ngữ pháp tiếng anh nâng cao, hỗ trợ các bạn học tốt chương trình ngữ pháp c1 tại trường, nâng cao khả năng học tập, phát triển kỹ năng ngữ pháp tại trường, tự tin sử dụng hợp lý cấu trúc. thành thạo trở thành người dùng tiếng anh giỏi.
ADVERBS !1 Adverbs • • • • • Definition Form and Formation Types Positions Comparison !2 What is an adverb? • • • • She sang that song beautifully The man was very sad as hearing the news They can speak French very fluently Honestly, I don’t see any point in doing that !3 Definition of Terms • An adverb: a word that describes or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers such questions as how, where, or when • Can adverbs modify nouns? The concert tomorrow is at p.m • Adverbial: any word, phrase, or clause that functions like an adverb ➔ adverb = one-word adverbial !4 Definition of Terms • Adverbials may be classified as adjuncts, conjuncts, or disjuncts • Adjuncts: part of the basic structure of a clause or sentence in which it occurs, and modifies the verb o He died in England o I have almost finished • Conjuncts: not part of the basic structure of a clause or sentence o Altogether it was a happy week o However, the weather was not good !5 Definition of Terms • Disjuncts: (also called sentence adverbs) adverbs which show the speaker’s attitude to or evaluation of what is said in the rest of the sentence o Naturally, I paid for my own meal o I had to pay for my own meal, unfortunately !6 Definition of Terms • Particle: a term used for a word which cannot readily be identified with any of the main PARTS OF SPEECH/ WORD CLASS She did not receive my email My goal is to get a bachelor’s degree • Adverb particle: a word such as in, back, on, etc when it modifies a verb rather than a noun o The car is in the garage o The train’s getting in !7 Forms • Adverbs frequently end in –ly: slowly, quickly, etc • Not all words end in –ly are adverbs: friendly, lovely, etc • Some adverbs not have an –ly ending: always, well, etc • Some adverbs can have two forms He has come late vs He has come lately She talked very loud vs She talked very loudly !8 Forms • Simple adverbs: just, only, well, back, down, pretty, etc • Compound adverbs: somehow, somewhere, therefore, whereupon, hereby, etc • Derivational adverbs: o o o o o o -ly: oddly, interestingly -wise: clockwise -ward(s): northward(s) -fashion: schoolboy-fashion -ways: sideways -style: cowboy-style !9 Positions • • • • • Before the subject Before the main verb After the verb “be” Between the auxiliary and the main verb After the first auxiliary verb (with more than auxiliary) • Before a negative auxiliary verb • After the verb and object (not between) !10 Types of Adverbs • • • • • • • Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of time Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of degree Sentence adverbs Focus adverbs !11 Adverbs of Manner • Adverbs saying how something happens • Usually placed after the main verb, after the object (if there is one), or between the subject and the verb o o o o He drove fast He washed his hands carefully She angrily slammed the door He generously paid for us = It was generous of him to have paid for us o He paid for us generously = He paid for us in a generous manner !12 Adverbs of Place • Adverbs indicating location (where), direction (where to/ from) o She still lives there now ● Manner ● They talked happily in the bedroom all night ● At ● ● + place + time the beginning of a sentence Indoors it was nice and warm Up ran the snail !13 Adverbs of Time • Adverbs indicating the time when something happens • Adverbs of definite time: at the end or beginning of a sentence o I went shopping yesterday./ Yesterday I went shopping • Adverbs of indefinite time: at the end or beginning of a sentence, or before the verb o She currently works as a journalist./ Currently she works as a journalist./ She works as a journalist currently • Adverbs of duration o She worked as a journalist for two years !14 Adverbs of Frequency • Adverbs telling how often something happens • Adverbs of definite frequency: at the end or beginning of a sentence o I pay my rent weekly • Adverbs of indefinite frequency: before the main (ordinary) verb, after the verb “be”, between the auxiliary and the main verb o o o o We usually go shopping on Sundays He is always late He is always coming late Sometimes he became very sad !15 Adverbs of Degree • Adverbs answering the question “To what extent…?” • Before the adjective or adverb they modify o He drove very fast o He looks much different from his father !16 Sentence Adverbs • Adverbs modifying the whole sentence • Usually at the beginning of the sentence o Unfortunately, Richard didn’t get to the airport on time !17 Focus Adverbs • Adverbs indicating that what is being communicated is limited to the part that is focused • They limit the sense of the sentence or to act as an additive o He said he wanted to only what was the best for the country o He even paid for their so-called business trip !18 Short and Long Adverbs • Short adverbs: mono-syllabic adverbs • Long adverbs: others (except EARLY) !19 Inversion with Adverbials • Inversion: a movement operation by which the order of two expressions is reversed ➔ subject-verb inversion He will come by at o’clock Will he come by at o’clock? Three cases • Inversion after adverbials of place/ position • Inversion after adverbials of movement • Inversion after negative adverbials !20 ... Forms • Simple adverbs: just, only, well, back, down, pretty, etc • Compound adverbs: somehow, somewhere, therefore, whereupon, hereby, etc • Derivational adverbs: o o o o o o -ly: oddly, interestingly... !10 Types of Adverbs • • • • • • • Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of time Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of degree Sentence adverbs Focus adverbs !11 Adverbs of Manner • Adverbs saying... word such as in, back, on, etc when it modifies a verb rather than a noun o The car is in the garage o The train’s getting in !7 Forms • Adverbs frequently end in –ly: slowly, quickly, etc • Not