This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. Limited Electronic Distribution Rights Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details For More Information This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. 6 Jump down to document THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution Support RAND This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Beth E. Lachman, Peter Schirmer, David R. Frelinger, Victoria A. Greenfield, Michael S. Tseng, Tiffany Nichols Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense Approved for public release; distribution unlimited NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions The Benefits of and Barriers to Sharing Geospatial Data Assets CD-ROM of document included The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R ® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2007 RAND Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2007 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Installation mapping enables many missions : the benefits of and barriers to sharing geospatial data assets / Beth E. Lachman [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8330-4034-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Geographic information systems—Government policy—United States. 2. Geospatial data. 3. United States. Dept. of Defense—Information services. 4. Information commons—United States. 5. Military geography. I. Lachman, Beth E., date. G70.215.U6I57 2007 355.6'880285—dc22 2007018561 The research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted in the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the OSD, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under Contract DASW01-01-C-0004. iii Preface Installations and environment (I&E) geospatial data assets are being developed, used, and shared for many different Department of Defense (DoD) missions, including installation management, homeland defense, emergency response, environmental management, military health, and warfighting. ere are many benefits in effectiveness and efficiency to using and sharing such data. However, there are also barri- ers that limit the widespread use and sharing of such assets within and outside DoD, including security concerns, lack of on-going high-level program support, lack of data-sharing policies, and lack of any rigor- ous analysis to prove the benefits of sharing. is monograph assesses the mission effects of sharing I&E geospatial data assets within the business domain and across the business, warfighting, and intelligence mission areas of the DoD Global Information Grid (GIG). It also ana- lyzes the barriers to sharing and recommends some ways to overcome them. is monograph should interest those wishing to use and share geospatial data for DoD missions. It should also interest government policymakers and managers who would like to learn more about geo- spatial data sharing and use across their respective enterprises. A CD containing the full document in color is enclosed at the end of this monograph. is research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and was conducted within the Acquisition and Technology Policy Center (ATPC) of the RAND National Defense Research Insti- tute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored iv Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Uni- fied Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. For more information on RAND’s ATPC, contact the Director, Philip Antón, by email at ATPC-Director@rand.org; by phone at 310- 393-0411, extension 7798; or by mail at RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, California 90407-2138. More information about RAND is available at www.rand.org Contents v Preface iii Figures xi Tables xiii Summary xv Acknowledgments xxxiii Abbreviations xxxv CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 Background 1 Project Objective 4 Methodology 5 Organization of the Report 7 CHAPTER TWO What Is Shared, Who Is Sharing It, Why, and How 9 Diverse I&E Geospatial Data Assets Are Being Shared or Could Be Shared 9 Digital Geospatial Data 10 Software Applications at Use Geospatial Data 20 Other Products at Use I&E Geospatial Data 22 Who Creates, Maintains, and Updates I&E Geospatial Data Assets 25 Who Shares and Who Uses I&E Geospatial Data Assets 27 Sharing Across Different Organizations/Mission Functions at an Installation 27 Sharing Across Different Levels Within a Military Service 29 vi Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions Sharing with Other Parts of DoD, Including DISDI’s Facilitator Role 31 Sharing with Organizations Outside DoD 33 I&E Geospatial Data Assets Are Used and Shared for Diverse Purposes 34 I&E Geospatial Data Assets Are Used and Shared in Many Ways 37 Web-Based Sharing Systems 37 Non-Web-Based Methods for Sharing I&E Geospatial Data Assets 43 CHAPTER THREE How Do I&E Geospatial Data Assets Enable Diverse Missions? 47 Installation Level 50 Applications by Regional and Functional Organizations/Commands 55 Service Headquarters Application Examples 57 Office of the Secretary of Defense Application Examples 59 Uses by Other Parts of DoD 61 How Organizations Outside DoD Use I&E Geospatial Data Assets 62 CHAPTER FOUR How I&E Geospatial Data Assets Enable Traditional Warfighting Operations 65 Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) Systems 65 Logistics 67 Warfighting Operations 68 Combat and Post-Conflict Operations 68 Force Projection: Supporting Rapid Deployment 70 Rapid Basing and Forward Basing: Tools and Techniques from Permanent Bases 70 Specialized Training and Weapons Testing for Current Operations 72 Warfighting Strategic Planning, Policy, and Assessments 72 CHAPTER FIVE IVT Case Study of Cross-Departmental Data Sharing 75 Development of the IVT Data and Viewer Application 76 IVT Data and Viewer Application 76 e IVT Development Process 79 IVT Data and Viewer Application Use in the BRAC Process 80 JCSG Use of IVT 80 Service BRAC Office Use of IVT 85 OSD Leadership IVT Uses 89 e Presidential BRAC Commission and Congressional IVT Uses 90 Diverse Value from IVT Use in BRAC 91 Key Value Added Benefits of IVT in BRAC 92 Other Effects and Uses of the IVT Data and Process 93 Service Headquarters Uses of IVT Data 93 Other Service Use of IVT Data 94 Other DoD and Non-DoD Uses of IVT Data 95 IVT Data as a Foundation for DoD Geospatial Data Portals/ Repositories 96 IVT Process as a Useful Model for the Services 97 Summary of the Effect of the IVT Data and Process 98 CHAPTER SIX Future Use and Sharing of I&E Geospatial Data Assets 101 Increasing Demand and Use of I&E Geospatial Data Assets 101 More Use by the Warfighter and the Intelligence Communities 102 More Demand and Use by Other Parts of OSD and DoD 105 More I&E Geospatial Data Asset Use by Nonmilitary Communities and Increased Demand for Acquiring Nonmilitary Community Geospatial Data 106 Many Barriers Exist to Successful Sharing of I&E Geospatial Data Assets 108 Security Concerns and Other Data-Sharing Restrictions 109 Different IT Systems, Firewalls, and Policies 110 Lack of Knowledge About, Interest in, or Expertise in Using I&E Geospatial Data Assets 111 Lack of Communication/Collaboration Among Different Functional Organizations and Disciplines 112 Unwillingness of Data Stewards, Who Want to Control Access to eir Data 113 Contents vii viii Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions Lack of Data-Sharing Policy, Standards, and Contractual Agreements 113 Lack of On-Going High-Level Program Support and Investments 116 Risks from Sharing Undocumented, Poor-Quality, and Out-of-Date Data 117 Evolving I&E Geospatial Data Asset Applications and Use 118 Increased Use of Web-Based Spatial Portal Systems 119 Increased Use of Real-Time Information 121 More Centralized and Enterprise Approaches 123 More Integration and Sharing of More Detailed Information from Diverse Sources 124 CHAPTER SEVEN Assessing the Mission Effects of Using Shared I&E Geospatial Data Assets 127 e Diverse Effects from Using I&E Geospatial Data Assets 127 Changes in Efficiency 129 Changes in Effectiveness 134 Process Changes 139 Other Mission Effects 143 Multiple Effects 147 Our Methodology for Evaluating Effects 155 Information Flow Model 155 Logic Models 157 Camp Butler Environmental Management Program 163 NAVAIR Range and Sustainability Office 167 Quantitative Methods for Evaluating Effects 168 Benefit-Cost Analysis 171 Estimating Effects Across the DoD 180 Conclusion 183 CHAPTER EIGHT Conclusions and Recommendations for DISDI 187 Policy Recommendations 188 Develop a DoD Instruction About the Importance and Need to Share I&E Geospatial Data Assets 188 [...]... health morale, recreation, and welfare: enhancing quality of life production of installation maps public affairs/outreach safety and security strategic basing xx Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions • training and education • transportation To illustrate how the I&E geospatial data assets enable different business missions within different parts of DoD, we present diverse examples in the text and... these communities and the installations will evolve because of the benefits in collaborating to improve the speed and effectiveness of the U.S military’s ability to rapidly deploy and respond where needed around the world to fight the Global War on Terrorism as well as perform other missions, such as providing humanitarian assistance xxviii Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions The second trend... assets across DoD and other federal agencies In July 2004, within the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense Instal- xv xvi Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions lation and Environment Business Transformation (DUSD/I&E (Business Transformation)) directorate, a new organization—the Defense Installation Spatial Data Infrastructure (DISDI) Office was created to help facilitate the sharing and integration of... GIS for different mission uses across the installation and estimated a net present value of $3 billion in 1992 dollars over an eight-year period Most of the benefits were in the form of monetized workload reductions The Patuxent River study took a much broader view of its IT investments and assets and valued its net benefit xxvi Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions at $82.5 million in 2000 dollars... geospatial data requests (which they usually forward to the appropriate Service organization), and sponsoring the development of Service-wide geospatial data web viewers so that many military users xviii Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions can access I&E geospatial data assets Each office also participates with the DISDI Office efforts to establish a DoD-wide I&E geospatial community These Service organizations... Logic Model for the Medical JCSG 164 Logic Model for Camp Butler Environmental Management Program’s Production of I&E Geospatial Data Products 165 xi xii Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions 7.8 7.9 7.10 Logic Model for the NAVAIR Range and Sustainability Office at Patuxent River NAS 168 Logic Model for Langley AFB Tank Management... the same effectiveness effects, they were grouped together here See details in the appendix for each mission area’s application Summary Base planning, management, and operations xxiv Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions 3 To the extent possible, when the data are available, employ a variety of methods for quantifying the logic models The information flow model diagrams organizations and the geospatial... Sample Mission Effects for Sample I&E Geospatial Data Asset Uses xiii xxiii xxvi 11 17 18 23 30 35 38 41 49 77 132 150 xiv Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.1 A.1 Estimated 1992 Benefits of GIS Implementation by the Directorate of Public Works at Aberdeen Proving Ground ... provide installation visualization and mapping capabilities DISDI is not in the business of creating information technology (IT) systems; rather, it fosters mechanisms by which geospatial data stewarded by DoD installations can be shared with validated stakeholders to help meet their critical installation visualization and geospatial requirements DISDI’s first major initiative was developing the Installation. .. coordinate and conduct outreach across DoD about the need to share and how to share DISDI should continue and expand on coordination and outreach efforts inside DoD, assist OSD organi- xxx Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions zations in their acquisition and use of I&E geospatial data assets, cultivate a close working partnership relationship with NGA, and expand outreach and coordination outside the . Department of Public Works (DPW) staff develop xvi Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions data on building and road infrastructures. Many installations develop and maintain hundreds of GIS. Organizations/Mission Functions at an Installation 27 Sharing Across Different Levels Within a Military Service 29 vi Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions Sharing with Other Parts of DoD,. development of Service-wide geospatial data web viewers so that many military users Summary xvii xviii Installation Mapping Enables Many Missions can access I&E geospatial data assets. Each office