Encyclopedia of DISEASES AND DISORDERS Encyclopedia of DISEASES AND DISORDERS D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 1 Copyright © 2011 Marshall Cavendish Corporation Published by Marshall Cavendish Reference An imprint of Marshall Cavendish Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Request for permission should be addressed to Permissions, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 99 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591. Tel: (914) 332-8888. Fax: (914) 332-1888. 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The publishers, authors, and consultants disclaim all liability and cannot be held responsible for any problems that may arise from use of this encyclopedia. D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 2 ISBN 978-0-7614-9970-1 (alk. paper) 3 Foreword The Encyclopedia of Diseases and Disorders provides authoritative information on a wide variety of diseases and health disorders. Although the focus in planning this collection of articles was on subjects of interest to young readers, the information provided here is valuable to users of any age. More than two hundred articles are categorized in three major areas of interest: infections, noninfectious diseases, and mental disorders. The prevalence of infections and their periodic outbreaks make headlines, especially when the news concerns new and emerging infectious diseases, but reports on the resurgence of old scourges such as tuberculosis and up-to-date information about everyday health issues are also important. Articles on noninfectious diseases cover a broad spectrum of illnesses, including heart attacks, diabetes, and kidney stones, among others. Mental illness is common worldwide, and depression, eating disorders, and anxiety are particularly common in adolescents. It is important to note that many diseases are preventable; therefore, knowledge of these diseases, how they are transmitted, and the effectiveness of prevention strategies could help reduce disease transmission in particular populations, including young people. While this encyclopedia is not a substitute for obtaining advice and treatment from a licensed medical practitioner, the knowledge about disease offered in this reference work can help promote good health. All articles were written and edited by experts in the field, including specialists in mental health, medicine, infectious disease, and microbiology. The content of these articles can be accessed and enhanced in a variety of ways because of their structured organization, cross- referencing, the simple A-Z format, and the provision of glossaries and resources for further reading. Valuable information is also conveyed through photographs, charts, graphs, and artworks with clear descriptive captions. Understanding diseases and disorders Infections are caused by bacteria, fungi, other microorganisms, viruses, and prions. From the beginning of time, infections have been a major cause of illness and death. Powerful infectious diseases that sometimes give rise to epidemics like smallpox, influenza, tuberculosis, and plague have had a major impact on large numbers of people in the world for centuries. The types of infections that affect humans include common bacterial diseases, such as pneumonia, as well as viral disorders, such as chicken pox. Noninfectious diseases include all the medical and surgical conditions that are not mental disorders or infections. This is a broad category that includes muscular and skeletal conditions, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, kidney diseases, lung diseases, and diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Mental disorders are conditions that affect thinking, behavior, personality, judgment, and brain function. Examples of mental disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. Mental disorders are often underdiagnosed and may not be publicly disclosed because of fear of the stigma associated with mental illness or because of a lack of knowledge about its causes, diagnostic methods of detection, or available therapies and treatments. Some diseases that run in families are categorized as genetic diseases; these include depression, diabetes, and some cancers. In some cases, risk factors and the causes of these diseases are known. However, for many diseases, the exact causes are still unknown. Bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms cause infections by penetrating into human or animal organs, tissues, and cells and then replicating to cause disease. Microorganisms can cause disease by damaging and killing human cells, producing toxins, and creating an inflammatory response. Some microorganisms are harmless in normal healthy individuals, but many microorganisms can cause disease if they penetrate the body’s normal host defenses and immune system. Certain organisms that are less virulent and do not normally cause disease are capable of causing opportunistic infections in individuals who have weakened immune systems. One of the unique characteristics of infectious diseases is the variety of mechanisms by which these diseases are transmitted or acquired. Some infectious diseases are considered communicable diseases and can be transmitted person to person through direct contact with infected persons or a contaminated environment, large droplets that are shed in close proximity when infected people cough or sneeze, and airborne 3 D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 3 4 transmission, especially in contained environments with limited air circulation. There are also a number of infectious diseases that are transmitted through exchange of body fluids or as sexually transmitted diseases. Some are transmitted as blood-borne pathogens through transfusions or they are spread when people share contaminated needles or when they have unprotected intercourse with infected persons. Still other infections occur through fecal- oral contamination, when food or water become contaminated with bacteria or viruses, or both, causing vomiting and diarrhea. Infections such as rabies can be acquired from animals; this is called zoonotic transmission. Prevention and treatment Prevention of some mental illnesses is possible with early diagnosis and treatment of mild disorders or underlying conditions. Recognition of risk factors and preexisting conditions can also allow for support, education, counseling, and therapy to prevent complications. Many noninfectious diseases can be prevented with regular exercise, good nutrition, avoidance of alcohol and substance abuse, avoidance of smoking, and in some cases, use of medications. For example, aspirin can reduce the incidence of heart attacks and weight loss can reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Many communicable diseases can be prevented with good infection control measures. Proper sanitation and reducing contamination of the food and water supply are essential elements to prevent infections and promote good health. Primary measures to limit infections transmitted by direct contact include hand washing or use of alcohol preparations to disinfect hands. Acquisition of many cold viruses and respiratory illnesses can be reduced with frequent hand washing. Infections spread by droplet and through airborne transmission can be contained with isolation measures to limit the spread of these illnesses. Vaccinations to prevent infections have been developed for many common childhood diseases including measles, mumps, rubella, and chicken pox. Broad implementation of vaccinations against hepatitis A and B has reduced the incidence and prevalence of these infections. Smallpox has been virtually eliminated because of worldwide vaccination campaigns. Other diseases such as polio and tetanus have been reduced thanks to the use of effective vaccination programs. Vaccines against other pathogens continue to emerge from medical laboratories. Not all diseases require treatment. Many diseases resolve without specific treatment, particularly in healthy people. Serious diseases need to be treated with appropriate medical and or surgical therapy. For several mental illnesses, therapy and counseling are used along with medications. Medications are used to treat mental conditions, noninfectious diseases, and infections to restore normal function and to facilitate healing. Medications, physical therapy, occupational therapy, behavioral therapy, and surgery can all be used to control symptoms, improve function, and reduce the burden of diseases. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, which interfere with bacterial replication or kill the bacteria. Advances have occurred in antiviral therapies and drug regimens to treat viruses such as HIV/AIDS, herpes, hepatitis B and C, and influenza. Treatments for mental illness, noninfectious diseases, and infections have improved outcomes for patients throughout the world. This encyclopedia covers a broad range of diseases and disorders. Despite significant increases in scientific and medical knowledge, medical disorders remain a significant cause of illness and death throughout the world. Providing information about health and disease is vital for students and the general public in order to increase knowledge of conditions likely to affect them, their friends, and their families. Increased awareness of disease may foster healthier behaviors and risk reduction strategies. An understanding of disease can also promote earlier diagnosis and treatment, resulting in improved health outcomes. It is also hoped that use of these articles will inspire readers to study science, medicine, and public health and even to seek careers in health-related professions. Victoria Fraser, MD J. William Campbell Professor of Medicine Co-Director Infectious Diseases Division Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, Missouri Additional related information on these health topics is available in the online Diseases and Disorders database at www.marshallcavendishdigital.com. FOREWORD D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 4 5 CONSULTANTS Robert S. Ascheim, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York Dorothy P. Bethea, EdD, MPA, OTR-L, Chair and Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Winston- Salem State University, North Carolina Laurence Burd, MD, Associate Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Viki Christopoulos, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Maria Descartes, MD, Associate Professor of Genetics and Pediatrics, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Victoria J. Fraser, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Barry L. Gruber, MD, Professor of Medicine and Dermatology, Division of Rheumatology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York Jennifer L. Hall, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director, Cardiovascular Genomics Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Michael Kalos, PhD, Director, Clinical Immunobiology Correlative Studies Laboratory, Division of Cancer Immunotherapeutics and Tumor Immunology, Division of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California Elizabeth Liebson, MD, Staff Psychiatrist, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts Gregg Y. Lipschik, MD, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Kathleen McKee, PhD, RD, Co- Chair, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania Steven W. Mifflin, PhD, Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas Antoinette Moran, MD, Division Head of Pediatric Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Guy W. Neff, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Amy S. Paller, MD, Professor of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois C. Matthew Peterson, MD, John A. Dixon Professor and Chair, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah David Relling, PT, PhD, Instructor, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Grand Forks, North Dakota Jaclyn B. Spitzer, PhD, Director of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Department of Otolaryngology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Alexander Urfer, PT, PhD, Department Chair and Professor of Physical Therapy and Physiology, Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho Robert M. Youngson, MD, Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, Officer of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Fellow of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK CONTRIBUTORS Monica S. Badve, DNB, Clinical Fellow, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Kim E. Barrett, PhD, Professor of Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, Division of Rheumatology, San Diego, California Daniel Bausch, MD, MPH, TM, Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana Richard C. Beatty, MA (University of Cambridge), London, UK Kathleen Becan-McBride, EdD, MT (ASCP), Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas Patti J. Berg, MA, MPT, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota Nisha Bhatt, MD, New York Halvard B. Boenig, MA, MD, Acting Assistant Professor of Medicine/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Richard N. Bradley, MD, Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Medical Consultants and contributors D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 5 6 School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Houston, Texas Matthew D. Breyer, MD, Senior Medical Fellow II, Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana Amanda J. Brosnahan, BA, University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Minneapolis, Minnesota Brian C. Brost, MD, Associate Professor of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota Edward R. Cachay, MD, Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego Bernard C. Camins, MD, MSCR, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Corrado Cancedda, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri William E. Cayley, MDiv, MD, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin, Department of Family Medicine, Eau Claire, Wisconsin Eliza Farmer Chakravarty, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California Jonathon Cross, MS, CCC-SLP, Speech-Language Pathologist, Baltimore, Maryland Christine P. Curran, MS, University of Cincinnati, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio Robert B. Daroff, MD, Professor and Interim Chair of Neurology, Case School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Department of Neurology, Cleveland, Ohio Robyn Davies, BHScPT, MAppScPT, FCAMT, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chadrick E. Denlinger, MD, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Antonette T. Dulay, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Maternal- Fetal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Christopher Duncan, MD, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Randi Ettner, PhD, New Health Foundation Worldwide, Evanston, Illinois Josephine W. Everly, BS, Director of Research Support and Communications, Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Mark S. Freedman, MD, Professor of Medicine (Neurology), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Gary N. Frishman, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island Joseph M. Fritz, MD, Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Arun K. Gadre, MD, Heuser Professor of Otology and Neurotology, Medical Director, Louisville Deaf Oral School, Heuser Hearing Institute; Director of Otology, Neurotology, and Skull Base Surgery, Associate Professor of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky Medley O’Keefe Gatewood, MD, Clinical Instructor, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington Diana M. Gitig, PhD, White Plains, New York Isaac Grate Jr., MD, FACEP, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Sonia Gulati, BA, Graduate School of Arts and Science, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Stephen Higgs, BSc, PhD, FRES, Professor, Director, Experimental Pathology Graduate Program; Leon Bromberg Professor for Excellence in Teaching; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Ramona Jenkin, MD, Science Director, TalkingScience, New York Sonal Jhaveri, PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts Andreas M. Kaiser, MD, Associate Professor of Clinical Colorectal Surgery, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California Richard S. Kalish, MD, PhD, Professor of Dermatology and Acting Chair, Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York Herbert E. Kaufman, MD, Boyd Professor of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Evelyn B. Kelly, PhD, Ocala, Florida Nigar Kirmani, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Bonnie Klimes-Dougan, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Maya Kolipakam, MD, Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York Adam Korzenko, MD, Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York David M. Lawrence, MS, Mechanicsville, Virginia Alan M. Levine, PhD, RD, Co-Chair and Professor, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania Lori M. Lieving, PhD, Carolinas College of Health Sciences, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina Debby A. Lin, MD, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham CONSULTANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 6 7 and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Joanna C. Lyford, BSc, London, UK Julie A. McDougal, RRT, MAE, Pediatric Pulmonary Centre, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama Julie McDowell, Senior Editor, Clinical Laboratory News and Strategies, American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Washington DC Sanjay Mehta, MD, Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego Ian H. Mendenhall, BS, Doctoral Student, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Kirk D. Moberg, MD, PhD, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois; Medical Director, Carle Addiction Recovery Center, Carle Clinic Association, Urbana, Illinois; Medical Director, New Choice Center for Addiction Recovery, The Pavilion, Champaign, Illinois Rashmi V. Nemade, PhD, BioMedText, New Albany, Ohio Diana Nurutdinova, MD, Staff Physician, Infectious Diseases, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri Joanne L. Oakes, MD, FACEP, Associate Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Martin L. Pall, PhD, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington Moeen K. Panni, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Director of Obstetric Anesthesia, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas Kevin D. Pereira, MD, MS (ORL), Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics, Vice Chair, Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas Mary Quirk, BSc, Golden Valley, Minnesota Mary D. Ruppe, MD, Assistant Professor, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Houston, Texas Linda A. Russell, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York Gregory S. Sayuk, MD, Instructor, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Patrick M. Schlievert, PhD, Professor of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Minneapolis, Minnesota Nance A. Seiple, CRNA, MEd, Medical Communications, Park Ridge, Illinois Laurel B. Shader, MD, Pediatric Department Chair, Fair Haven Community Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut Janet Yagoda Shagam, PhD, RhizoTech, Albuquerque, New Mexico Nurun N. Shah, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas Pravani Sreeramoju, MD, MPH, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas Manakan Betsy Srichai, MD, Clinical Instructor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee Graeme Stemp-Morlock, BSc, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Lise M. Stevens, MA, Brooklyn, New York Kristi L. Strandberg, BA, University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Minneapolis, Minnesota Sharon Switzer-McIntyre, PhD, MEd, BScPT, BPE, Assistant Professor and Vice-Chair, Education, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Oleg V. Tcheremissine, MD, Behavioral Health Center, Research; Department of Psychiatry, Carolinas Health Care System, Charlotte, North Carolina M. David Ullman, PhD, Associate Research Professor, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Research Biochemist, VA Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts Roxanne A. Vrees, MD, Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island David J. Wainwright, MD, Associate Professor, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas Yanni Wang, PhD, International Biomedical Communications, Frederick, Maryland Rita M. Washko, MD, MPH, Physician, NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), Westat Research Corporation, Rockville, Maryland Y. Etan Weinstock, Resident in Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas at Houston, Health Science Center, Houston, Texas Emily M. White, MD, Clinical Instructor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island Tonya White, MD, Assistant Professor, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Michael Windelspecht, PhD, Blowing Rock, North Carolina Euson Yeung, BScPT, MEd, FCAMT, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jon H. Zonderman, AB, MS, Orange, Connecticut Stephen D. Zucker, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Director, Gastroenterology Training Program, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio CONSULTANTS AND CONTRIBUTORS D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 7 8 Acne 12 Adrenal disorders 14 AIDS 16 Albinism 21 Alcohol-related disorders 22 Allergy and sensitivity 27 Alopecia 32 Alzheimer’s disease 33 Amnesia 37 Anemia 39 Aneurysm 43 Anthrax 44 Antibiotic-resistant infections 45 Anxiety disorders 47 Appendicitis 50 Arrhythmia 52 Arthritis 54 Asbestosis 56 Asian influenza 57 Asperger’s disorder 59 Asthma 61 Astigmatism 65 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 66 Autism 68 Avian influenza 71 Backache 73 Bipolar disorder 75 Birthmarks 78 Blood poisoning 79 Brain tumors 81 Bronchitis 84 Burns 87 Cancer, bladder 90 Cancer, breast 91 Cancer, cervical 95 Cancer, colorectal 97 Cancer, kidney 101 Cancer, liver 102 Cancer, lung 103 Cancer, mouth and throat 107 Cancer, ovarian 109 Cancer, pancreatic 110 Cancer, prostate 111 Cancer, skin 115 Cancer, stomach 116 Cancer, thyroid 117 Cancer, uterine 118 Cataract 119 Celiac disease 121 Chicken pox and shingles 123 Chlamydial infections 126 Cholera 128 Chronic fatigue syndrome 131 Cirrhosis of the liver 133 Cold, common 135 Colitis, ulcerative 137 Color blindness 138 Coma 140 Conjunctivitis 142 COPD 143 Coronary artery disease 146 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 150 Crohn’s disease 152 Croup 154 Cystic fibrosis 155 Cystitis 158 Dementia 159 Dengue fever 161 Depressive disorders 162 Dermatitis 167 Diabetes 170 Diarrhea and dysentery 175 Diphtheria 178 Dislocation 179 Diverticulitis 181 Down syndrome 182 Eating disorders 185 Ebola fever 189 Ectopic pregnancy 191 Emphysema 192 Epilepsy 194 Epstein-Barr infection 197 Fetal alcohol syndrome 198 Fibroids 200 Food intolerance 201 Food poisoning 203 Fracture 205 Frostbite 207 Gallstone 208 Giardiasis 209 Glaucoma 210 Gonorrhea 212 Growth disorders 213 Guillain-Barré syndrome 216 Gum disease 217 H1N1 influenza 218 Hay fever 220 Head injury 222 Heart attack 226 Contents D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 8 9 Hemochromatosis 230 Hemophilia 232 Hepatitis infections 235 Hernia 239 Herpes infections 241 Hodgkin’s disease 244 HPV infection 245 Huntington’s disease 246 Hyperthermia 247 Impetigo 248 Influenza 249 Irritable bowel syndrome 253 Kidney stone 254 Language and speech disorders 256 Learning disorders 260 Legionnaires’ disease 264 Leprosy 265 Leukemia 267 Lice infestation 270 Lou Gehrig’s disease 272 Lupus 273 Lyme disease 275 Lymphoma 276 Macular degeneration 278 Malaria 279 Male-pattern baldness 283 Measles 284 Melanoma 286 Meningitis 288 Menopausal disorders 291 Menstrual disorders 293 Migraine 295 Miscarriage 297 Mononucleosis 299 Mood disorders 301 Motion sickness 305 Multiple sclerosis 306 Mumps 310 Muscular dystrophy 312 Neuralgia 315 Obesity 317 Osteoporosis 320 Paralysis 323 Parkinson’s disease 326 Pelvic inflammatory disease 329 Peritonitis 330 Personality disorders 331 Plague 335 Pleurisy 337 Pneumonia 338 Poliomyelitis 342 Post-traumatic stress disorder 345 P rostate disorders 347 P sor iasis 349 Psychotic disorders 350 Rabies 354 Radiation sickness 356 Repetitive strain injury 358 Retinal disorders 360 Rheumatic fever 364 Rickettsial infections 365 River blindness 367 Rocky Mountain spotted fever 369 Rubella 370 SARS 372 Scarlet fever 373 Schizophrenia 374 SCID 378 Sexual and gender identity disorders 379 Shock 383 Sick building syndrome 384 Sickle-cell anemia 385 SIDS 387 Sinusitis 390 Sleep disorders 391 Sleeping sickness 393 Smallpox 396 Spina bifida 398 Spinal curvature 401 Sports injury 403 Stomach ulcer 407 Stroke and related disorders 408 Sunburn and sunstroke 414 Syphilis 415 Tapeworm infestation 417 Tay-Sachs disease 419 Tetanus 421 Throat infections 422 Thrombosis and embolism 424 Thyroid disorders 426 Tooth decay 428 Toxic shock syndrome 430 Toxoplasmosis 431 Tuberculosis 432 Typhoid and paratyphoid 435 Typhus 438 Vitamin deficiency 439 W ar t and verruca 443 West Nile encephalitis 444 Whiplash 445 Whooping cough 446 Yeast infection 447 Yellow fever 449 Resources for Further Study 451 Glossary 458 Index 474 C ONTENTS D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 9 10 Thematic contents Each article in the Encyclopedia of Diseases and Disorders falls into one of three categories: infections; noninfectious diseases and disorders; and mental disorders. Articles in these three categories are color coded: INFECTIONS Infections include systemic, local, contagious, and noncontagious infections by bacteria, viruses, protists, parasites, and other pathogens. The category of infections includes disorders such as acne, a localized bacterial infection, which is not contagious, as well as infectious diseases such as the common cold, which is highly contagious. The category of noninfectious diseases and disorders includes any medical disorder not defined as an infection. The category of mental disorders includes conditions that manifest behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the person. NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES AND DISORDERS MENTAL DISORDERS Acne 12 AIDS 16 Anthrax 44 Antibiotic-resistant infections 45 Arthritis 54 Asian influenza 57 Avian influenza 71 Blood poisoning 79 Bronchitis 84 Chicken pox and shingles 123 Chlamydial infections 126 Cholera 128 Cold, common 135 Conjunctivitis 142 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 150 Croup 154 Cystitis 158 Dengue fever 161 Diarrhea and dysentery 175 Diphtheria 178 Ebola fever 189 Epstein-Barr infection 197 Food poisoning 203 Giardiasis 209 Gonorrhea 212 Gum disease 217 H1N1 influenza 218 Hepatitis infections 235 Herpes infections 241 HPV infection 245 Impetigo 248 Influenza 249 Legionnaires’ disease 264 Leprosy 265 Lice infestation 270 Lyme disease 275 Malaria 279 Measles 284 Meningitis 288 Mononucleosis 299 Mumps 310 Pelvic inflammatory disease 329 Peritonitis 330 Plague 335 Pleurisy 337 Pneumonia 338 Poliomyelitis 342 Rabies 354 Rheumatic fever 364 Rickettsial infections 365 River blindness 367 Rocky Mountain spotted fever 369 Rubella 370 SARS 372 Scarlet fever 373 Sick building syndrome 384 Sinusitis 390 Sleeping sickness 393 Smallpox 396 Stomach ulcer 407 Syphilis 415 Tapeworm infestation 417 Tetanus 421 Throat infections 422 Tooth decay 428 Toxic shock syndrome 430 Toxoplasmosis 431 Tuberculosis 432 Typhoid and paratyphoid 435 Typhus 438 Wart and verruca 443 West Nile encephalitis 444 Whooping cough 446 Yeast infection 447 Yellow fever 449 Infections D&D-prelims volume 1.qxd 7/30/10 3:26 PM Page 10 [...]... percent of people between the ages of 12 and 24 develop acne permanent scarring as well as emotional distress Treatments and prevention cne is a disorder of the body’s pilosebaceous units Each unit consists of a sebaceous gland and a canal or follicle, which is lined with cells called keratinocytes and which contains a fine hair Most numerous in the skin of the face, upper back, and chest, sebaceous glands... glands he adrenal glands form part of the body’s endocrine system, which is a network of glands that produce interacting hormones The hormones affect numerous body functions, and sometimes hormones from one endocrine gland can affect other endocrine organs; for example, the adrenal glands are influenced by hormones produced by both the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus The body has two adrenal glands,... which may become rounded and red, deposits of fat between the shoulder blades, excessive hair growth, diabetes mellitus, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure Adrenal insufficiencies can cause fatigue, muscle weakness, thirst, excessive urination, and high blood pressure Tests often reveal low levels of sodium and high levels of potassium in the blood Overproduction of adrenal androgens may produce... stages of HIV infection or AIDS Opportunistic diseases of children are used as indicators of AIDS In developing countries, where access to standard testing is often lacking, a more general definition is used This AIDS-defining definition includes signs of immune deficiency with the exclusion of other known causes of immunosuppression, such as cancer and kidney disease Diagnosis A diagnosis of HIV infection... inner layer of skin (dermis) ACNE KEY FACTS Description A skin disorder related to the overproduction of sebum in the skin’s glands, resulting in outbreaks of pimples, pustules, or nodules Causes Exact cause is unknown, although it is linked to the increased production of hormones called androgens, which cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and produce more sebum Symptoms Any of various types of pimples... variety of forms: antibiotics or CAUSE OF SKIN SPOTS Skin spots can form when an excessive amount of sebum becomes trapped and clogs the pores on the surface of the skin The trapped sebum forms a plug that is raised at the top The plug forms a blackhead when exposed to the air Around the plug the skin becomes inflamed and infected; the result is a pimple or spot filled with pus The pimple may become red and. .. percent of new HIV infections resulting from unprotected heterosexual contact Now, half of all HIV and AIDS cases are identified in women In many parts of Asia, the area with the world’s second largest number of HIV infections, injection of drugs is fueling the pandemic To keep up with effective public health measures— such as free condoms—requires ongoing surveillance of the HIV infection and AIDS pandemic... hallucinations and may become terrified by them They are unaware of their surroundings and lapse in and out of consciousness Although the staging system is a helpful way to conceptualize withdrawal,the stages constitute a continuum of the same disease process Seizures may occur in any stage of alcohol withdrawal without any warning They are usually grand mal seizures and occur within 48 hours of the last... known as immunity Allergic diseases affect millions of people in the form of allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic and contact dermatitis, and allergic reactions to foods, medications, and venoms llergic responses are thought to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, although it is often difficult to prove a direct cause -and- effect relationship between a risk factor and the disease An allergic... begins to fall and the individual is now in the early stage of symptomatic HIV infection “Class B” diseases, as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), occur during this period Rapid weight loss is common along with other persistent symptoms including fatigue, diarrhea, headache, night sweats, and fevers Dry cough and shortness of breath, sores of mucous membranes, and blurred . pancreatic 11 0 Cancer, prostate 11 1 Cancer, skin 11 5 Cancer, stomach 11 6 Cancer, thyroid 11 7 Cancer, uterine 11 8 Cataract 11 9 Celiac disease 12 1 Chronic fatigue syndrome 13 1 Cirrhosis of the liver 13 3 Colitis,. kidney 10 1 Cancer, liver 10 2 Cancer, lung 10 3 Cancer, mouth and throat 10 7 Cancer, ovarian 10 9 Cancer, pancreatic 11 0 Cancer, prostate 11 1 Cancer, skin 11 5 Cancer, stomach 11 6 Cancer, thyroid 11 7 Cancer,. 15 8 Dementia 15 9 Dengue fever 16 1 Depressive disorders 16 2 Dermatitis 16 7 Diabetes 17 0 Diarrhea and dysentery 17 5 Diphtheria 17 8 Dislocation 17 9 Diverticulitis 18 1 Down syndrome 18 2 Eating disorders 18 5 Ebola