Logico-Semantic Relationship In English And Vietnamese Clause Complexes.pdf

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH TÂM LOGICO SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES (SO SÁNH MỐI QUAN HỆ LO[.]

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ MINH TÂM LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES (SO SÁNH MỐI QUAN HỆ LOGIC-NGỮ NGHĨA TRONG TỔ HỢP CÚ TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT) Major: English Linguistics Code: 62 22 15 01 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF ENGLISH SUPERVISOR: PROF DR HOÀNG VĂN VÂN HANOI -2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Rationale Aims of the study Significant of the study Scope of the study The research question The research design, methodology, and data The organization of the study 3 4 CHAPTER 1: SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS AND THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP IN CLAUSE COMPLEXES 1.1 Systemic functional theory 1.1.1 Historical context of the emergence of systemic functional theory: a brief overview 1.1.2 Functional approach – a general description 1.1.3 Systemic functional linguistics 1.1.3.1 Text and context in the view of SFL 1.1.3.2 How ―systemic‖? 1.1.3.3 How ―functional‖? 1.1.4 Review of related studies 1.1.4.1 An overview of studies in Vietnamese grammar 1.1.4.2 SFL studies in other languages 1.1.5 Summary 1.2 The theoretical framework of logico-semantic relationship in clause complexes 1.2.1 The notion of clause complex in the light of SFL 1.2.1.1 Concepts revisited 1.2.1.2 What is a clause complex? 1.2.1.3 Where is the clause complex located in the overall linguistic system? 1.2.1.4 How is the clause complex organized? 1.2.2 Analytical frameworks of logico-semantic relations in clause complexes 1.2.2.1 Projection in clause complexes 1.2.2.2 Expansion in clause complexes iv 6 11 12 13 15 20 20 22 22 23 23 23 29 36 38 41 41 50 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY, DATA, AND GENERALFINDINGS 2.1 Research question restated 2.2 Research design 2.3 The methodology 2.4 Methods of the study 2.5 Data collecting procedure 2.5.1 Corpus compilation 2.5.2 Corpus annotation and data processing 2.5.2.1 The computational tool 2.5.2.2 The process of annotating and processing the data 2.6 Data analysis 2.6.1 Describing the data 2.6.2 Comparing the two groups of data 2.7.General findings 59 59 59 61 62 62 62 64 64 67 71 71 72 73 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: PROJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES 75 3.1 Projection in English Clause Complexes 3.1.1 How is projection realized in English Clause Complexes 3.1.1.1 Projecting clauses 3.1.1.2 Projected clauses 3.1.1.3 Projecting and projected clauses paratactically related 3.1.1.4 Projecting and projected clauses hypotactically related 3.1.2 How does Projection work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.1 How does quoting work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.2 How does hypotactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.3 How does paratactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.1.2.4 How does projection facilitate other linguistic phenomena in English clause complexes 3.1.3 Summary 3.2 Projection in Vietnamese clause complexes 3.2.1 How is projection realized in Vietnamese Clause Complexes 3.2.1.1 Projecting clauses 3.2.1.2 Projected clauses 3.2.1.3 Projecting and projected clauses paratactically related 3.2.1.4 Projecting and projected clauses hypotactically related 3.2.2 How does projection work in Vietnamese clause complexes 3.2.2.1 How does quoting work in Vietnamese clause complexes v 75 75 75 85 87 88 90 90 91 94 96 100 104 104 104 113 115 117 118 118 3.2.2.2 How does hypotactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.2.2.3 How does paratactic reporting work in English clause complexes 3.2.2.4 How does projection facilitate other linguistic phenomena in English clause complexes 3.2.3 Summary 3.3 Comparing logico-semantic relation of projection in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.1 Realization of projection in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.1.1 Projecting clauses 3.3.1.2 Projected clauses 3.3.1.3 Projecting and projected clauses paratactically related 3.3.1.4 Projecting and projected clauses hypotactically related 3.3.2 Operation of projection in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.1 Operation of quoting in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.2 Operation of hypotactic reporting in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.3 Operation of paratactic reporting in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.3.2.4 Projection in relation with other linguistic phenomena in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 3.4 Summary CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION: EXPANSION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CLAUSE COMPLEXES 4.1 Expansion in English clause complexes 4.1.1 How is expansion realized in English clause complexes 4.1.1.1 Expanding clauses 4.1.1.2 Expanded clauses 4.1.1.3 Conjunctions in English clause complexes of expansion 4.1.1.4 Expanding clause and expanded clause paratactically related 4.1.1.5 Expanding clause and expanded clause hypotactically related 4.1.2 How does expansion work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.1 How does elaboration work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.2 How does extension work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.3 How does enhancement work in English clause complexes 4.1.2.4 How does expansion facilitate ellipsis in the clause complex 4.1.3 Summary 4.2 Expansion in Vietnamese clause complexes 4.2.1 How is expansion realized in Vietnamese clause complexes vi 119 122 124 127 130 130 130 132 132 133 133 133 133 134 134 135 136 136 136 136 139 141 143 145 147 147 150 152 155 156 160 160 4.2.1.1 Expanding clauses 4.2.1.2 Expanded clauses 4.2.1.3 Conjunctions in Vietnamese clause complexes of expansion 4.2.1.4 Expanding clause and expanded clause paratactically related 4.2.1.5 Expanding clause and expanded clause hypotactically related 4.2.2 How does expansion work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.1 How does elaboration work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.2 How does extension work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.3 How does enhancement work in English clause complexes 5.1.2.4 How does expansion facilitate ellipsis in the clause complex 4.2.3 Summary 4.3.Comparing the logico-semantic relation of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.1 Comparing the realization of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.1.1 Expanding clauses 4.3.1.2 Expanded clauses 4.3.1.3 Conjunctions 4.3.1.4 Expanding clause and expanded clause paratactically related 4.3.1.5 Expanding clause and expanded clause hypotactically related 4.3.2 Comparing the operation of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.1 Elaboration in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.2 Extension in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.3 Enhancement in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.4 Expansion and ellipsis in English and Vietnamese clause complexes CONCLUSION THESIS-RELATED PUBLICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES OF DATA 160 162 164 168 170 172 172 175 178 180 181 186 186 186 186 187 188 189 189 189 190 190 191 192 202 203 210 vii LIST OF FIGURES Fig.1: ―Systemic‖ means making choice in a network 14 Fig 2: The Stratification 15 Fig 3: The View of the Grammar so far, Relative to Expansion by Metafunction and 16 Rank Fig 4: Metafunctions as manifested in the system network of the clause 19 Fig 5: Rank-based Constituency (Matthiessen & Halliday 24 Fig 6: The Rank scale 25 Fig.7 Delicacy in relation to the metafunctions of language and rank 26 Fig.8 Univariate and Multivariate Structure 27 Fig 9: Three lines of meanings in a clause – 29 Fig 10: Three lines of meanings in a clause – 30 Fig 11: Combining clauses into clause complex 31 Fig 12: The rank of the clause complex 33 Fig 13: The Location of Clause Complex in the Overall Linguistic System 38 Fig 14: Clauses in paratactic and hypotactic clause complexes 39 Fig 15: The Logico-semantic Relations 40 Fig.16: Positions of Projecting Clauses 42 Fig.17: Speech Functions of Projected Clauses 43 Fig 18: Clause Moods of Projected Clauses 44 Fig 19: Quoting vs Paratactic Reporting 44 Fig 20: Paratactic vs Hypotactic Projection 45 Fig 21: Projecting Processes and Mood of Projected Clause in Combination 46 viii Fig 22: Projecting Processes in Quoting and Hypotactic Reporting 47 Fig 23: The framework of projection in clause complexes 49 Fig 24: Possible Positions of Expanding Clauses 51 Fig.25: An Analysis of a Clause complex of Expansion 51 Fig 26: Clause Moods of Expanded Clauses 52 Fig 27: Expanding and Expanded Clauses Paratactically Related 53 Fig 28: Meaning of some Verbal Hypotactic Expanding Markers 54 Fig 29: Modes of Elaborating Relation 55 Fig 30: Modes of Extending Relation 56 Fig 31: Modes of Enhancement 56 Fig 32: The Framework of Expansion in Clause Complexes 58 Fig 33: Overview of the analysis process in SysFan 66 Fig 34: Chunking a group into clause complexes 68 Fig 35: Chunking a clause complex into clauses 69 Fig 36: Seven possible levels of chunking clause complexes 69 Fig 37: Labeling the clauses in analysis 70 Fig.38: Distribution maps of clause complex relation types 71 Fig 39: Complex Combination of Clauses – 124 Fig 40: Complex Combination of Clauses - 125 Fig.41: The multi-function expanded clause in English 140 Fig.42: A Multi-function Expanded Clause in Vietnamese 163 ix LIST OF SYMBOLS SYMBOLS MEANING OF SYMBOLS || clause divider ||| complex divider ^ clause conjunction α , β, Ɣ … hypotactic related clauses 1, 2, 3,… paratactic related clauses ‟ Idea ” Locution Proposition ! Proposal + Extension = Elaboration x Enhancement […] Embedding x INTRODUCTION Rationale Over the years, functional approach has had a significant impact on the study of grammar This theoretical approach tries to incorporate meaning, function, context, and grammatical categories Funtionalism has been developed by many functional grammarians like Dik (1978), Halliday (1985, 1994), Bloor (1994), Eggins (1994), Thompson (1996), Lock (1997), Martin (1997), VanValin and LaPolla (1997), Matthiessen (2002), and many others Different functional theories have emerged, representing a great range of theoretical opinion, but the central theme of the functionalist theories is: functional motivation is an alternative to innateness Linguistic theories which reject the syntactocentric or formal view and adopt the communication and cognition perspective include Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1991), Systemic Functional Grammar (Halliday 1994), Role and Reference Grammar (RRG; VanValin and LaPolla 1997), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG; Bresnan 2001), etc Unlike the linguistic theory that is still the received tradition in school, functionalism takes the resource perspective rather than the rule perspective; and it is designed to display the overall system of grammar rather than only fragments It wishes to be a theory which is 'functional' in at least three different, though interrelated senses: i It takes a functional view on the nature of language; ii It attaches primary importance to functional relations at different levels in the organization of language; iii It wishes to be practically applicable to the analysis of different aspects of language and language use Functional theories can be described in three groups: extreme, moderate and conservative, all are common in basically a rejection of the syntactocentric view of formalists and a recognition of the importance of the communicative factors, cognitive factors or both in grammatical theory and analysis Among the three, systemic functional grammar (SFL) belongs to the moderate group Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is an approach to language developed mainly by M.A.K Halliday in the UK and later in Australia This approach has its origin in the main intellectual tradition of European linguistics that developed following the work of Saussure Its primary source was the work of J.R Firth (1957) and his colleagues in London, who defines ―system‖ in systemic functional linguistics, as, in its technical sense, the ―theoretical representation of paradigmatic relations, contrasted with ―structure‖ for syntagmatic relations‖, and who characterizes systemic theory as the theory in which the system takes priority, the most abstract representation at any level is in paradigmatic terms As well as other schools of thought in Europe such as glossemantics, this theory also draws on American anthropological linguistics, and on traditional and modern linguistics as developed in China While American-style linguistics evolved in the modeling of the world‘s languages, SFL was developed to address the need of language teaching and learning A significant milestone in the development of this theory is when it was wholly developed in the work on the grammar of Chinese by Halliday (1956); and it has been used in educational and computational contexts from an early stage With the primary goal of addressing the needs of language teaching / learning, systemic functional grammar (SFG), the theory of grammar in the light of SFL, lays an emphasis on the functions of language - what language is used for Although SFG is a theory of grammar, it focuses more on the meaning, not the pure form of what is said like what formalists have long been doing Since 1980, SFL has been expanded considerably in various directions; further studies have been devoted to languages other than English, notably Chinese, French, Indonesian, Japanese and some other Asian and African languages It has not been of much popular use in Vietnam studies of grammar In Vietnamese, the first functional studies that should be counted are Tiếng Việt: Sơ Thảo Ngữ Pháp Chức Năng by Cao Xuân Hạo (1991), Ngữ Pháp Kinh Nghiệm cú Tiếng Việt: Mô tả theo quan niệm chức hệ thống by Hoàng Văn Vân (2002), Ngữ Pháp Chức Năng Tiếng Việt: Câu Tiếng Việt, and Ngữ Pháp Chức Năng Tiếng Việt: Ngữ Đoạn Từ Loại by Cao Xuân Hạo (2007), and some PhD thesis by Hoàng Văn Vân (1997), Thái Minh Đức (1998), and Đỗ Tuấn Minh (2007) These studies are the first attempts to bring the contemporarily not widely applicable theoretical perspective which has not yet been highlighted much in Vietnamese grammar studies SFG is a complex and comprehensive model, so in order to master all its concepts and categories, it is necessary to receive the cooperation from many people, not from one individual who can classify a further of a category only Hundreds of PhD theses have been conducted studying different areas of grammar in different languages in the light of SFG The studies on Vietnamese grammar using the same theoretical framework were on the system of transitivity, clauses, and thematic structures, leaving the area of clause combination an untouched topic which the author of this paper therefore takes this area as the topic for her thesis In the light of SFG, a comparison between English and Vietnamese clause complexes 47 Rathmann replies, ||―Like an old man with a white beard and a German accent?‖ (107_40) As he says || this, || Rathmann and Hall frame a shot of a bust of Freud that‘s sitting on a credenza behind them (107_41) (anaphoric reference) 48 Despite his own best efforts, however, the delegates to the convention, || so || he thought, || had proved unequal to the task, || producing a document that finessed the core issues behind a veneer of willfully ambiguous compromises (107_47) (anaphoric reference) 49 Snee writes || that,|| the constant strain of romantic fiction … confuses and mystifes the nature of personal relations (110_55) (cataphoric reference) 50 In letters to WMU, politicians, and newspaper editors, opponents argued || that (1) stripping the restriction and developing the Orchard was a betrayal of a public trust, (2)|| the land should be preserved for its conservation value, || and (3) expansion of the BTR was not necessary || but, if it became so, || somewhere else would be better (103_39) (anaphoric reference) As illustrated in the complexes above, so and not seems to be quite restricted to anaphoric reference while this and that can be used for both anaphoric and cataphoric reference As the substitution of the projected clause, so can be inverted to the initial position to precede the projecting clause while this, that, and not always follow the projecting clauses In addition, as revealed from the clause complexes in the corpora of this paper, the choices of how the projected clause can be substituted or referred back also depend on the semantic features of the projecting verbs used to project the locution or idea The reason is the use of projecting verbs reflects the speaker‘s degree of certainty of what is said / thought; this certainty, in turn, decides how the locution / idea is referred back later This point can be illustrated through the analysis of clause complex 103_39 in 50a and its modified version as in 50b below: 50a In letters to WMU, politicians, and newspaper editors, opponents argued || that (1) stripping the restriction and developing the Orchard was a betrayal of a public trust, (2)|| the land should be preserved for its conservation value, || and (3) expansion of the BTR was not necessary || but, if it became so, || somewhere else would be better (103_39) 98 50b In letters to WMU, politicians, and newspaper editors, opponents pointed out || that (1) stripping the restriction and developing the Orchard was a betrayal of a public trust, (2)|| the land was preserved for its conservation value, || and (3) expansion of the BTR was not necessary || and, thanks to that, || somewhere else would be better The meaning of argue here is to present evidence and reason for something to happen in the future, once something is still being argued for, it is not yet an actual thing / fact The meaning of point out here, however, is to mention, indicate, or orient to some actual thing / fact This explains the difference in meaning between the opponents argue so (they are arguing for the suggested plan, they are not sure about the assertion as valid yet) and the editors pointed out that (in their opinion, that is the actual case) As Halliday (1994: 256-258) states, in English, there are different ways of referring back to what is quoted and what is reported Typically in English, that is usually used to pick up a quoted message, while so / not is used with a report This is because the act of quoting implies a prior referent, some actual occasion that can then be referred back to, whereas in reporting there is nothing but the reported text Accordingly, when it is not certain whether a piece of text is treated as a quote or a report, there are of course two ways to project it 51a Information wants to be free, || or so it is said (103_11) 51b Information wants to be free, and that‘s what it is said In 51b, the projected clause is treated as a quote: “who produced that verbal act?” while in 51a, the projected clause is dealt with as a text “who affirmed that it was the case?” with the implication that the contrary is conceivable The choice of reference and substitution in English clause complexes also depends badly on whether the projecting process is a verbal process or a mental process With the projecting verb as a verbal process, the clause someone said that simply demonstrate one‘s production of the wording while someone said so raises the issue of whether what is said is in fact the case With the projecting verb as a mental process, the choice of reference and substitution depends on the speaker / reporter‘s degree of certainty “That” is used as when the mental projecting verb implies more certainty from the speaker / reporter and “so / not” is chosen when the mental projecting verb implies less certainty from the 99 reporter “That” is chosen to refer back to the projected clause if the speaker / reporter believes what is projected is more actual, but “so / not” is chosen if the speaker / reporter believes what is projected is more hypothetical 52 She had a winning answer _ (i) I think so _ (ii) I know that 53 She is trying to take that position _ (i) If so, her situation will change _(ii) Because of that, she is completing her application dossier 54 He is always right _ (i) Perhaps so _ (ii) Certainly In 52 (i), the verb think demonstrates little sureness of the speaker / reporter in what is projected while know in 52(ii) exhibits the confidence that what is projected is a fact The two applicable structures thus are I think so or I know that, not I know so The same tendency happens in 53 (i), (ii) and 54 (i), (ii) The choice of if and perhaps show less certainty in the speaker / reporter‘s attitude towards the substitute projected clause whereas the use of because of and certainly obviously indicate the actuality of what is previously said The expressions “if so”, “perhaps so”, “because of that”, “certainly” are accordingly employed There exists neither of the expressions “because so” nor “certainly so” 3.1.3 Summary Projection in English clause complexes is realized through the constituent clauses of the complexes and how they are related to each other in taxis relations, and it works in three modes: quoting, paratactic reporting, and hypotactic reporting Realization of Projection in English Clause Complexes  Projecting clauses: Projecting clauses in English clause complexes of projection have two basic functions: (i) showing that the other clauses are locutions / ideas being projected and (ii) 100 adding additional contextual information to the content of the projected locution(s) / idea(s) Projecting processes are realized through the projecting verbs, which are verbs of saying, verbs of cognition, and verbs of behavior While verbs of saying and verbs of cognition can be used for both quoting and reporting, verbs of behavior are used in quoting only As regards verbs of saying, the general verb say can be used in all cases of projection, while some semantically complex verbs like hypothesize, imply, insinuate are never used in quoting as there is too much experiential distance between their meaning and the direct speech event in quoted clauses Also, the choice of verbs in reporting can be affected by the mood of the projected clauses and can show reporters‘ feelings and attitudes towards what are being reported Projecting clauses can be at the three possible positions in the clause complexes: initial, middle, and final The initial position of projecting clauses is the most accepted and the most exploited as they can happen in both quoting and reporting either propositions or proposals The middle and final positions are popular in quoting In reporting, these positions are suitable for reporting finite propositions and proposals, not the non-finite ones In projecting clauses, subject –verb inversion is popular This inversion is usually found in projecting clauses at the middle and final positions of the clause complexes Subject – verb inversion in projecting clauses at the initial positions is quite rare, even odd  Projected clauses: Projected clauses in English clause complexes of projection can functions as either locutions (if projected verbally or by verbs of behavior) or ideas (if projected mentally (by verbs of cognition) They can be either propositions or proposals, and therefore can be of any kind of clause moods: declarative, interrogative, exclamative, and imperative The moods of projected clauses are remained the same as the original locutions / ideas through quoting, but through reporting, just the declarative and imperative mood are retained, the other two moods are changed into declarative mood  Paratactic Relation of Projecting and Projected Clauses: 101 In paratactic clause complexes of projection, constituent clauses are independent and are paratactically related by independency markers including adjacency, quotation marks, and punctuation marks (comma, dash, colon, or zero punctuation) in written texts, and the change of tone group in spoken language  Hypotactic Relation of Projecting and Projected Clauses: In hypotactic clause complexes of projection, the projected clauses are dependent on the projecting clause (the dominant clause in the complex); constituent clauses are hypotactically related by dependency markers including: adjacency, binder “that” to introduce the projected clauses, ―if‖ or “whether" to mark interrogative mood, punctuation marks (comma, dash, or zero punctuation) in written texts, and the change in tone group in spoken language, which is not observed from the corpora of this dissertation Operation of Projection in English Clause Complexes  Quoting: In English clause complexes of quoting, the two constituent clauses are structurally independent but they are logically related in meaning, that is, (i) projecting clauses can support projected clauses with certain circumstantial elements of the original speech event, and (ii) the mood and the speech function of the projected clauses can affect the choice of projecting verbs in projecting clauses  Hypotactic Reporting: In English hypotactic clause complexes of reporting, constituent clauses are syntactically and semantically interdependent The choices of verbs in projecting processes are affected by the mood and speech function of projected clauses In return, the systems of deictic expressions in projected locutions / ideas are changed to fit the deictic center in projecting clauses, so that the projecting and projected clauses in the complex agree Changes happen to all kinds of deictic expressions: personal, temporal, and spatial, except when the deictic center in the projecting clause and that in the original speech event are the same Also, projected clauses can be either finite or non-finite as they are dependent on the dominant clauses – the projecting clauses  Paratactic Reporting: English paratactic clause complexes or reporting are midway between clause complexes of quoting and clause complexes of hypotactic reporting The moods of the 102 projected clauses are kept (as in quoting), but the systems of deictic expressions are also shifted away from the original speech event to fit the new deictic center, as realized in the projecting clauses  Influence of projection on other linguistic phenomenon in the clause complexes: Ellipsis is made possible in clause complexes of projection because the logico- semantic relation tells that in a clause complex of projection, any locution / idea in the form of a projected clause is projected by a projecting clause, and the main function of a projecting clause is just to signify that the clause that pairs with it is projected, so the projecting clauses could be hidden without significant effect on the meaning of the whole complex Logico-semantic relation of projection allows the recovery of the hidden projecting clause Substitution of projected clauses in clause complexes is also possible because the logico-semantic relation of projection tells that the pro-forms that follow the projecting clauses are the substitutions of projecting clauses, which can be traced thanks to anaphoric or cataphoric reference The pro-forms for substituting projected clauses in English are different when the clauses substituted are verbally and when they are mentally projected The choice of the pro-forms in reporting also implies the certainty of the reporters on what is being reported 103 3.2 Projection in Vietnamese Clause Complexes 3.2.1 How is Projection Realized in Vietnamese Clause Complexes 3.2.1.1 Projecting Clauses a Functions of Projecting Clauses In Vietnamese clause complexes of projection, the main function of projecting clauses is to show that the locutions / ideas that coexist with it in the same clause complex has been produced before, and they are in their second-order use Also, projecting clauses provide additional information about the context of the original speech event of the locutions / ideas projected 55 Cuối ơng nói: || ―Chúng tơi tin tưởng chắn || rằng, năm người nông dân sử dụng giống ngô chứa thêm 15, chí 20 loại gene khác nhau‖ (201_39) (projecting what someone says) 56 Người ta thấy || đột qụy thường xảy vào lúc sáng sớm, vài sau ngủ dậy, || mà HA đột ngột tăng cao (202_43) (projecting what someone thinks) 57 Nhưng tự nhủ lịng || có thấm so với ngày tháng khổ cực quê nhà, trình tập luyện sân Chi Lăng chục năm (209_9) (projecting, with information about the person addressed in the act of saying) 58 Phúc tinh nghịch: || ―VĐV tụi em giá, || anh thấy || Tập luyện sân, có để ý đâu‖ (209_14) (projecting, with the manner of saying) 59 Tôi cười,|| lúc thích thật (210_34) (projecting, with the behavior when saying) As demonstrated by the complexes above, all projecting clauses share the same function: projecting locutions / ideas and they can also supplement the content of the locutions / ideas projected with the manner of speaking, the behavior, the attitudes, and the specific situation and the audience of the act of speaking b Projecting processes In Vietnamese clause complexes of projection, the projecting processes are realized not only through the verbs but through the adjectives and adverbs as well (i)  Projecting verbs The general verb nói : 104 60 Một số người cho vũ trụ có chung lửa, || số người khác lại nói băng (201_1) (nói used in projecting proposition) 61 ―Các quan thơng báo chí phải vào cuộc, mở chuyên trang, chuyên mục để người dân đóng góp ý kiến vào trình sửa đổi Hiến pháp‖, || Thứ trưởng nói (203_39) (nói used in projecting proposal) 62 "Cà phê thứ đồ uống đầy kiểu cách tao loại rượu hảo hạng giới, || đa phần số cà phê phục vụ cho người hàng phế phẩm", || anh nói (207_3) (nói used in projecting proposition) 63 Rồi nhìn qua tơi, || chào:|| ―Chú Chin nói tơi qua đón anh‖ (210_6) (nói used in projecting proposal) This verb is the most common and neutral in meaning among all verbs of saying, thus it can be used to project in almost all cases of projection  Semantically complex verbs of saying Verbs specific to speech functions: hỏi, kể, thắc mắc, đề nghị, thông báo, cho hay, u cầu, bảo, lệnh, etc 64 Ơng Nguyễn Hịa Hiệp, Chánh án TAND tỉnh Tây Ninh, đề nghị ||Tòa Phúc thẩm TAND Tối cao TP.HCM nên gửi án bị hủy, sửa để cấp tòa sơ thẩm biết mà rút kinh nghiệm (203_48) 65 Thủ tướng cho hay, || đến nay, có 77 đại biểu với 237 câu hỏi gửi tới thành viên Chính phủ (203_19) 66 Phúc kể, || bước vào thi đấu, || thời tiết bất lợi (209_6) Verbs having connotation of various kinds: kêu (gọi), động viên, an ủi, van vỉ, phàn nàn, hăm dọa, lên lớp, thầm, cảnh báo, lưu ý, etc 67 Yơng kêu || người im lặng (210_27) 68 ―Khương đẹp thật‖ –|| buột miệng (210_31) 69 Đi xin việc ―nhất thân nhì thế‖ mà, || đám bạn “lên lớp” bé nhà quê || (210_57) 105 70 Đại biểu Trương Thái Hiền cảnh báo: || ―Ai hiểu || môi trường bạn đồng hành sống (208_8) 71 Doanh nhân Đặng Thành Tâm (TP.HCM) lên tiếng mạnh mẽ: || ―Đối với ngành, khu vực nhiễm làng nghề chì, phải kiên đóng cửa || hiệu kinh tế-xã hội làng nghề || hậu nhiều‖ (208_15) 72 ―Phải làm || đề giải pháp cụ thể || giải chung chung || dứt khốt khơng thể khắc phục tình trạng nhiễm mơi trường‖ –|| ơng lưu ý (208_17) 73 Ơng an ủi:|| Chẳng có đáng buồn lo, ||để bố lo cho (210_59) Verbs combining say with certain contextual elements: dẫn chứng, chia sẻ, giải thích, giảng giải, chất vấn, tư vấn, đồng tình, khuyên nhủ, nhận xét, kết luận, nhắc lại, etc 74 Nước mắt cô ứa thầm khấn nguyện: || ―Hãy tha thứ cho con‖ (210_63) 75 Hiệp rỉ tai tôi, giọng hệt cậu bé học mẫu giáo || ―Lúc bình thường, ơng cháu dễ thương lắm, ạ‖ (210_70) 76 Thủ tướng nhắc lại trước QH: || Làm Luật biểu tình phù hợp Hiến pháp, phù hợp đặc điểm văn hóa, điều kiện cụ thể VN thông lệ quốc tế đảm bảo quyền tự do, dân chủ người dân… (203_19) 77 Những kết kết luận|| BN nhiều giai đoạn tiến triển bệnh nhận lợi ích điều trị từ trị liệu cơng mạnh dạn (202_29) 78 Ơng Trần Văn Sự, Phó Chánh án TAND TP.HCM, chất vấn || cơng tác thi đua ngành tịa án liệu có thực chất hay cịn mang tính chất đối phó (203_47) 79 Duane Sorenson mở cửa hàng cà phê mình, || người khách ngày khai trương chia sẻ || họ yêu thích sáng tạo mẻ loại đồ uống (207_1) 80 Đại biểu Ly Kiều Vân (Quảng Trị) dẫn chứng từ báo cáo Chính phủ: || ―Chỉ năm 2011, có đến 1.728 vụ nhiễm mơi trường, […] số cịn lại xử lý vi phạm hành chính‖ (208_4) 106 81 Về số, tác động FDI đồng Euro khơng hồn tồn rõ ràng, || hầu hết nhà nghiên cứu đồng ý || có tác động tích cực,|| ước đốn || mức tăng từ 15% tới 200% cho dòng đầu tư nội khối nước thành viên, […] châu Âu (208_99) 82 Giả sử || gió thổi với vận tốc 20m/s qua nhiều ngày, vùng rộng lớn || câu hỏi đặt lúc vận tốc sóng, dải phổ tần số sóng nào? (201_49) In general, among the verbs of saying, nói is used as a multi-function verb which can both quote and report projected clauses of almost all kinds of speech functions and contexts while the semantically complex verbs are specific to certain speech functions or contexts only 66a Phúc kể, || bước vào thi đấu, || thời tiết bất lợi (209_6) 66b Phúc nói, || bước vào thi đấu, || thời tiết bất lợi (the verb nói for reporting proposition – statement) 66c Phúc hỏi, || bước vào thi đấu, || thời tiết bất lợi * 68a ―Khương đẹp thật‖ –|| buột miệng (210_31) 68b ―Khương đẹp thật‖ –|| tơi nói (the verb nói for quoting proposition – exclamation) 68c ―Khương đẹp thật‖ –|| kiến nghị.* 74a Nước mắt ứa thầm khấn nguyện: || ―Hãy tha thứ cho con‖ (210_63) 74b Nước mắt cô ứa nói: || ―Hãy tha thứ cho con‖ (210_63) (the verb nói for quoting proposal – request) 74c Nước mắt cô ứa kết luận: || ―Hãy tha thứ cho con‖.* 78a Ơng Trần Văn Sự, Phó Chánh án TAND TP.HCM, chất vấn || công tác thi đua ngành tịa án liệu có thực chất hay cịn mang tính chất đối phó (203_47) 107 78b Ơng Trần Văn Sự, Phó Chánh án TAND TP.HCM, nói || cơng tác thi đua ngành tịa án liệu có thực chất hay cịn mang tính chất đối phó (the verb nói for reporting proposition – question) 78c Ơng Trần Văn Sự, Phó Chánh án TAND TP.HCM, kể || cơng tác thi đua ngành tịa án liệu có thực chất hay cịn mang tính chất đối phó.* Any projecting verbs, even those for projecting clauses of elaborate functions, can be substituted by the general verb of saying nói without changing the literal meaning of the clause complex, therefore complexes 66b, 68b, 74b, and 78b are, basically, quite equivalent to the original clause complexes in terms of meaning, just certain contextual information is left out However, if one semantically complex verb is substituted by another, if the two verbs are not proximate in meaning and function, the replacement of one for another might create odd sentences like in 66c, 68c, 74c, and 78c As regards the semantically complex verbs, as their semantic properties are made up not only from the sense of saying but other senses of collocation, connotation, specific situation of use, they can integrate some interpersonal meaning to the ideational meaning The choice of projecting verbs therefore can allow speakers‘ attitudes and evaluation of what is projected to be explicit in the whole picture 79a Duane Sorenson mở cửa hàng cà phê mình, || người khách ngày khai trương chia sẻ || họ yêu thích sáng tạo mẻ loại đồ uống (207_1) 79b Duane Sorenson mở cửa hàng cà phê mình, || người khách ngày khai trương khoe || họ yêu thích sáng tạo mẻ loại đồ uống 79c Duane Sorenson mở cửa hàng cà phê mình, || người khách ngày khai trương tuyên bố || họ yêu thích sáng tạo mẻ loại đồ uống 79d Duane Sorenson mở cửa hàng cà phê mình, || người khách ngày khai trương tiết lộ || họ yêu thích sáng tạo mẻ loại đồ uống 108 The four clause complexes above share the ideational meaning, but their interpersonal meanings are varied While in 79a, the projecting verb chia sẻ reflect the welcoming manner of the speaker when offering the information, in 79b, the additional information that khen gives is the pride that the speaker takes when giving information, in 79c, tuyên bố impresses the audience with the feeling of giving the information to the public in an open way, and in 79d, tiết lộ attracts the audience with the sense of the confidentiality of the information Some semantically complex verbs like ám chỉ, ngụ ý, giả sử, phủ nhận are even too specific in their speech function and connotation that they are largely restricted to reporting only, as such speech function and connotation distance them from the actual speech events 82a Giả sử || gió thổi với vận tốc 20m/s qua nhiều ngày, vùng rộng lớn || câu hỏi đặt lúc vận tốc sóng, dải phổ tần số sóng nào? (201_49) 82b Giả sử: || ―Gió thổi với vận tốc 20m/s qua nhiều ngày, vùng rộng lớn‖ || câu hỏi đặt lúc vận tốc sóng, dải phổ tần số sóng nào?* 82c Bảo / nói / tin / khẳng định rằng: || ―Gió thổi với vận tốc 20m/s qua nhiều ngày, vùng rộng lớn‖ || câu hỏi đặt lúc vận tốc sóng, dải phổ tần số sóng nào? The verbs like bảo / nói / tin / khẳng định are l2b less specific in their functions and connotation thus can be used to quote while giả sử seems to be too specific and it makes the complex of quoting in 82b sound odd in Vietnamese language This verb can be used to report only  Verbs of cognition: nghĩ, cho rằng, biết, hiểu, tự hỏi, băn khoăn, hi vọng, mong muốn, mơ ước, sợ, etc 83 Có điều khắc này, thầy khơng khỏi chạnh lịng || dù tự nhủ || ―mình hưu rồi, || hai năm cịn lại, có chút đóng góp cịn khơng‖ (210_55) 109 84 Trương Văn Chình Nguyễn Hiến Lê (1964) quan niệm ||câu đơn cú câu diễn tả tình, || chủ từ biểu thị chủ thể ―chủ sự‖ tình (210_83) 85 Bằng cách thiết lập khoảng cách đến siêu tân tinh tốc độ chúng xa || nhà khoa học hy vọng phát số phận vũ trụ (201_4) 86 Hai nhóm nhà vật lý hiểu || họ phải rà sốt bầu trời để tìm siêu tân tinh xa (201_21) Tải FULL (212 trang): https://bit.ly/3AIeMTt Dự phòng: fb.com/TaiHo123doc.net 87 VinaCapital nhận thấy || Việt Nam thị trường lớn giới với nhiều hội hấp dẫn.(204_2) 88 Lúc thi đấu, Phúc nghĩ || cần cố gắng hết sức, tự tin || đặc biệt không để bạn bè nước coi thường (209_5) Verbs of cognition in Vietnamese, as illustrated in the complexes above, can be used to both quote and report In the mode of reporting, what is reported is an idea, or meaning, in the mode of quoting, what is quoted is wording as meaning  Verbs of behaviors: chào, cười, khóc, nhìn, liếc, mím mơi, etc 89 ―Em chịu khổ quen rồi, || nên thời tiết khơng cịn vấn đề lớn‖, || Phúc cười (209_10) 90 Chị cười nhạt:|| ―Nghề chúng em vất vả lắm, có hay ho đâu chị‖ (205_11) 91 Khương nhìn tơi: || ―Thơi, anh vào đi, || tuần sau Khương lên thăm || Khó khăn chung mà‖ (210_7) 92 Khương mím mơi: ||―Cơng việc nhiều lắm‖ (210_9) 93 Bà Tư Rêu dậm chân, vung tay:|| Nó khơng lấy tiền chị, || chị khen tốt phải (210_52) 94 Anh đưa cho tơi bó thịt nai khơ: || ―Có tính trở lại khơng?‖ (210_41) Verbs of behaviors, with no element of saying, are used to quote only, as can be seen in the all complexes from 89 to 94 They are not employed in reporting because in reporting, what is reported is simply a piece of text; if the speech function is not made 110 clear in the reporting verb, the reported text cannot be seen as a projected locution or idea In quoting, however, the quotation marks are enough to signal that the text they bound are what someone said or thought, the projecting verbs can therefore just supply the behavior to the context, and there is no need to incorporate any sense of saying in the projecting process (ii) Adjectives for projection Using adjectives for projection is quite popular in Vietnamese, as can be seen in the following complexes 95 ―Mời vị xem đậu tương này‖ || Robb Fraley đon đả với khách tham Tải FULL (212 trang): https://bit.ly/3AIeMTt Dự phòng: fb.com/TaiHo123doc.net 96 Khi hỏi, ||bạn sinh viên hùng hồn: ||“Có chứ, nhiều khác || Ma Văn quan (201_9) Kháng tác giả tiểu thuyết “Mảnh đất người nhiều ma”… (205 _25) 97 Phúc tinh nghịch: || ―VĐV tụi em khơng có giá, || anh thấy || Tập luyện sân, có để ý đâu‖ (209_14) 98 Bà chủ hàng ngại: || ―Uống nước không? || Nhà có ―bị húc‖‖ (210_2) 99 Cậu niên lúng túng, || quệt hai tay bê bết dầu mỡ vào quần, || quần cố gắng chu lại vần lên vết tay màu đỏ vàng kì cục: || ―Tại ruột xe bị lủng‖ (210_5) 100 Chồng quay lại sừng sộ: ||«Cười gì?» (210_60) The point to be drawn out from these complexes is, in the clause complexes of projection, the projecting clauses not necessarily consist of projecting verbs The projecting verbs can be hidden from the content of the projecting clauses, instead, the adjectives of manners, attitudes, emotion, and gestures which modify the verbs are used in the clauses so that the verbs can be inferred and recovered in case of need For example, in the clause complex: 95a “Mời vị xem đậu tương này” || Robb Fraley đon đả với khách tham quan (201_37) the verb can be recovered as: 111 95b “Mời vị xem đậu tương này” || Robb Fraley đon đả nói / giới thiệu với khách tham quan Or in the clause complex: 96a Khi hỏi, ||bạn sinh viên hùng hồn: ||“Có chứ, nhiều khác || Ma Văn Kháng tác giả tiểu thuyết “Mảnh đất người nhiều ma”… (205 _25) the verb can be recovered as 96b Khi hỏi, ||bạn sinh viên hùng hồn nói / tuyên bố: ||“Có chứ, nhiều khác || Ma Văn Kháng tác giả tiểu thuyết Mảnh đất người nhiều ma”… As the words “đon đả”, “hùng hồn” give information of the manner and attitude of the speaker, the hidden verbs can still be inferred Yet, as there is no semantic feature of “saying” in those adjectives, they cannot be used to report, just to quote Those adjectives in Vietnamese make up the behavioural processes c Positions of Projecting Clauses All the three possible positions of projecting clauses can be found in Vietnamese clause complexes of projection, in the mode of both quotes and reports Position Quote Report Propositions: Propositions Chị cười nhạt: || ―Nghề chúng Tuy nhiên, nhiều ý kiến cho || chế tài em vất vả lắm, có hay ho đâu chưa sát thực tế, thiếu sức nặng Initial chị.‖ (205_11) tính răn đe (203_3) Proposals: Proposals: Nước mắt ứa thầm Ơng cụ bảo Hiệp || lấy đường sữa khấn nguyện: || ―Hãy tha thứ cho trái cam cho cậu bé gãy chân nằm con‖ (210_63) phòng (210_75) Propositions: Propositions: Trời đất, có chuyện Thạnh- Kỳ thực ảo ảnh đánh lừa mắt,|| || bà nội sa sầm nét mặt - || nhà khoa học nói,|| chẳng liên quan đến ảnh hưởng bao nhiêu? (210_67) bầu khí (201_22) Middle 112 6795057 ... projection in English and Vietnamese Clause Complexes Chapter - Findings and Discussion: Expansion in English and Vietnamese Clause Complexes - describes and then compares expansion in English and Vietnamese. .. Expanding clause and expanded clause hypotactically related 4.3.2 Comparing the operation of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.2.1 Elaboration in English and Vietnamese clause. .. Comparing the realization of expansion in English and Vietnamese clause complexes 4.3.1.1 Expanding clauses 4.3.1.2 Expanded clauses 4.3.1.3 Conjunctions 4.3.1.4 Expanding clause and expanded clause