2 ND EDITION k ❚ 3❚ How to Use This Book ❚ 2❚ ❚ ❚ Article Title ❚ ❚ Definition in italics with Latin translation provided ❚ ❚ First-level subhead ❚ 1❚ ❚ ❚ Timeline for subject of biography, including general historical events and life events ❚ 4❚ ❚ ❚ Sidebar expands upon an issue addressed briefly in the article ❚ ❚ Quotation from subject of biography ❚ ❚ Biography of contributor to American law ❚ ❚ Internal cross-reference to entry within WEAL ❚ ❚ In Focus article examines a controversial or complex aspect of the article topic ❚10 ❚ Cross-references at end of article ❚11❚ Full cite for case ❚ 5❚ ❚ 6❚ ❚ 7❚ ❚ 8❚ ❚ 9❚ ❚10 ❚ ❚11❚ ND EDITION Volume Sar to Ten Detroit • San Diego • San Francisco • New Haven, Conn • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd Edition Project Editors Jeffrey Lehman Shirelle Phelps Editorial Support Services Ryan Cartmill, Mark Hefner, Sue Petrus Editorial Andrew C Claps, Pamela A Dear, Jason M Everett, Lynn U Koch, John F McCoy, Jeffrey Wilson, Jennifer M York, Ralph Zerbonia Data Capture Katrina Coach, Nikita Greene, Beverly Jendrowski, Elizabeth Pilette, Beth Richardson Imaging and Multimedia Dean Dauphinais, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Mary Grimes, Lezlie Light, Dan Newell, David G Oblender, Chris O’Bryan Product Design Cynthia Baldwin, Kate Scheible Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license For more information, contact The Gale Group, Inc 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher Manufacturing Rhonda Williams This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair condition, and other applicable laws The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation Composition and Electronic Capture Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Permissions Margaret A Chamberlain Research Barbara McNeil Indexing Services Lynne Maday Inside cover photograph reproduced by permission of the Library of Congress (Thurgood Marshall) For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permission or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax of mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein The Gale Group, Inc accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data West’s encyclopedia of American law / Jeffrey Lehman, editor, Shirelle Phelps, editor.— 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (hardcover set : alk paper) Law—United States—Encyclopedias Law—United States—Popular works I Lehman, Jeffrey II Phelps, Shirelle KF154.W47 2004 349.73’03—dc22 2004004918 ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (set), ISBN 0-7876-6368-9 (vol 1), ISBN 0-7876-6369-7 (vol 2), ISBN 0-78766370-0 (vol 3), ISBN 0-7876-6371-9 (vol 4), ISBN 0-7876-6372-7 (vol 5), ISBN 0-7876-6373-5 (vol 6), ISBN 0-7876-6374-3 (vol 7), ISBN 0-7876-6375-1 (vol 8), ISBN 0-7876-6376-X (vol 9), ISBN 07876-6377-8 (vol 10), ISBN 0-7876-6378-6 (vol 11), ISBN 0-7876-6379-4 (vol 12), ISBN 0-78769420-7 (vol 13) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 0-7876-9373-1 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information Printed in the United States of America 10 D E D I C AT I O N West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (WEAL) is dedicated to librarians and library patrons throughout the United States and beyond Your interest in the American legal system helps to expand and fuel the framework of our Republic k Contents VOLUME VOLUME Preface ix Contributors xiii A–Ba Abbreviations 507 Preface ix Contributors xiii Mc–Pl Abbreviations 467 VOLUME VOLUME Preface ix Contributors xiii Be–Col Abbreviations 511 Preface ix Contributors xiii Po–San Abbreviations 461 VOLUME VOLUME Preface ix Contributors xiii Com–Dor Abbreviations 509 Preface ix Contributors xiii Sar–Ten Abbreviations 465 VOLUME VOLUME 10 Preface ix Contributors xiii Dou–Fre Abbreviations 509 Preface ix Contributors xiii Ter–Z Abbreviations 459 VOLUME VOLUME 11 Preface ix Contributors xiii Fri–Jam Abbreviations 501 Milestones in the Law VOLUME 12 Primary Documents VOLUME Preface ix Contributors xiii Jap–Ma Abbreviations 469 VOLUME 13 Dictionary of Legal Terms Cases Index General Index vii Preface he U.S legal system is admired around the world for the freedoms it allows the individual and the fairness with which it attempts to treat all persons On the surface, it may seem simple, yet those who have delved into it know that this system of federal and state constitutions, statutes, regulations, and common-law decisions is elaborate and complex It derives from the English common law, but includes principles older than England, along with some principles from other lands The U.S legal system, like many others, has a language all its own, but too often it is an unfamiliar language: many concepts are still phrased in Latin The second edition of West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (WEAL) explains legal terms and concepts in everyday language, however It covers a wide variety of persons, entities, and events that have shaped the U.S legal system and influenced public perceptions of it Definitions Every entry on a legal term is followed by a definition, which appears at the beginning of the entry and is italicized The Dictionary and Indexes volume includes a glossary containing all the definitions from WEAL Further Readings To facilitate further research, a list of Further Readings is included at the end of a majority of the main entries Cross-References WEAL provides two types of cross-references, within and following entries Within the entries, terms are set in small capital letters—for example, LIEN —to indicate that they have their own entry in the encyclopedia At the end of the entries, related entries the reader may wish to explore are listed alphabetically by title Blind cross-reference entries are also included to direct the user to other entries throughout the set T In Focus Essays In Focus essays accompany related entries and provide additional facts, details, and arguments on particularly interesting, important, or controversial issues raised by those entries The subjects covered include hotly contested issues, such as abortion, capital punishment, and gay rights; detailed processes, such as the Food and Drug Administration’s approval process for new drugs; and important historical or social issues, such as debates over the formation of the U.S Constitution MAIN FEATURES OF THIS SET Entries This encyclopedia contains nearly 5,000 entries devoted to terms, concepts, events, movements, cases, and persons significant to U.S law Entries on legal terms contain a definition of the term, followed by explanatory text if necessary Entries are arranged alphabetically in standard encyclopedia format for ease of use A wide variety of additional features, listed later in this preface, provide interesting background and supplemental information Sidebars Sidebars provide brief highlights of some interesting facet of accompanying entries They ix X PREFACE complement regular entries and In Focus essays by adding informative details Sidebar topics include the Million Man March and the branches of the U.S armed services Sidebars appear at the top of a text page and are set in a box Biographies WEAL profiles a wide variety of interesting and influential people—including lawyers, judges, government and civic leaders, and historical and modern figures—who have played a part in creating or shaping U.S law Each biography includes a timeline, which shows important moments in the subject’s life as well as important historical events of the period Biographies appear alphabetically by the subject’s last name ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF THIS SET Enhancements Throughout WEAL, readers will find a broad array of photographs, charts, graphs, manuscripts, legal forms, and other visual aids enhancing the ideas presented in the text Indexes WEAL features a cases index and a cumulative index in a separate volume Appendixes Three appendix volumes are included with WEAL, containing hundreds of pages of docu- ments, laws, manuscripts, and forms fundamental to and characteristic of U.S law Milestone Cases in the Law A special Appendix volume entitled Milestones in the Law, allows readers to take a close look at landmark cases in U.S law Readers can explore the reasoning of the judges and the arguments of the attorneys that produced major decisions on important legal and social issues Included in each Milestone are the opinions of the lower courts; the briefs presented by the parties to the U.S Supreme Court; and the decision of the Supreme Court, including the majority opinion and all concurring and dissenting opinions for each case Primary Documents There is also an Appendix volume containing more than 60 primary documents, such as the English Bill of Rights, Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Brimingham Jail, and several presidential speeches Citations Wherever possible, WEAL entries include citations for cases and statutes mentioned in the text These allow readers wishing to additional research to find the opinions and statutes cited Two sample citations, with explanations of common citation terms, can be seen below and opposite Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S 436, 86 S.Ct 1602, 16 L.Ed 2d 694 (1966) Case title The title of the case is set in i and indicates the names of the parties The suit in this sample citation was between Ernesto A Miranda and the state of Arizona Reporter volume number The number preceding the reporter name indicates the reporter volume containing the case (The volume number appears on the spine of the reporter, along with the reporter name) Reporter name The reporter name is abbreviated The suit in the sample citation is from the reporter, or series of books, called U.S Reports, which contains cases from the U.S Supreme Court (Numerous reporters publish cases from the federal and state courts.) W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F Reporter page The number following the reporter name indicates the reporter page on which the case begins Additional reporter page Many cases may be found in more than one reporter The suit in the sample citation also appears in volume 86 of the Supreme Court Reporter, beginning on page 1602 Additional reporter citation The suit in the sample citation is also reported in volume 16 of the Lawyer’s Edition, second series, beginning on page 694 Year of decision The year the court issued its decision in the case appears in parentheses at the end of the cite A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PREFACE Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Pub L No 103–159, 107 Stat 1536 (18 U.S.C.A §§ 921–925A) Statute title Public law number In the sample citation, the number 103 indicates this law was passed by the 103d Congress, and the number 159 indicates it was the 159th law passed by that Congress Reporter volume number The number preceding the reporter abbreviation indicates the reporter volume containing the statute Reporter name The reporter name is abbreviated The statute in the sample citation is from Statutes at Large Reporter page The number following the reporter abbreviation indicates the reporter page on which the statute begins W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F Title number Federal laws are divided into major sections with specific titles The number preceding a reference to the U.S Code stands for the section called Crimes and Criminal Procedure Additional reporter The statute in the sample citation may also be found in the U.S Code Annotated Section numbers The section numbers following a reference to the U.S Code Annotated indicate where the statute appears in that reporter A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n XI 468 ABBREVIATIONS CERCLA cert CETA C&F CFC CFE Treaty C.F & I C.F.R CFNP CFTA CFTC Ch CHAMPVA CHEP CHINS CHIPS Ch.N.Y Chr Rob CIA CID C.I.F CINCNORAD C.I.O CIPE C.J CJIS C.J.S Claims Arb under Spec Conv., Nielsen’s Rept W E S T ’ S Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 Certiorari Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Cost and freight Chlorofluorocarbon Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty of 1990 Cost, freight, and insurance Code of Federal Regulations Community Food and Nutrition Program Canadian Free Trade Agreement Commodity Futures Trading Commission Chancery Division, English Law Reports Civilian Health and Medical Program at the Veterans Administration Cuban/Haitian Entrant Program Children in need of supervision Child in need of protective services Chancery Reports, New York Christopher Robinson, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Admiralty (1801-1808) Central Intelligence Agency Commercial Item Descriptions Cost, insurance, and freight Commander in Chief, North American Air Defense Command Congress of Industrial Organizations Center for International Private Enterprise Chief justice Criminal Justice Information Services Corpus Juris Secundum Frederick Kenelm Nielsen, American and British Claims Arbitration under the Special Agreement Concluded between the United States and Great Britain, August 18, 1910 (1926) E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F CLASP CLE CLEO CLP CLS C.M.A CMEA CMHS C.M.R CNN CNO CNOL CNR CO C.O.D COGP COINTELPRO Coke Rep COLA COMCEN Comp Conn CONTU Conv COPA COPS Corbin CORE Cox’s Crim Cases COYOTE A M E R I C A N Center for Law and Social Policy Center for Law and Education; Continuing Legal Education Council on Legal Education Opportunity; Chief Law Enforcement Officer Communist Labor Party of America Christian Legal Society; critical legal studies (movement); Critical Legal Studies (membership organization) Court of Military Appeals Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Center for Mental Health Services Court of Military Review Cable News Network Chief of Naval Operations Consolidated net operating loss Chicago and Northwestern Railway Conscientious Objector Cash on delivery Commission on Government Procurement Counterintelligence Program Coke’s English King’s Bench Reports Cost-of-living adjustment Federal Communications Center Compilation Connecticut Reports National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works Convention Child Online Protection Act (1998) Community Oriented Policing Services Arthur L Corbin, Corbin on Contracts: A Comprehensive Treatise on the Rules of Contract Law (1950) Congress on Racial Equality Cox’s Criminal Cases (England) Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics L A W , n d E d i t i o n ABBREVIATIONS CPA CPB CPI CPPA CPSC Cranch CRF CRR CRS CRT CSA CSAP CSAT CSC CSCE CSG CSO CSP C-SPAN CSRS CSWPL CTA Ct Ap D.C Ct App No Ireland Ct Cl Ct Crim Apps CTI Ct of Sess., Scot CU CUNY Cush CWA W E S T ’ S Certified public accountant Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Consumer Price Index Child Pornography Prevention Act Consumer Product Safety Commission Cranch’s United States Supreme Court Reports Constitutional Rights Foundation Center for Constitutional Rights Congressional Research Service; Community Relations Service Critical race theory Community Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Civil Service Commission Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Council of State Governments Community Service Organization Center for the Study of the Presidency Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network Cooperative State Research Service Center on Social Welfare Policy and Law Cum testamento annexo (with the will attached) Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Court of Appeals, Northern Ireland Court of Claims, United States Court of Criminal Appeals (England) Consolidated taxable income Court of Sessions, Scotland Credit union City University of New York Cushing’s Massachusetts Reports Civil Works Administration; Clean Water Act E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F DACORB Dall DAR DARPA DAVA D.C D.C Del D.C Mass D.C Md D.C.N.D.Cal D.C.N.Y D.C.Pa DCS DCZ DDT DEA Decl Lond Dev & B DFL DFTA Dig U.S Practice in Intl Law Dist Ct D.L.R DMCA DNA Dnase DNC DOC DOD DODEA Dodson DOE A M E R I C A N Department of the Army Conscientious Objector Review Board Dallas’s Pennsylvania and United States Reports Daughters of the American Revolution Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Audiovisual Agency United States District Court; District of Columbia United States District Court, Delaware United States District Court, Massachusetts United States District Court, Maryland United States District Court, Northern District, California United States District Court, New York United States District Court, Pennsylvania Deputy Chiefs of Staff District of the Canal Zone Dichlorodiphenyltricloroethane Drug Enforcement Administration Declaration of London, February 26, 1909 Devereux & Battle’s North Carolina Reports Minnesota DemocraticFarmer-Labor Department for the Aging Digest of U.S Practice in International Law D.C United States District Court, District of Columbia Dominion Law Reports (Canada) Digital Millennium Copyright Act Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribonuclease Democratic National Committee Department of Commerce Department of Defense Department of Defense Education Activity Dodson’s Reports, English Admiralty Courts Department of Energy L A W , n d E d i t i o n 469 470 ABBREVIATIONS DOER DOJ DOL DOMA DOS DOT DPT DRI DSAA DUI DVD DWI EAHCA EBT E.coli ECPA ECSC EDA EDF E.D.N.Y EDP E.D Pa EDSC EDT E.D Va EEC EEOC EFF EFT Eliz Em App ENE Eng Rep EOP EPA W E S T ’ S Department of Employee Relations Department of Justice Department of Labor Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 Disk operating system Department of Transportation Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus Defense Research Institute Defense Security Assistance Agency Driving under the influence; driving under intoxication Digital versatile disc Driving while intoxicated Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 Examination before trial Escherichia coli Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 Treaty of the European Coal and Steel Community Economic Development Administration Environmental Defense Fund Eastern District, New York Electronic data processing Eastern-District, Pennsylvania Eastern District, South Carolina Eastern daylight time Eastern District, Virginia European Economic Community; European Economic Community Treaty Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic funds transfer Queen Elizabeth (Great Britain) Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals Early neutral evaluation English Reports Executive Office of the President Environmental Protection Agency; Equal Pay Act of 1963 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F ERA ERDC ERISA ERS ERTA ESA ESF ESRD ETA ETS et seq EU Euratom Eur Ct H.R Ex Exch Ex Com Eximbank F F 2d FAA FAAA FACE FACT FAIRA FAMLA Fannie Mae FAO FAR A M E R I C A N Equal Rights Amendment Energy Research and Development Commission Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 Economic Research Service Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Emergency support function; Economic Support Fund End-Stage Renal Disease Program Employment and Training Administration Environmental tobacco smoke Et sequentes or et sequentia (‘‘and the following’’) European Union European Atomic Energy Community European Court of Human Rights English Exchequer Reports, Welsby, Hurlstone & Gordon Exchequer Reports (Welsby, Hurlstone & Gordon) Executive Committee of the National Security Council Export-Import Bank of the United States Federal Reporter Federal Reporter, Second Series Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Arbitration Act Federal Alcohol Administration Act Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994 Feminist Anti-Censorship Task Force Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Federal National Mortgage Association Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Federal Acquisition Regulations L A W , n d E d i t i o n ABBREVIATIONS FAS FBA FBI FCA F Cas FCC FCIA FCIC FCLAA FCRA FCU FCUA FCZ FDA FDIC FDPC FEC FECA Fed Cas FEHA FEHBA FEMA FERC FFB FFDC FGIS FHA FHAA FHWA FIA FIC FICA FIFRA W E S T ’ S Foreign Agricultural Service Federal Bar Association Federal Bureau of Investigation Farm Credit Administration Federal Cases Federal Communications Commission Foreign Credit Insurance Association Federal Crop Insurance Corporation Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Federal credit unions Federal Credit Union Act Fishery Conservation Zone Food and Drug Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Data Processing Center Federal Election Commission Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 Federal Cases Fair Employment and Housing Act Federal Employees Health Benefit Act Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federal Financing Bank Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act Federal Grain Inspection Service Federal Housing Administration Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1998 Federal Highway Administration Federal Insurance Administration Federal Information Centers; Federation of Insurance Counsel Federal Insurance Contributions Act Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F FIP FIRREA FISA FISC FJC FLSA FMC FMCS FmHA FMLA FNMA F.O.B FOIA FOMC FPA FPC FPMR FPRS FR FRA FRB FRC F.R.D FSA FSB FSLIC FSQS FSS F Supp FTA FTC FTCA FTS FTS2000 FUCA A M E R I C A N Forestry Incentives Program Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Federal Judicial Center Fair Labor Standards Act Federal Maritime Commission Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service Farmers Home Administration Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Federal National Mortgage Association, ‘‘Fannie Mae‘ Free on board Freedom of Information Act Federal Open Market Committee Federal Power Act of 1935 Federal Power Commission Federal Property Management Regulations Federal Property Resources Service Federal Register Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Board Federal Radio Commission Federal Rules Decisions Family Support Act Federal’naya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti (the Federal Security Service of Russia) Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation Food Safety and Quality Service Federal Supply Service Federal Supplement U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement of 1988 Federal Trade Commission Federal Tort Claims Act Federal Telecommunications System Federal Telecommunications System 2000 Federal Unemployment Compensation Act of 1988 L A W , n d E d i t i o n 471 472 ABBREVIATIONS FUTA FWPCA FWS GAL GAO GAOR GAAP GA Res GATT GCA Gen Cls Comm Geo II Geo III GHB GI GID GM GNMA GNP GOP GOPAC GPA GPO GRAS Gr Br., Crim Ct App GRNL GSA Hackworth Hay and Marriott W E S T ’ S Federal Unemployment Tax Act Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 Fish and Wildlife Service Guardian ad litem General Accounting Office; Governmental Affairs Office General Assembly Official Records, United Nations Generally accepted accounting principles General Assembly Resolution (United Nations) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gun Control Act General Claims Commission, United States and Panama; General Claims United States and Mexico King George II (Great Britain) King George III (Great Britain) Gamma-hydroxybutrate Government Issue General Intelligence Division General Motors Government National Mortgage Association, ‘‘Ginnie Mae‘ Gross national product Grand Old Party (Republican Party) Grand Old Party Action Committee Office of Governmental and Public Affairs Government Printing Office Generally recognized as safe Great Britain, Court of Criminal Appeals Gay Rights-National Lobby General Services Administration Green Haywood Hackworth, Digest of International Law (1940-1944) Great Britain High Court of Admiralty, Decisions in the High Court of Admiralty during the Time of Sir George Hay and of Sir James Marriott, Late Judges of That Court (1801) E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F HBO HCFA H.Ct HDS Hen & M HEW HFCA HGI HHS Hill HIRE HIV H.L H Lords HMO HNIS Hong Kong L.R How How St Trials HUAC HUD Hudson, Internatl Legis Hudson, World Court Reps Hun Hunt’s Rept IAEA IALL A M E R I C A N Home Box Office Health Care Financing Administration High Court Office of Human Development Services Hening & Munford’s Virginia Reports Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Health Care Financing Administration Handgun Control, Incorporated Department of Health and Human Services Hill’s New York Reports Help through Industry Retraining and Employment Human immunodeficiency virus House of Lords Cases (England) House of Lords (England) Health Maintenance Organization Human Nutrition Information Service Hong Kong Law Reports Howard’s United States Supreme Court Reports Howell’s English State Trials House Un-American Activities Committee Department of Housing and Urban Development Manley Ottmer Hudson, ed., International Legislation: A Collection of the Texts of Multipartite International Instruments of General Interest Beginning with the Covenant of the League of Nations (1931) Manley Ottmer Hudson, ea., World Court Reports (1934- ) Hun’s New York Supreme Court Reports Bert L Hunt, Report of the American and Panamanian General Claims Arbitration (1934) International Atomic Energy Agency International Association of Law Libraries L A W , n d E d i t i o n ABBREVIATIONS IBA IBM ICA ICBM ICC ICJ ICM IDEA IDOP IEP IFC IGRA IJA IJC ILC ILD Ill Dec ILO IMF INA IND INF Treaty INS INTELSAT Interpol Int’l Law Reps Intl Legal Mats IOC IPDC IPO IPP IQ I.R W E S T ’ S International Bar Association International Business Machines Interstate Commerce Act Intercontinental ballistic missile Interstate Commerce Commission; International Criminal Court International Court of Justice Institute for Court Management Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975 International Dolphin Conservation Program Individualized educational program International Finance Corporation Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 Institute of Judicial Administration International Joint Commission International Law Commission International Labor Defense Illinois Decisions International Labor Organization International Monetary Fund Immigration and Nationality Act Investigational new drug Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 Immigration and Naturalization Service International Telecommunications Satellite Organization International Criminal Police Organization International Law Reports International Legal Materials International Olympic Committee International Program for the Development of Communication Intellectual Property Owners Independent power producer Intelligence quotient Irish Reports E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F IRA IRC IRCA IRS ISO ISP ISSN ITA ITI ITO ITS ITT ITU IUD IWC IWW JAGC JCS JDL JNOV JOBS John Ch Johns JP K.B KFC KGB KKK KMT LAD A M E R I C A N Individual retirement account; Irish Republican Army Internal Revenue Code Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Internal Revenue Service Independent service organization Internet service provider International Standard Serial Numbers International Trade Administration Information Technology Integration International Trade Organization Information Technology Service International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation International Telecommunication Union Intrauterine device International Whaling Commission Industrial Workers of the World Judge Advocate General’s Corps Joint Chiefs of Staff Jewish Defense League Judgment non obstante veredicto (‘‘judgment nothing to recommend it’’ or ‘‘judgment notwithstanding the verdict’’) Jobs Opportunity and Basic Skills Johnson’s New York Chancery Reports Johnson’s Reports (New York) Justice of the peace King’s Bench Reports (England) Kentucky Fried Chicken Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (the State Security Committee for countries in the former Soviet Union) Ku Klux Klan Kuomintang (Chinese, ‘‘national people’s party’’) Law Against Discrimination L A W , n d E d i t i o n 473 474 ABBREVIATIONS LAPD LC LCHA LD50 LDEF LDF LEAA L.Ed LI LLC LLP LMSA LNTS Lofft’s Rep L.R LSAC LSAS LSAT LSC LSD LSDAS LTBT LTC MAD MADD MALDEF Malloy Martens W E S T ’ S Los Angeles Police Department Library of Congress Longshoremen’s and Harbor Workers Compensation Act of 1927 Lethal dose 50 Legal Defense and Education Fund (NOW) Legal Defense Fund, Legal Defense and Educational Fund of the NAACP Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Lawyers’ Edition Supreme Court Reports Letter of interpretation Limited Liability Company Limited Liability Partnership Labor-Management Services Administration League of Nations Treaty Series Lofft’s English King’s Bench Reports Law Reports (English) Law School Admission Council Law School Admission Service Law School Aptitude Test Legal Services Corporation; Legal Services for Children Lysergic acid diethylamide Law School Data Assembly Service Limited Test Ban Treaty Long Term Care Mutual assured destruction Mothers against Drunk Driving Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund William M Malloy, ed., Treaties, Conventions International Acts, Protocols, and Agreements between the United States of America and Other Powers (1910-1938) Georg Friedrich von Martens, ea., Noveau recueil general de traites et ´ ´ ´ autres actes relatifs aux rapports de droit international (Series I, 20 vols [1843-1875]; Series E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F Mass MCC MCCA MCH MCRA MDA Md App M.D Ga Mercy Metc MFDP MGT MHSS Miller Minn MINS MIRV MIRVed ICBM Misc Mixed Claims Comm., Report of Decs M.J MLAP MLB MLDP MMI MMPA Mo MOD Mod A M E R I C A N II, 35 vols [1876-1908]; Series III [1909- ]) Massachusetts Reports Metropolitan Correctional Center Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 Maternal and Child Health Bureau Medical Care Recovery Act of 1962 Medical Devices Amendments of 1976 Maryland, Appeal Cases Middle District, Georgia Movement Ensuring the Right to Choose for Yourself Metcalf ’s Massachusetts Reports Mississippi Freedom Democratic party Management Military Health Services System David Hunter Miller, ea., Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America (1931-1948) Minnesota Reports Minors in need of supervision Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicled intercontinental ballistic missile Miscellaneous Reports, New York Mixed Claims Commission, United States and Germany, Report of Decisions Military Justice Reporter Migrant Legal Action Program Major League Baseball Mississippi Loyalist Democratic Party Moslem Mosque, Incorporated Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 Missouri Reports Masters of Deception Modern Reports, English King’s Bench, etc L A W , n d E d i t i o n ABBREVIATIONS Moore, Dig Intl Law Moore, Intl Arbs Morison M.P MP3 MPAA MPAS MPEG mpg MPPDA MPRSA M.R MS-DOS MSHA MSPB MSSA N/A NAACP NAAQS NAB NABSW NACDL NAFTA NAGHSR NALA NAM NAR W E S T ’ S John Bassett Moore, A Digest of International Law, vols (1906) John Bassett Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to Which United States Has Been a Party, vols (1898) William Maxwell Morison, The Scots Revised Report: Morison’s Dictionary of Decisions (1908-09) Member of Parliament MPEG Audio Layer Motion Picture Association of America Michigan Protection and Advocacy Service Motion Picture Experts Group Miles per gallon Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Master of the Rolls Microsoft Disk Operating System Mine Safety and Health Administration Merit Systems Protection Board Military Selective Service Act Not Available National Association for the Advancement of Colored People National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Association of Broadcasters National Association of Black Social Workers National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers North American Free Trade Agreement of 1993 National Association of Governors’ Highway Safety Representatives National Association of Legal Assistants National Association of Manufacturers National Association of Realtors E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F NARAL NARF NARS NASA NASD NATO NAVINFO NAWSA NBA NBC NBLSA NBS NCA NCAA NCAC NCCB NCE NCF NCIP NCJA NCLB NCP NCSC NCUA NDA N.D Ill NDU N.D Wash N.E N.E 2d NEA A M E R I C A N National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League Native American Rights Fund National Archives and Record Service National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Association of Securities Dealers North Atlantic Treaty Organization Navy Information Offices National American Woman’s Suffrage Association National Bar Association; National Basketball Association National Broadcasting Company National Black Law Student Association National Bureau of Standards Noise Control Act; National Command Authorities National Collegiate Athletic Association National Coalition against Censorship National Consumer Cooperative Bank Northwest Community Exchange National Chamber Foundation National Crime Insurance Program National Criminal Justice Association National Civil Liberties Bureau National contingency plan National Center for State Courts National Credit Union Administration New drug application Northern District, Illinois National Defense University Northern District, Washington North Eastern Reporter North Eastern Reporter, Second Series National Endowment for the Arts; National Education Association L A W , n d E d i t i o n 475 476 ABBREVIATIONS NEH NEPA NET Act NFIB NFIP NFL NFPA NGLTF NHL NHRA NHTSA Nielsen’s Rept NIEO NIGC NIH NIJ NIRA NIST N.J N.J Super NLEA NLRA NLRB NMFS No NOAA NOC NOI NOL W E S T ’ S National Endowment for the Humanities National Environmental Protection Act; National Endowment Policy Act No Electronic Theft Act National Federation of Independent Businesses National Flood Insurance Program National Football League National Federation of Paralegal Associations National Gay and Lesbian Task Force National Hockey League Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Frederick Kenelm Nielsen, American and British Claims Arbitration under the Special Agreement Concluded between the United States and Great Britain, August 18, 1910 (1926) New International Economic Order National Indian Gaming Commission National Institutes of Health National Institute of Justice National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933; National Industrial Recovery Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology New Jersey Reports New Jersey Superior Court Reports Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 National Labor Relations Act National Labor Relations Board National Marine Fisheries Service Number National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Olympic Committee Nation of Islam Net operating loss E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F NORML NOW NOW LDEF NOW/PAC NPDES NPL NPR NPT NRA NRC NRLC NRTA NSA NSC NSCLC NSF NSFNET NSI NTIA NTID NTIS NTS NTSB NVRA N.W N.W 2d NWSA N.Y N.Y 2d N.Y.S A M E R I C A N National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws National Organization for Women National Organization for Women Legal Defense and Education Fund National Organization for Women Political Action Committee National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System National priorities list National Public Radio Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1970 National Rifle Association; 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Vermont, on March 5, 193 9 FURTHER READINGS Justice Department 199 1 200th Anniversary of the Office of the Attorney General, 17 89? ?? 198 9 Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice, Office of Attorney General... ❖ ◆ 195 0 191 4–18 World War I W E S T ’ S 195 5 Problems of Codification of Commercial Law published 193 3 Earned Dr Jur from University of Munich 190 9 Born, Munich, Germany 195 0 Comparative Law: