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ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES • Types • Forms and Formation • Positions • Comparison ADJECTIVES • Adjectives: words modifying nouns, expressing physical and other qualities and the writer’s opinion/ attitude • Types of adjectives • Attributive and Predicative • Gradable and Non-gradable TYPES OF ADJECTIVES • • Attributive adjectives • Used before nouns • a good book, many excellent meals • Many nouns used as attributive adjectives: a paper cup Predicative adjectives • Used after verbs (linking verbs) • The book was very good TYPES OF ADJECTIVES • • Gradable adjectives • Having a certain property to a greater or lesser degree • Modified by very, enough, too: very nice • Having comparative and superlative forms: nicer, the nicest Non-gradable adjectives • Not having a certain property to a greater or lesser degree • Not modified by very, enough, too: very main • Not having comparative and superlative forms: mainer, the mainest FORMATION •Simple adjectives: good, bad, fine, short, etc • Most frequently used • Often mono-syllabic and bi-syllabic words: ill, pretty • No distinctive form to mark as adjectives FORMATION Derived adjectives • Derived from nouns, other adjectives, or verbs by adding certain suffixes • Some of native origin: greenish, hopeful, handy, etc • Of foreign bases: apparent, secondary, marvelous, etc • Derived from adjectives by adding prefixes to adjectives: unhappy, insecure, etc • Derived from verbs or adjectives by adding prefix a-: asleep, alone, etc FORMATION Compound adjectives • Noun + adjective: tax-free • Determiner + adjective: all-American • Number + noun: four-wheel • Adverb + participle: well-balanced • Adverb + adverb: well-off POSITIONS Attributive and predicative positions • An adjective can go before a noun (attributive position) or as complement after a linking verb (predicative position) • It is a large stadium • The stadium is large POSITIONS •Attributive only: chief, elder, eldest, eventual, former, indoor, inner, latter, main, mere, only, outdoor, outer, principal, sheer, sole, upper, utter • Little is mostly attributive: a little cottage • Same cannot be predicative without the: Yes, I had the same experience./Yes, my experience was the same • A noun as modifier can only be attributive: a tennis club, a water pipe • Nouns saying what something is made of can go in either position: It’s a metal pipe./The pipe is metal POSITIONS After pronouns • Adjectives come after indefinite pronouns • You mustn't anything silly THE ORDER OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES Opinion nice, wonderful, lovely, awful, etc Size large, small, long, short, tall, etc Quality clear, busy, famous, important, etc Age old, new Shape round, square, fat, thin, wide, etc Color red, white, etc Participle forms broken, running, etc Origin British, American, etc Material brick, wooden, etc Type human, chemical, money, etc Purpose alarm, walking, etc THE ORDER OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES • Two excellent public tennis courts (opinion + type + purpose) • The order can sometimes change: a big horrible building • Old and young referring to people often come next to the noun: a dignified old lady • In general, the adjective closest to the noun has the closest link in meaning with the noun and expresses what is most permanent about it THE ORDER OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES • When two adjectives have similar meanings, the shorter often comes first • A bright, cheerful smile or a soft, comfortable chair • Sometimes two orders are possible: a peaceful, happy face/a happy, peaceful face • And can be put between two adjectives: a soft and comfortable chair • And is not used between adjectives with different meanings: beautiful golden sands • But is used when the adjectives refer to two qualities in contrast: a cheap but effective solution PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES • -ing adjectives vs -ed adjectives THE + ADJECTIVE • • Social groups • To refer to some groups of people in the society: the poor, the rich • A few adjectives can come after a/an to mean a specific person: Now as a superstar, she was an unknown, only two years ago • There are a few adjectives that can be used as nouns: a black (= a black person) • For a whole people=> the + adjective of nationality: the English Abstract qualities • To refer to things in general having an abstract quality: the new, the old, the unexplained COMPARISONS • Equatives • Comparatives • Superlatives NOTES She is as tall as I She is as tall as me She is as tall as I am She is taller than I She is taller than me She is taller than I am NOTES as as iron as as gold as as lead as as a ghost as as a judge as as a new pin as as a hunter as as a daisy as as a donkey as as gall as as a skunk HARD GOOD HEAVY WHITE SOBER CLEAN HUNGRY FRESH STUPID BITTER DRUNK ??? ??? ??? DOUBLE COMPARATIVES • -er and -er, more and more • The -er … , the -er … • The colder it is, the hungrier I get (As the weather gets colder, I get hungrier.) • The more, the merrier • The more …, the more … • The more generous you are towards others, the more generous they are likely to be towards you COMPARATIVE WITH LESS • The second method was less complicated than the first one • This new laptop is not as fast as my old one I’m sorry I bought it now • We probably had three times as many strawberries as we’re getting this year • Twice/ two times / three times + as + adj/adv + as ` • farther/ farthest vs further/ furthest? • older/ oldest vs elder/ eldest? • latest vs last? • nearest vs next? • vase / glass, old, lovely •➔ • mirror / wall, attractive •➔ • red metal kitchen chairs boat / model, splendid, old •➔ • a modern office desk chairs / kitchen, red, metal •➔ • an attractive wall mirror desk / office, modern •➔ • a lovely old glass vase a splendid old model boat stamp / postage, valuable, Australian •➔ a valuable Australian postage stamp • game / new, family, exciting •➔ • computer / business, Japanese, powerful •➔ • a terrific American television comedy doors / aluminum, garage, stylish •➔ • an excellent small electric fire comedy / American, television, terrific •➔ • a powerful Japanese business computer fire / electric, excellent, small •➔ • an exciting new family game stylish aluminum garage doors shoes / modern, sports, wonderful •➔ wonderful modern sports shoes ... POSITIONS •Attributive only: chief, elder, eldest, eventual, former, indoor, inner, latter, main, mere, only, outdoor, outer, principal, sheer, sole, upper, utter • Little is mostly attributive:... clear, busy, famous, important, etc Age old, new Shape round, square, fat, thin, wide, etc Color red, white, etc Participle forms broken, running, etc Origin British, American, etc Material brick,... • Adjectives come after indefinite pronouns • You mustn''t anything silly THE ORDER OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES Opinion nice, wonderful, lovely, awful, etc Size large, small, long, short, tall,