatt v Painter, 409 Swift v Tyson, 113 “switch in time that saved nine,” 170, 186 symbolic speech, 295–303 Taft-Hartley Act, 66, 292 “take title” provision, 148–49 takings clause, 170, 192–96 Taney, Roger, 169, 174 tariffs, 21 tax: on carriages, 31–32; liquor, 38–39; newspapers, 261 taxes, spending and regulatory powers, 31–51 televising trials, 270–71 Ten Commandments: monument to, 229–30; posting of, 214, 217, 230–32 Tennessee Valley Authority, 11–12 Tenth Amendment, 45, 47, 87, 91, 126, 146, 149, 156–60, 251 Tenure of Office Act, 62 term limits, congressional, 53–54 Texas v Johnson, 248 Texas v White, 126 Third Amendment, 313 Thirteenth Amendment, 87, 178, 395 three-fifths clause, three-strikes-and-you’re-out laws, 339, 373 Tilton v Richardson, 215 532 Index time, place, and manner restrictions on speech, 303–11 Tinker v Des Moines, 249, 307, 309 tort remedies, 348 total incorporation, 199, 349 total incorporation plus, 199 Trail of Tears, 140 transactional immunity, 361 treaties and executive agreements, 80–84 trimesters, 384 Truman, Harry S., 74 Tumey v Ohio, 347 Twelfth Amendment, 445 Twenty-first Amendment, 49–50, 155, 161, 281–82 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 446 Twenty-second Amendment, 57 Twenty-seventh Amendment, 162, 198 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 162, 446, 454 Twenty-third Amendment, 445 Twining v New Jersey, 205, 363 United States v Leon, 18, 20, 152, 313 United States v Lopez, 18, 20, 152, 313 United States v Macintosh, 428 United States v Miller, 316 United States v Morrison, 20 United States v Nixon, 58 United States v O’Brien, 259, 301 United States v Rabinowitz, 323 United States v Schwimmer, 428 United States v Seeger, 236 United States v United States District Court, 319 United States v Virginia, 423 unreasonable searches and seizures, 313–14 Unruh Act, 254 Urgent Deficiency Appropriation Act, 74 U.S Courts of Appeal, 103 U.S District Courts, 104 use immunity, 361 U.S Supreme Court, 103 U.S Term Limits, Inc v Thornton, 1, 146 Uniform Code of Military Justice, 97 unitary executive, 95 unitary government, 125 United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc v Carey, 456 United States Steel Corp v Multistate Tax Commission, 143 United States Trust Company v New Jersey, 169, 175 United States v Brown, 75 United States v Calandra, 327 United States v Carolene Products, 199 United States v Classic, 407, 450 United States v Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 23 United States v Darby Lumber Co., 6, 10, 126 United States v Eichman, 300 United States v Grace, 256 United States v Kahriger, 365 United States v Lee, 216 Vacco v Quill, 378, 390 Van Orden v Perry, 208 Veronia School District 47J v Acton, 333 victim impact statements, 370–71 Vietnam War, 297 Village of Euclid, Ohio v Ambler Realty Co., 306 Violence Against Women Act of 1994, 151 Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 125 Virginia Board of Pharmacy v Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 281 Virginia v Black, 249 Volstead Act, 163–64 vote: right to, 445–62 Voter ID Law, 460 Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970, 453–54 Voting Rights Act of 1964, 398–400, 456, 461–62 Index voucher programs for parochial schools, 228–29 Wallace v Jaffree, 231 wall of separation between church and state, 207, 210 Walton v Arizona, 372 Walz v Tax Commission, 215 war-making powers, 84–102 War Powers Resolution of 1973, 25, 74 War-Time Prohibition Act, 87 Washington v Glucksburg, 378 Watergate break-in, 68–69 Watkins v United States, 31 wealth classifications, 397, 437 Webb-Kenyon Act, 13 Webster, Daniel, 3, 173 Weeks v United States, 314 welfare eligibility, 382 West Coast Hotel v Parrish, 185–86 West Virginia Board of Education v Barnette, 220, 249 Whitney v California, 294 Wickard v Filburn, 19–20 Widmar v Vincent, 214 Wiener v United States, 63 Williams, Roger, 207, 210 533 Williams v Florida, 351 Wilson Act, 141 Winston v Lee, 364 Winthrop, William, Col., 98–99 “with all deliberate speed,” 410 Withrow v Williams, 116 Witters v Washington Dept of Services for the Blind, 223, 225, 228 wobblers, 374 Wolf v Colorado, 321 Woodson v North Carolina, 367 workplace speech, 310–11 writ of certiorari, 104 writ of habeas corpus See habeas corpus writ of mandamus, 105 writs of assistance, 314 Yamashita, In re, 92 Yick Wo v Hopkins, 427 Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co v Sawyer, 25, 71 Zobrest v Catalina Foothills School District, 224, 228 zoning, 192 Zorach v Clausen, 211 About the Author John R Vile is a professor of political science and dean of the University Honors College at Middle Tennessee State University He is the author and editor of numerous books on political science and constitutional law including A Companion to the United States Constitution and Its Amendments, 5th ed.; Constitutional Law in Contemporary America; The Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 3rd ed.; The Encyclopedia of the First Amendment; The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America’s Founding; Great American Lawyers; Great American Judges, and other works 535 .. .Essential Supreme Court Decisions Essential Supreme Court Decisions Summaries of Leading Cases in U.S Constitutional Law Fifteenth... the Supreme Court with a limited number of cases of “original jurisdiction,” in which it is the first and last court to hear a case, the Court is primarily an appellate court, reviewing decisions. .. Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States 2nd ed New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 A veritable gold mine of information on individual court decisions, Supreme Court justices, legal