Masters thesis of social science evaluating climate change mitigation and adaptation considerations in the victorian planning system, australia

Evaluating Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Considerations in the Victorian Planning System, Australia A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Science Olusegun Yussuff M.Sc in Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos, Nigeria B.Tech in Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria School of Global, Urban and Social Studies College of Design and Social Context RMIT University October 2019 Dedication To God, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit To my late Dad, Honourable Justice R.Oladepo Yussuff ii Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, this research is that of the author alone; the content of this research submission is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed In addition, I certify that this submission contains no material previously submitted for award of any qualification at any other university or institution, unless approved for a joint-award with another institution, and acknowledge that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other qualification in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University, and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree I acknowledge that copyright of any published works contained within this thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works I give permission for the digital version of my research submission to be made available on the web, via the University’s digital research repository, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time Olusegun Yussuff October 2019 iii Acknowledgements It would have been difficult for me to complete this Research Master’s thesis if not for the considerable efforts and consistent support of some people who have made this significant journey of my life possible First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr Melissa Neave, Associate Professor Susie Moloney, and Associate Professor Andrew Butt, who provided remarkable support and guidance throughout my research journey My most profound appreciation goes to Associate Professor Georgina Heydon, Dr Georgia Garrard and Associate Professor Andrew Butt, who chaired my milestone seminars In addition, Professor Wendy Steele and Dr Brian Coffey were my independent assessors I am grateful to the administrative and academic staff in the School of Global, Urban and Social Studies (GUSS) for their assistance in every aspect of my study Most especially the Higher Degree Research (HDR) Programme Manager, Associate Professor Georgina Heydon; your support and assistance on my candidature came when I needed it most Special thanks also go to other staff, Jenni Morris, Cassie Coates and Clare Thompson To my fellow HDR students and friends, Leul Tadessel Sidelil, Sadaf Saeed and Louisiana Paganelli Silva I cherish the relationship we have built over this research period A special appreciation goes to my beloved wife, Dideoluwa Comfort and my two adorable daughters, Tolunimi Avivah and Inimiloluwa Maranatha, for their unconditional support, encouragement and understanding throughout my master’s thesis study journey iv Table of Contents Dedication ii Declaration iii Acknowledgements .iv Table of Contents v List of Abbreviation ix List of Tables x List of Figures xi Abstract CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Context 1.1.1 Background of the research 1.1.2 Is the Existing Planning Framework in Victoria, Australia Capable of Responding to Climate Change? 1.2 Rationale of the study 1.3 Research Purpose .10 1.4 Research Objectives .11 1.5 Research Questions 11 1.6 Study Scope .11 1.7 Overview of Research Design 12 1.8 Overview of Case Study 13 1.8.1 Background to Case Study .13 1.8.2 Policy Context of Case Study 14 1.9 Structure of the Thesis .16 CHAPTER TWO: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE LAND USE PLANNING CONTEXT: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE 17 2.1 Overview 17 2.2 Planning for Climate Change 17 2.2.1 Climate Change and Cities .19 2.2.2 Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment .26 2.2.3 Mitigating greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions through land-use planning 28 2.2.4 Adapting to Climate Change through land-use planning 30 2.3 Integrating Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Cities 33 2.3.1 Synergies, Conflicts and Trade-offs between Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 36 Challenges to Planning for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation .39 2.5 Plan Evaluation Research 41 2.5.1 Evaluating climate change mitigation and adaptation in land-use plans 45 2.5.2 Awareness-Analysis-Action (3As) Evaluation Framework .46 v CHAPTER THREE: POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR LAND USE PLANNING AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN VICTORIA 51 3.1 Overview 51 3.2 Framework for Climate Change in Australia 51 3.3 Victorian Legislation, Regulatory Framework and Policy Context 54 3.3.1 Key Planning Legislation 54 3.3.2 Planning Regulation and Processes 60 3.3.3 Policy and Strategies 71 3.3.3.1 Victorian Coastal Strategy 2014 71 3.3.3.2 Victoria's Climate Change Framework 73 3.3.3.3 Victorian Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2017 - 2020 73 3.4 Institutional Structures for Managing Land Use Planning in Victoria 73 3.4.1 The Minister for Planning 74 3.4.2 The Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 75 3.4.3 Local councils 76 3.4.4 Victorian Planning Authority 76 3.4.5 Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT) .77 3.4.6 Planning Panels Victoria 81 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH DESIGN 84 4.1 Overview 84 4.2 Research Focus 84 4.2.1 Research aims 84 4.2.2 Research Objectives 85 4.2.3 Research Questions 85 4.3 Research Framework .85 4.3.1 Conceptual Framework 85 4.3.2 Research Outline 89 4.3.2.1 Assessing awareness of climate change 89 4.3.2.2 Assessing understanding/evidence of risks and vulnerability 90 4.3.2.3 Identifying actions in the local land use planning 91 4.4 Research Methodology 92 4.4.1 Case Study Research 92 4.4.2 Content Analysis Methods .94 4.4.3 Planning Quality Analysis 96 4.4.4 Evaluation Scoring Protocol .99 4.4.4.1 Scoring of indicators 99 4.5 Research Methods 101 4.5.1 Sample Frame and Data Source .101 4.5.2 Phase I: Assessing the State Planning Framework .102 4.5.2.1 Sample Selection 102 4.5.2.2 Research Design 102 4.5.2.3 Data Analysis 103 4.5.3 Phase II: Assessing Local land use Implementation on Climate Change 103 4.5.3.1 Sample Selection 103 4.5.3.2 Research Design 105 4.5.3.3 Data Analysis 105 4.5.4 Phase III: Synthesising the findings .105 4.6 Limitation of Research Design 106 vi CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSING THE STATE PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR AWARENESS AND ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE .107 5.1 Overview 107 5.2 Objective 1: To assess the level of climate change awareness in the state and local planning policies and regulation 108 5.2.1 Assessing the awareness of climate change in key planning legislation in Victoria .109 5.2.2 Assessing the awareness of climate change in the state planning regulation and policies .111 5.2.3 Summary of awareness component 114 5.3 Objective 2: To assess the level of understanding of risk and vulnerability in the state and local planning policies, and regulation 116 5.3.1 Assessing the analytical capability/evidence of risk and vulnerability assessment in the planning legislation in Victoria 116 5.3.2 Assessing the analytical capability/evidence of risks and vulnerability assessment in the state planning policies and regulation 118 5.3.3 Summary of Analysis component 120 5.4 Awareness and Analysis (AA) Planning Quality Evaluation (Breadth and Depth Scores) 121 5.4.1 Overall performance of planning legislations 121 5.4.1.1 Indicator performance for awareness component in planning legislations 123 5.4.1.2 Indicator performance for analysis component in planning legislations .124 5.4.2 Overall performance of planning policies, strategies, and regulation 125 5.4.2.1 Indicator performance of awareness component for planning policies and regulation 126 5.4.2.2 Indicator performance of analysis component for planning policies and regulation 127 5.4.3 Summary of the Awareness & Analysis (AA) Performance 128 CHAPTER SIX: ASSESSING LOCAL LAND-USE IMPLEMENTATION AND ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 129 6.1 Introduction .129 6.2 Overall performance of the planning schemes 130 6.3 Indicators Performance of planning schemes 132 6.3.1 Indicator performance for Awareness component in local planning schemes .132 6.3.2 Indicator performance for Analysis component in local planning schemes 132 6.3.3 Indicator performance for Action component in local planning schemes 133 6.4 Overall performance of the three planning schemes 134 6.5 Summary 135 CHAPTER SEVEN: CURRENT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES .136 7.1 Overview 136 7.2 Level of Awareness of Climate Change in the Victorian Planning System 136 7.3 Lack of analytical capability in the Victorian Planning System to address climate change issues .138 7.4 Implementing Land-Use Mitigation and Adaptation Actions Across Levels of Government in Victoria 140 7.4.1 Land use mitigation action in Victoria's Planning System .140 7.4.2 Land use adaptation action in the Victorian Planning System 141 7.4.3 Addressing integration of mitigation/adaptation in the Victorian planning system 142 7.4.4 Addressing roles and responsibilities .143 7.5 Chapter Summary 145 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 147 vii 8.1 Overview 147 8.2 Summary of Research Findings .148 8.2.1 Objective 1: To assess the level of climate change awareness in the State and local planning policies and regulation .148 8.2.2 Objective 2: To analyse the level of understanding of risks and vulnerability in the state and local planning policies and regulation 150 8.2.3 Objective 3: To identify the implementable climate change actions in the local land use planning .151 8.3 Current issues and challenges in the Victorian planning system 152 8.3.1 Awareness of the planning systems to climate change issues 152 8.3.2 Lack of analytical capability in the planning system to address climate change issues 153 8.3.3 Implementing land-use mitigation and adaptation actions across levels of government .154 8.4 Comments and recommendation 157 8.5 Research Limitation .158 8.6 Future Research .159 REFERENCES 161 viii List of Abbreviation AAA Awareness-Analysis-Action CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCA2017 Climate Change Act of 2017 CCMA Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation CCM Climate Change Mitigation DELWP Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning DRR Disaster Risk Reduction GHGs Greenhouse Gas Emissions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change PEA Planning and Environment Act 1987 LGA Local Government Act 2020 (Vic) LPPF Local Planning Policy Framework SPPF State Planning Policy Framework UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VCAT Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal VCCAP Victorian Climate Change Adaptation Plan VCS Victoria Coastal Strategy VPA Victorian Planning Authority VPPs Victoria Planning Provisions VPS Victorian Planning System ix List of Tables Table 2.1: Major differences between climate change mitigation and adaptation…….28 Table 2.2: Interrelationship between mitigation and adaptation……………… ….….30 – 31 Table 4.1: As evaluation framework designed for this study………………… .86-87 Table 4.2: Selection criteria for sample local council…………………………… 92 Table 5.1: Planning instruments analysed in the State Planning Framework…………97 Table 5.2: Evaluation scores for planning legislations…………………… .110-111 Table 5.3: Indicator’s performance index for planning legislations………………… 113 Table 5.4: Evaluation scores for planning policies, strategies, and regulation….… 115 Table 5.5: Indicator performance for planning policies, strategies, and regulation….116 Table 6.1: Planning schemes evaluation scores……………………………….…… 120 Table 6.2: Indicator’s performance index……………….……………………………122 x Kumar, P., & Geneletti, D (2015) How are climate change concerns addressed by spatial plans? 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