30
NGON
NGU"
& OOl SONG SO
1+2(183+184)-2011
NGOAI
NGQ
VOI
BAN NGU
•in.^'
.'I
:.
t;
TINH
SRNG
TOO
CUn NGl/OI
DICH
Trong vdng 30 nam, tdi da dich kha nhieu
tir tieng Nhat: tho
van
cd, tho van thdi trung
dai,
van xudi duong dai. Hien nay, tdi dang
day dich
a
trudng dai hgc. Nhd vay, tdi ed
the dua ra quy tae ngudi dich bdt bugc phai
tuan thu. Trong dich, ed nhieu nghe. Ngudi
dich phai biet sir dung cac tir khae nhau, eac
sach tham khao, cae tu dien bach khoa, phai
ndm ehae ngtr phap. Dieu bi mat tdi da tim
ra: khdng the day eho ai trd thanh dich gid.
Mdi lan dich, ban lam viec vdi mdt tae
gia. Ban phai hieu hg, tham nhap
vao
eac
hinh tugng, nhan vat cua hg. Theo nghTa dd,
ngudi dich gidng vdi dien vien, phai tir bd
"cai tdi" de hieu tae gia, hieu nen vdn hda
khae.
Ngudi dich gidng thdy phu thuy cd the
giao tiep vdi than linh. Ngudi dich bdc
cay
cau dan dge gia den vdi nen
van
hda khae.
Ngudi dich tieng Nhat phdi biet cui minh
mot each le phep trude
may
dien thoai,biet
cam
dtia,
an
chao kieu mach, uong rugu
sake.
Dai da sd ngudi Nhat eho rang chi
ngudi Nhat mdi hieu duge ngudi Nhat.
Ngudi dich phai dichsang thu tiing tae gia
khdng biet. Lam the nao de tim duge tit ca
nhung eai tuong ddng, khdng cd trong thien
nhien? Trong thien nhien Nhat, cd "cdy
phong", nhung la eua nd be hon nhilu, ndm
ggn trong long bdn tay em be.
6
Nhat, la
"soi"
khdng cd rang cua nhu la "sdi" Nga.
6
ALEKXSANDR
MESHERJAKOV
(Nga)
Nhat, cd "xakura" nd boa nhu anh dao,
nhung qua cua nd khdng dung lam mirt.
"Man" trong tieng Nhat khdng dugc lien
tudng tdi nhirng qua mgng cua mua xuan,
ma tdi
sir
nd hoa sdm, bao hieu mua xuan
den.
Ngudi dich phai la ngudi Nga: bat tay
chat, hai nam,
an
xup, ndc can cdc
vdtea
trong tieng reo hd. Neu khdng, anh ta se
khdng the nhan biet eai dieu la: trong nen
vdn hda khae, mgi
thii
hoan toan khae.
Ngudi dich khdng chi tai hien nguyen
bdn. Anh ta se gap khd
khdn
vi tieng Nhat cd
nhieu tir ddng am. Mot tir don gidn "tinh
yeu" edn ed nghTa la "lira". Cai nghTa dd
khdng ed trong tir tuong
iing
cua tieng Nga.
Ddi vdi ngudi dich, cdu hdi nhieu ban
cau trd
Idi.
Neu tac gia
mac
sai lam, nham
ten nhan vat, nhd sai ngay thang,
sir
kien,
thuat ngii, thi ngudi dich phai biet de
chii
thich. Neu dich cae tae gia duong dai, ngudi
dich phai trao ddi vdi tae gid. Ngudi dich
phai ehu y ban, hieu biet hon tae gia. Tac gia
vilt dilu minh biet, ngudi dichdich eai
cSn
dich.
Tren
thi
gidi, cd nhieu dan tgc, ngdn ngtr,
nen luon can den ngudi dich. Khdng phai
mgi van ban deu phai dich . Chang ban, van
ban cd tinh tdn giao neu dich cd
thi
lam mdt
ma lue ban dau cua nd.
so
1+2
(183+184)-2011
NGON NGU
& o6l
SONG
31
Ngay nay, ngudi dich tu do hon trong
viec
lira
chgn cac gidi phap dich tuy theo su
hieu biet, thj hilu cua minh.
Thu so sanh hai ban dich van hgc cd cua
Nhat sau. Ban dich
thii
nhat cua nha ngii van
hgc ndi deng A. A. Holodovits
(1906-
1977),
cd ten: "Ong gia Taketdri: "Ngay
xua, cd dng gia ten la Taketdri. Hang ngay,
dng vao rimg chat true lam eac vat dung
trong nha. Mdt lan, d trong rimg, dng nhin
thay d mot than cay true, cd anh lua. Ong lai
gan, nhin thay cd gai dep, ngudi nhd bdng
hat dau".
A.A.
Holodovits da "Nga hda" eac
tu thuc te trong nguyen ban mdt
each
rat tai
tinh. The nhung, ngay nay, ban dich da bi bd
quen.
Trong khi dd, ban dich cd tinh "kinh
dien" dugc tai ban nhieu lan la cua V. N.
Markova
(1907-1955),
nir sT, nir dich gia ndi
tieng. Nd cd ten: "Cau chuyen ve dng gia
Taketdri".Nii
sT khdng mudn bien ban dich
thanh truyen ed tich Nga: "Ngdy xua ngay
xua, cd dng gia ten la Taketdri. Hang ngay,
ong vao rimg true, chat true lam eac vat
dung dung trong nhd de dem ban. Vi vay ,
ngudi ta dat eho dng eai ten Taketdri, cd
nghTa ngudi chat true. Cdn ten thue cua dng
la Xanuku-no Miiaxu- Kdmero. Mot hdm,
dng vao rimg true, nhin thay d mdt than cay
tnie,
ed anh sang dugc phat ra tu em be gai
xinh dep, eao khoang 12 phan".
Ban dich sau dugc dge nhieu vi nd khdng
phai la truyen ed tich Nga vdi cae eai ten
Nhat.Mdt
vi du khae nira. A.E. Gluskina
(1904-1994),
ngudi rat sanh vdn hgc Nhat,
nam
1927,
da dich doan tha Nhat nhu sau :
Con hga mi dau
tren canh man
,
,,
Hdt ggi mua xuan den.
Mua xuan khdng
den
Tuyet van
roi
Nam 1995, A. A.
Dolin
da
djch
:
Con hga mi hdt tren canh man
Mimg mua xuan den
Mua xuan den, la van rung!
Nguyen ban bai tho nhu sau: "Con hga
mi dau tren canh man, mua xuan bat dau,
nhung tuyet van roi". Tae gia lam bai tho chi
mot lan. Nhung viec dich thi khae: thdi dai
khae,
ngudi dich khae, ban dich khae.
Mdi day, ngudi Nhat da su dung cac ban
dich eii cdc tac
pham
eua Dostojevskij. Nhu
cau ddi vdi ehung
cii
gidm dan theo thdi
gian. The roi, bdng xuat hien ban dich mdi
cua tieu thuyet "Anh em nha Karamazov",
ban duge 500.000 cuon trong mot thdi gian
ngan la dieu khdng cd d Nga. Cd phai do tae
gia viet hay ban? Cau tra
Idi:
ban dich la tae
pham khae ban.
Khi dich mdt tuyen tap truyen ngan thdi
trung dai cua Nhat,vien sT N.I. Konrad
(1901-1970),
mot trong nhiing ngudi sang
lap nen van hgc Nhat
a
Nga,
da.them
vao
"chat trang nha Chau Au". Cu the la, khi
djch cau:
*•'
Ngay xua ed ngu'oi dan ong",
vien sT da dich la: "Ngay xua, ed nha hiep
sF'.
6
day, tir nha hiep
sT
thich hgp hon tir
ngu'di
dan ong tran trui. Ngudi dich khdng
ehi phai la ngudi Nhat, ngudi Nga, ma edn
phai la ngirdi Chau Au.
Kinh nghiem eua nhieu the he dich gia
cho thay: khdng the cd ban dich gidng
nguyen ban 100%. Ngudi dich can dua ra
each giai rieng, phai cai bien nguyen ban, la
ddng tdc gia. Vi vay, d cae bia sach xuat ban
d Nhat luon cd hai cai ten- ten tae gid, ten
dich gia.
Do Thanh djch
(Ban Bien tap nhgn bai ngay 29-09-2010)
. nhieu nghe. Ngudi dich phai biet sir dung cac tir khae nhau, eac sach tham khao, cae tu dien bach khoa, phai ndm ehae ngtr phap. Dieu bi mat tdi da tim ra: khdng the day eho ai trd thanh dich. rimg true, nhin thay d mdt than cay tnie, ed anh sang dugc phat ra tu em be gai xinh dep, eao khoang 12 phan". Ban dich sau dugc dge nhieu vi nd khdng phai la truyen ed tich Nga vdi cae