Báo cáo khoa học: Hư từ khẩu ngữ trong Quốc Âm thi tập của Nguyễn Trãi pptx

^ Hu tCr khau ngur trong Quoc am thi tap cua Nguyin Trai HA THUY ANH* 1. Md dau Hfl tfl la nhflng tfl khdng cd nghia bieu vat, ne chuyen dung phu cho ndng cdt cau de bieu thi thai do, tinh cam, danh gia cua chu the phat ngdn. Day la mdt loai tfl cd so' Ifldng khdng nhieu nhUng tin sd' sfl dung cao. Nhd cd cac hu tfl ma cau trd nen sinh ddng cd hdn hdn. Trong tac pham thd- mdt the loai yeu ciu cao trong viec Ifla chgn ngdn tfl viec sfl dung hu tfl thanh cdng khong chi khing dinh tai nang vfldt trdi cua ngUdi nghe si ma qua dd cdn tha'y gdp phin the the hien phong each nha van, truyen dat cai nhin, gigng dieu, ca tinh cua tac gia. Do vay cd the ndi, hu tfl la mdt trong nhflng yeu td' gifl vai trd quyet dinh ddi vdi toan bd cau trflc ngdn tfl trong tac pham. Nhan tha'y vai trd quan trgng cua viec sfl dung hu tfl trong ngdn ngfl thd ca, chflng tdi tien hanh tim hieu hU tfl khau ngfl trong tac pham thd Nora dau tien cua nen van hgc dan tgc - Quoc dm thi tap nhara chi ra nhflng dac diem cua viec sfl dung hU tfl khau ngfl, hieu qua cua viec sit dung cua nd va dac biet tha'y dUdc tai nang cua con ngUdi toan tai Nguyen Trai va y thfle sfl dung ngon tfl dan tgc cao do cua tac gia qud'c am. 2. Hv^ tii khau ngflf trong Quoc am thi tap cua Nguyen Trai Thd lam theo the Dudng luat khac vdi cac the van xudi, thudng it dung hu tfl. Quoc dm thi tap cd nhieu bai dUdc sang tac theo the that ngdn DUdng luat, cd nhieu bai dUdc cai bien tfl the thd dd. Nhflng khac vdi cac nha thd khac cflng thdi, trong thd Ndm Nguyin Trai sfl dung mdt sd' lUdng hu tfl dang ke. Tieng Viet Trung dai la thfl tieng dflde dung chu yeu treng khau ngfl. Nd la thfl ngdn ngfl chfla cd dflde sfl quan tara thich dang tfl cac gidi van hda. Mat khac, ve mat chflc nang (tfl vflng, ngfl phap) cua he thd'ng hu tfl chfla cd dflde sfl dinh hinh re net. Bdi vi cd nhflng hfl tfl vfla la thfle tfl vfla la hu tfl. Tflc la ndi ham ngfl nghia cua tfl chfla cd sfl khu biet rd rang. Vi vay de xac dinh cac bu tfl tren cin phai dfla vao ngfl canh cu the cfla cau thd de xac dinh. Tren cd sd li thuyet ve bU tfl va dac diem cua he thdng hU tfl thdi Trung dai, chflng tdi khio sat 245 bai thd trdng Qud'c dm thi tap. Qua khid sat chung tdi nhan thay cd nhflng diera dang ehfl y sau: Mot sd' hu tfl khdng phan dinh ngi ham nghia cua minh rd rang cho nen din Hk Thuy Anh, Dai hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen 76 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 10/2010 den tinh trang khdng phan dinh ranh gidi ro rang gifla thfle tfl va hfl tfl. Chang ban nhfl tfl "cho" cd luc dUdc sfl dung vdi tU each la met hU tfl lam nhiem Vu ndi ket trong cau nhU: U chd ni hay hpc cd nhdn, Lanh minh cho khoi dng phong vdn. (29/ 1 - 2) NhUng cd khi "cho" lai dUdc dung vdi tU each la mdt dgng tfl vdi y nghia ban phat nhfl: Bac mai vdng cue de cho con. Dac biet, trong thd Qudc dm Nguyen Trai cd nhflng hu tfl dflde sfl dung vdi nghia kha mdi me, hien dai se vdi thdi dd. Dien hinh nhU tfl "neu" xuat hien 23 lin va d mot so' cau thd nhU: - Neu cd dn thi cd lo. (20/1) - Neu cd sdu thi bo canh. (136/ 6) - Neu cd ngheo thi cd an. (144/ 8) Li giai sfl mdi me nay, tac gia Pham Thi Phfldng Thai da dfla ra cac cfl lieu xac dang dUa tren nhflng van ban dang tin cay va khang dinh; " chung ta cd the tin, thdi Nguyen Trdi dd diing td gid dinh "neu". Xet trong ngd cdnh cdu thd, td "neu" trong nhiiu cdu thd Ndm Nguyen Trdi hieu vdi nghia gid dinh se cd li hdn. [8, 97]. Ben canh nhflng trfldng hdp dac biet nhfl vfla neu, qua khae sat Qudc dm thi tap chung tdi nhan tha'y sd' lfldng hfl tfl dflde sfl dung vdi ti le rat eao. Theo thd'ng ke sd bg, cd khoang 130 hU tfl vdi 2090 Ifldt xuat hien, chiem 19,2% lUdt tfl cua tean bd tac pham, tflc la cfl gin nam tfl thi cd mdt tfl. Nhieu hU tfl cd tin so' lap lai cao nhfl: Lai (= them niifa): 39 lin Lai cd hoe hoa xen bdng liic. (197/ 3) Lai cd mpt cdnh ngodi dy re. (225/3) Chi: 47 lan Mdng chi phu quy nhpc khoe khoang. (192/ 2) Ao mac du chi qudn cii den. (140/ 4) Ay: 57 lin Thi thu thUc dy bdo ngdn ddi. (10/ 8) Au td Id dy yeu dUdng chua (158/ 5) Thi: 66 lin Hoa thi hay heo co thUdng tUcti. (120/ 6) Cd ke thi che cd ke khen. (124/ 2) Da: 100 lin Cd thud giang lau ngdy dd tdi. (122/ 7) Ddi lan dd mdy dng phdn hoa. (169/1) Chang (chang): 176 lan - Danh chdng chdc lpc chdng cdu Dupc dt chdng mdng mdt chdng du. (121/ 1 - 2) - Chdng khon, chdng dai, ludng Udng Udng Chdng dai, ngUdi hoa lai chdng thUdng. (157/ 1-2) Ngoai ra cdn cd: au (= hin la): 8 lan, nhiJng: 18 lan, vi: 23 lan, cho (= de ma): 23 lin, chufa (chfla): 33 lin, cung: 38 lin, chd: 42 lin, d: 49 Ian, qua:50 lin, con: 70 lin. Viec sfl dung hu tfl vdi sd Ifldng Idn, tin so' cao da tao nen nhflng dac diem rieng khac d Qudc dm thi tap. Cd the neu ra ragt sd' dac diem nhu sau: Xet ve vi trf xuat hien trong cau thi cac hfl tfl xuat hien d bat ki vi tri nao trong Hd Thiiy Anh - Hu ta khdu ngii trong Qudc dm thi teip ciia Nguyen Trdi 11 cau. Cd the d dau cau nhU: "Lai cd hoe hoa chen bdng luc" (197/ 3) bay d gifla cau nhU: "Au tU la dy yeu dUdng chua" (158, 5) va cd the d cudi cau nhU: "Lan, hue chdng thdm thi chd' (167/ 7). Cac hu tfl xua't hien d nhflng vi tri khac nhau trong cau tao cho cau thd gid'ng nhu nhflng ldi ndi thUdng ngay trdng cuoc song cua nhan dan. Ben canh sU cd mat cua cac hu tfl d nhflng vi tri khac nhau d trong cau thi chflng tdi nhan tha'y each dung hu tfl nay phin Idn la each dflng theo cfl phap khau ngfl. Chang ban nhU: - Dd biet cda quyen nhieu hiem hdc, Cho hay dUdng Ieii cUc quanh co. (20/ 5- 6) Nen thd nen thdy vi cd hpc. No dn no mac bdi hay ldm. (173/ 3- 4) Viec sfl dung hu tfl khau ngfl, cau true ngfl phap khau ngfl cdn gdp phin tao ra nhflng cau thd mang ngfl dieu khau ngfl nhu: - Cd biet ddu la sU the gian. (95/ 2) - Sen ndo cd ben trong ldm. (70/ 8) Dac biet treng Qudc dm thi tap tfl lap xuat hien kha nhieu va dac biet la lap d hu tfl vdi so' Ifldng rat Idn. Day la mdt trong nhflng dac diem rat mdi la cua thd Qudc dm bdi thd luat DUdng rat "ki" lap tfl va neu tac gia nao lap tfl se hi coi la "que". Tuy nhien thi qua qua trinh khao sat chung tdi nhan tha'y hien tUdng nay rat phd bien. Lap tfl khdng chi xua't hien d trong cau ma rat nhieu trUdng hdp lap d cac cau khac nhau trong bai. Cd the dUa ra mot so' vi du nhU: Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 2: Chdng khdn, chdng dpi, ludng Udng Udng. Chdng dpi, ngUdi hoa lai chang thUdng. (157/ 1 -2) Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 7: Chdng hay rap rap dd bd'n mUdi Phu quy chdng tham thanh tUa nUdc. (24/ 2- 7) Va mot dac diem khdng the khdng ndi den trong each dung bfl tfl cua tac gia Qud'c dm la each sfl dung hu tfl theo tuc ngfl, ca dao dan tdc. Dd la each mfldn y nhflng cau tuc ngfl, ca dao de sang tao nen nhflng cau thd cho rieng minh. Ching ban nhu Nguyin Trai mUdn nhflng cau tuc ngfl, ca dao ndi ve tinb chat nham hiem cua ldng ngUdi dudi che dg phong kien nhU: - Song sdu con cd ke do Long ngUefi nham hiem ai do cho ciing. - Khdu phat, tdm xd. Tac gii tao nen nhflng cau thd trong Qudc dm thi tap nhU: - Ngodi chUng mp chdn deu khong biet Bui mpt long ngUdi cUc hiem thay. (26/ 7-8) - Bi hiem nhdn gian ai ke biet Ghe thay thenUde vi qua mim. (115/ 7 -8) Qua mot so dac diem ndi bat vfla neu tren trong viec sfl dung hU tfl d Qudc dm thi tap, chflng tdi nhan tha'y: Nguyin Trai da sfl dung kha dat cac hu tfl. Dflng nhfl nha ngdn ngfl Hoang Thfly Chau tflng ndi "Khong CO ta ndo hay hefn ta ndo md chi cd nhang ta diing dung chd vd ta diing sai cho md thdi". Sfl dung hU tfl dung chd, Nguyin Trai da tao ra nhUng cau thd gian di, di hieu, gin gui va di vao tam hdn ngUdi Viet - nhflng cau thd "hodn todn 78 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 10/2010 Nom thUc sd' dem lai hieu qua nghe thuat cao nhU: Thdy ldi thi ldm cho phdi nghia MUa tdy mat khien lan long dam. (173/ 7-8) Dieu dd cdn gdp phin dien ta sau sac nhflng trang hudng tinh cam, thai do cua Nguyen Trai. Chang ban trong bai thd 167 Nguyen Trai viet: Lan, hue chdng hay thi chd Nd chi lai phdi chdn tank tao. (167/ 7-8) Vdi viec sfl dung cac hU tfl "chdng", "thi", "chd, "chi", "lai phdi", Nguyin Trai da tao nen cau thd gin gui vdi ldi ndi thudng va dien dat chfnh xac, cu the cam giac dau ddn cua ragt con ngUdi cdt each thanh tao lai phai sd'ng chdn bun nhd. 3. Ket luan Da hdn 6 the ki nhUng nhflng cau thd Quoc am thi tap van cdn gifl dUde ve tUdi mdi. Dieu dd nhd mot phan ddng gdp Idn cua hu tfl. Nhu da trinh bay thi hU tfl tuy khdng cd y nghia tfl vflng ro rang nhflng cd vai trd bet sfle quan trgng trong diin dat. Vdi viec dung nhflng hU tfl khau ngfl tren, Nguyen Trai da tao ra nhflng cau thd mang tinh triet If, ngan ggn nhU ldi an tieng ndi cua nhan dan nhUng cung het sfle can ddi, te nhi.Nhu vay vdi viec sfl dung nhflng hu tfl khau ngfl ndi rieng va ldi an tieng ndi cua nhan dan ndi chung, ldi diin dat trong cuoc song hang ngay vao thd Nora, chung ta cd the khing dinh: Nguyin Trai la ngUdi dau tien cd y thfle dfla phong each khau ngfl vao van hgc viet. Ddng thdi, qua dd, tac gia Qud'c am da nang ngdn ngfl tieng Viet giao tiep binh dan thanh ngdn ngfl tieng Viet van hda. Va thera ragt lin nfla khang dinh: Nguyen Trai da cira ragt cgt mdc quan trgng tren con dUdng tien len ciia dan tec ta. Cgt rade ay rat quan trgng del vdi dan tdc ta. Dung nhU Phara Van Ddng nhan xet: "Nguyen Trdi Id khi phdch ddn tpc, la tinh hoa ddn tpc. Su nghiep vd tdc phdm cua Nguyen Trdi la mpt bdi ca yeu nUdc vd tu hao ddn tdc". /. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Lai Nguyen An (1999), 150 thuat ngQ van hpc, NXB Dai hgc Qud'c gia. Ha Ngi. 2. Le Bao (Tuyen chgn va bien khao) (1997), Nhd vdn vd tdc phdm trong nhd trUdng pho thong, NXB Giao Due, Ha Ngi 3. Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Sfl, Nguyin Khic Phi (1999), Ta dien thuat nga vdn hpc, NXB DHQG, Ha Ngi. 4. Hoang Van Hanh, VUdng Lgc (1980), Mdy ddc diem cua vd'n tU tieng Viet vdn hpc the ki XV qua "Qudc dm thi tap" ciia Nguyen Trdi, t/c NN (3), tr 22-28. 5. Nguyin Thi Du Khanh (2009), Thi phdp hpc vd vdn di gidng day vdn hpc trong nhd trudng, NXB Giao due. 6. Dinh Gia Khanh (ehu bien) Bfli Duy Tan, Mai Cao Cbudng (2002), Vdn hpc Viet Nam (the ki X - naa ddu the ki XVIII), NXB Giao Due, Ha Ngi. 7. Bui Van Nguyen (1994), Thd qudc am Nguyin Trdi, NXBDH va THCN, Ha Ngi. 8. Pham Thi PhUdng Thai (2006), Ngon nga vd the thd trong Quoc dm thi tap cua Nguyen Trdi, Luan an Tien si, Vien Van hgc. 9. Nguyin Hflu Sdn (Tuyen chgn va gidi thieu) (2002), Nguyin Trdi vi tdc gia va tdc phdm, NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi . thi tap. Cd the neu ra ragt sd' dac diem nhu sau: Xet ve vi trf xuat hien trong cau thi cac hfl tfl xuat hien d bat ki vi tri nao trong Hd Thiiy Anh - Hu ta khdu ngii trong Qudc dm thi. quy nhpc khoe khoang. (192/ 2) Ao mac du chi qudn cii den. (140/ 4) Ay: 57 lin Thi thu thUc dy bdo ngdn ddi. (10/ 8) Au td Id dy yeu dUdng chua (158/ 5) Thi: 66 lin Hoa thi hay heo co. so' cau thd nhU: - Neu cd dn thi cd lo. (20/1) - Neu cd sdu thi bo canh. (136/ 6) - Neu cd ngheo thi cd an. (144/ 8) Li giai sfl mdi me nay, tac gia Pham Thi Phfldng Thai da dfla ra cac