Thông tin tài liệu
CATARACT SURGERY
Edited by Farhan Husain Zaidi
Cataract Surgery
Edited by Farhan Husain Zaidi
Contributors
Matthew A. Cantrell, Heather R. Bream-Rouwenhorst, Christopher Watts, Thomas A. Oetting,
James A. Davison, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Mammie Motiang, Alparslan Apan, F.J. Ascaso, V.
Huerva, Farhan Husain Zaidi, Radin Tahvildari, Hanieh Fattahi, Ahmad Amjadi, Yury Spirochkin,
Takao Tanaka, Maiko Hirose, Shigemitu Ishii, Satoshi Fujita, Keisuke Kimura, Allan
Storr-Paulsen, Anders Behndig, Björn Lundberg, Gunnie Bäckström, Taiji Sakamoto, Toshio
Hisatomi, Anselmo G. De Oliveira, José A. Cardillo, Fernando Paganelli, Acácio A. S. Lima-Filho,
Arnóbio A. Da Silva-Júnior, Atilla Bayer, Rehab Ismail, Ahmed Sallam, Emin Kurt, Hüseyin
Mayalı, Baseer U. Ahmad, Igor Estrovich, Thomas Steinemann, Elvis Ojaimi, David T. Wong,
Avinash Pathengay, Stephen G. Schwartz, Harry W. Flynn Jr., Darlene Miller, Rosario Díez,
Lourdes Jordano, César Hita, Miltiadis K Tsilimbaris, Chrysanthi Tsika, Vasilios Diakonis,
Aleksandra Karavitaki, Ioannis Pallikaris, Ramin Daneshvar, George K. Andrikopoulos,
Sotirios P. Gartaganis, Kemal Örnek, A.C. Schefler, T.G. Murray, Nel T. Tijmes, Lawan Abdu
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2013 InTech
All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license,
which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial
purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum
dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by
InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they
are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or
personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.
Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and
not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy
of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for
any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials,
instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic
Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team
First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Cataract Surgery, Edited by Farhan Husain Zaidi
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0975-4
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Pre-Operative Care 1
Chapter 1 Pathophysiology and Pre-Operative Evaluation of Patients
at Risk for Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS) 3
Matthew A. Cantrell, Heather R. Bream-Rouwenhorst,
Christopher Watts and Thomas A. Oetting
Chapter 2 Prevention and Management of
Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome 15
James A. Davison
Chapter 3 Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Use in Cataract Surgery
and Combined with Posterior Vitrectomy 31
Hiroshi Kobayashi
Chapter 4 Pre-Operative Evaluation 43
Mammie Motiang
Chapter 5 Anaesthetic Management in Cataract Surgery 53
Alparslan Apan
Section 2 Operative Surgery and the History of Cataract Surgery 73
Chapter 6 The History of Cataract Surgery 75
F.J. Ascaso and V. Huerva
Chapter 7 Major Advances in Cataract Surgery 91
Farhan Husain Zaidi
Chapter 8 In-Vitro Thermal Study of Different Tips in Various Operating
Modes of the Sina Phacoemulsification System 105
Radin Tahvildari, Hanieh Fattahi and Ahmad Amjadi
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Hydrodynamic Analysis and Irrigation Device Design
for the Coaxial and Bimanual Phacoemulsification
Techniques in Cataract Surgery 121
Yury Spirochkin
Chapter 10 Dual OVD (Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices)
Sealing Technique 137
Takao Tanaka, Maiko Hirose, Shigemitu Ishii,
Satoshi Fujita and Keisuke Kimura
Chapter 11 Management of Intraocular Floppy
Iris Syndrome (IFIS) in Cataract Surgery 143
Allan Storr-Paulsen
Chapter 12 Intracameral Mydriatics in Cataract Surgery 149
Anders Behndig, Björn Lundberg and Gunnie Bäckström
Chapter 13 Chromovitrectomy in
Vitreous Loss During Cataract Surgery 173
Taiji Sakamoto and Toshio Hisatomi
Chapter 14 Trans-Scleral Controlled-Release of
Drugs for Cataract Surgery 183
Anselmo G. De Oliveira, José A. Cardillo, Fernando Paganelli,
Acácio A. S. Lima-Filho and Arnóbio A. Da Silva-Júnior
Chapter 15 Combined Cataract and Glaucoma Surgery 197
Atilla Bayer
Section 3 Complications 219
Chapter 16 Complications Associated with Cataract Surgery 221
Rehab Ismail and Ahmed Sallam
Chapter 17 Early Post-Operative Complications in Cataract Surgery 245
Emin Kurt and Hüseyin Mayalı
Chapter 18 Post-Operative Infections Associated
with Cataract Surgery 259
Baseer U. Ahmad, Igor Estrovich and Thomas Steinemann
Chapter 19 Endophthalmitis, Prevention and Treatment 265
Elvis Ojaimi and David T. Wong
Chapter 20 Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery:
Clinical Features, Treatment and Prophylaxis 285
Avinash Pathengay, Stephen G. Schwartz,
Harry W. Flynn Jr. and Darlene Miller
Contents VII
Chapter 21 Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) and
Prophylaxis Against Postoperative Endophthalmitis 301
Rosario Díez, Lourdes Jordano and César Hita
Chapter 22 Macular Edema and Cataract Surgery 323
Miltiadis K Tsilimbaris, Chrysanthi Tsika,
Vasilios Diakonis, Aleksandra Karavitaki and Ioannis Pallikaris
Section 4 Cataract Surgery in Special Situations 337
Chapter 23 Cataract Surgery and Dry Eye 339
Ramin Daneshvar
Chapter 24 Pseudoexfoliation and Cataract 353
George K. Andrikopoulos and Sotirios P. Gartaganis
Chapter 25 Cataract Surgery in Retina Patients 371
Kemal Örnek
Chapter 26 Cataract Surgery in Patients with a History of
Retinoblastoma and Melanoma 391
A.C. Schefler and T.G. Murray
Chapter 27 Cataract Surgery in People
with a Severe Learning Disorder 407
Nel T. Tijmes
Chapter 28 The Management of Age Related Cataract
in Sub-Saharan Africa 419
Lawan Abdu
Preface
It has been a privilege to have been tasked with editing a book with an international
authorship including many distinguished contributors on the topic of cataract surgery.
Not only is cataract surgery the most commonly performed operation in the world but
cataract remains the leading cause of blindness worldwide.
Inevitably one must decide which topics to focus discussion on in such a work to make
it readable, original, and lasting. The generality of the field of cataract surgery is
considered, often through gaining a deeper insight by considering the development of
advances in the field. More specific discussions have focussed on areas that have
remained and likely will remain topical owing to their practical importance. I have
sought to include work which is original but which underpins core aspects to the
overall field of cataract surgery.
This book is divided into four sections. The first, Pre-operative Care, is considered
from a variety of perspectives – the pathophysiology of floppy iris syndrome, an area
that has been topical for the best part of a decade, as well as how to reduce risk to
patients from this condition. Also included are studies clearly and concisely
considering the effects of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs in cataract and
vitreoretinal surgery, followed by a broader overview of pre-operative assessment in
patients undergoing cataract surgery.
In the second section, Operative Surgery and the History of Cataract Surgery, a variety
of topics are introduced by study of the main milestones in the development of
cataract surgery, both directly but also by studying the effects of parallel advances in
vision science especially optics. The chapter on Major Advances in Cataract Surgery,
which I wrote myself, I included despite my duality of interest as Editor as the
publishing house and my predecessor as Editor, who started the project accepted the
Chapter for publication, and it remained relevant to the final book. After these
overviews of cataract surgery surgical instrumentation and fluidics are discussed from
a physical scientific and mathematical perspective. Studies on the use of ophthalmic
viscosurgical devices to reduce intraocular pressure rises in small incision cataract
surgery are presented, a topic that leads to discussions of the management of
intraocular floppy iris syndrome. These are followed by descriptions of studies of a
variety of pharmacological adjuncts administered during cataract surgery. Technical
X Preface
considerations are discussed in cataract surgery when combined with trabeculectomy,
non-penetrating glaucoma surgery, and less common glaucoma procedures.
In the third section of the book, Complications, in addition to a broad overview of
problems from cataract surgery, the topic of endophthalmitis and its differential
diagnoses includingtoxic anterior segment syndrome are considered in depth by a
number of authors from different perspectives. The problem of postoperative macular
oedema is also considered from basic scientific, pharmacological and clinical
perspectives.
In the final section, Cataract Surgery in Special Situations, both specific conditions and
extreme environments are considered. The common problem of dry eye, both before
and after cataract surgery, is discussed with exceptional clarity including rarely
described insights into the underlying anatomy and disturbed pathophysiology of the
condition in the context of cataract surgery. The implications to the management of
cataract posed by pseudoexfoliation, as well as both common and rare retinal diseases,
and the very rare but important situation of patients with a history of intraocular
tumours are considered in this context also. In the last two chapters the challenges
posed by patients with severe learning disorders in the Netherlands are discussed,
contrasting with the problems posed by even routine cataract surgery in sub-Saharan
Africa.
A multi-author works poses editorial challenges, especially when the contributions
involve a combination of topics ranging from the history of medicine through to
highly technical descriptions of experiments from both the physical and biological
sciences, including submissions from many different continents. After the importance
of the topic itself my next consideration has been the clarity of presentation. Some
otherwise interesting submissions could not be accepted for this reason only. With the
staff from the publishing house I permitted the contributors to express themselves in
the language of the international medical and scientific community in the field which
uses both British English and American English. References have been accommodated
in House Style or, owing to the sheer variety of articles, a format very closely
resembling it balancing uniformity and readability with technical clarity. The choice of
chapters should also ensure the book, or at least large sections of it, remain
significantly useful and informative into the future in what is an ever-developing field
which is continually advancing on many fronts.
Farhan Husain Zaidi
Consultant Ophthalmic Surgeon, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Kent,
Honorary Fellow, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London,
UK
[...]... 2006; Venkatesh et al., 2007) Aside from IFIS, α1AR antagonist therapy prior to cataract surgery has been shown to predispose patients to complications following cataract surgery (Bell et al., 2009) A nested case control study examined health care records of 96,128 Canadian men aged 66 years or older who had undergone cataract surgery over a 5 year period Post-operative complications that were examined... iris prolapse during cataract surgery (Chang & Campbell, 2005) While α1AR antagonists are often used for various urological conditions, they also block α1AR receptors in the iris dilator muscle and may worsen muscle tone and lead to the iris billowing sometimes seen in cataract surgery Without adequate pupil dilation, IFIS reduces visualization of the surgical field, including the cataract itself This... hyperplasia Ann Pharmacother, Vol.44, No.2, (February 2010), pp 302-310 12 Cataract Surgery Chang, DF & Campbell, JR (2005) Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with tamsulosin J Cataract Refract Surg, Vol.31, No.4, (April 2005), pp 664-673 Chang, DF.; Osher, RH & Wang, L et al (2007) Prospective multicenter evaluation of cataract surgery in patients taking tamsulosin (Flomax) Ophthalmology Vol.114,... zonule character So a 4.5 mm pupil in a normal eye with an average character cataract of LOCS III NO 3.7 NC 3.7, (Chylack 1993) will likely be maintained because surgery should be routine, brief, and uneventful But that same pupil size may not be 16 Cataract Surgery maintainable during a longer more difficult case such as if the cataract is very soft, very hard, or if it is accompanied by an inherently... poor muscle tone and the subsequent iris billowing sometimes seen in cataract surgery (Schwinn & Afshari, 2006) Figure 1 illustrates the clinical dilemma of IFIS and the subsequent potential for surgical complications Adapted or Reprinted with permission from 'Editorials: Floppy Iris Syndrome: Why BPH Treatment Can Complicate Cataract Surgery, ' June 15, 2009, American Family Physician Copyright © 2009... significantly increased with exposure to other α1AR antagonists or to previous exposure to tamsulosin or other α1AR antagonists However, tamsulosin use within 14 days of cataract surgery increased the risk for complications 10 Cataract Surgery Currently, risk of IFIS has only been associated with systemic use of α1AR antagonists In a study comparing the incidence of IFIS between topical and systemic... history of α1AR antagonists is poor pupillary dilation (Oetting, 2009) This can and should be noted during the office pre-operative cataract surgery evaluation, and not just on the day of surgery When the pupil does not dilate well, the surgeon should be wary of IFIS during surgery Although poor dilation can also be a harbinger of other intra ocular conditions such as pseudoexfoliation and trauma, recognition... Rights Reserved Fig 1 Iris damage following cataract surgery in a patient taking tamsulosin Although Chang and Campbell first associated IFIS with tamsulosin in 2005, other available α1AR antagonists were subsequently linked to IFIS as well (Dhingra et al., 2007; Herd, 2007; Package insert Rapaflo, 2008; Settas & Fitt, 2006; Venkatesh et al., 2007) 6 Cataract Surgery Potentially, the high α1AAR-specific... during surgery needs to be a critical part of the surgery planning process Whatever the pupil diameter is at the start of a case, it will only stay the same or get smaller as the case goes on We have a good estimate of surgical pupil size when we see patients in the office so we can plan ahead Sometimes the pupil gets larger before surgery vs the clinic because of the stronger drops used in surgery. .. had no history of tamsulosin exposure Furthermore, IFIS was reported in both eyes of the five patients taking tamsulosin that required bilateral cataract surgery Despite the authors' initial identification of a potentially serious complication of cataract surgery, reported limitations of the study include lack of covariate data and the modest reported use of α1AR antagonists at 1.9% (Chang & Campbell, . Section 2 Operative Surgery and the History of Cataract Surgery 73 Chapter 6 The History of Cataract Surgery 75 F.J. Ascaso and V. Huerva Chapter 7 Major Advances in Cataract Surgery 91 Farhan. Chapter 23 Cataract Surgery and Dry Eye 339 Ramin Daneshvar Chapter 24 Pseudoexfoliation and Cataract 353 George K. Andrikopoulos and Sotirios P. Gartaganis Chapter 25 Cataract Surgery in. distinguished contributors on the topic of cataract surgery. Not only is cataract surgery the most commonly performed operation in the world but cataract remains the leading cause of blindness
Ngày đăng: 29/03/2014, 21:20
Xem thêm: CATARACT SURGERY pdf, CATARACT SURGERY pdf