Chapter 1 Forest management as an option for land use in Amazon Sustainable Forest Management for Small Farmers in Acre State in the Brazilian Amazon by Marcus Vinicio Neves d’Oliveira Supervisors M D[.]
Sustainable Forest Management for Small Farmers in Acre State in the Brazilian Amazon by Marcus Vinicio Neves d’Oliveira Supervisors: M.D Swaine And David F.R.P Burslem A thesis submitted to the University of Aberdeen for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Plant & Soil Science University of Aberdeen February 2000 Declaration I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis has been performed by myself in the department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Aberdeen, and that it has not been presented in any previous application for a degree All verbatum extracts have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information specifically acknowledged by reference to the authors Marcus Vinicio Neves d’Oliveira Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to the following: Dr M.D Swaine and Dr D.F.R.P Burslem, my supervisors, for their help, friendship and especially for their patience correcting this thesis EMBRAPA, Dr Judson Ferreira Valentim and the other directors of the CPAF-ACRE, for the support in all moments, especially during the field work CNPq for the scholarship and University expenses Paulo Carvalho, Airton Nascimento, Airton F Silva, Rosivaldo Saraiva, Francisco Abomorad “mateiros” and technician, members of the field work team from CPAFACRE and the “mateiros” Ivo Flores and Raimundo Saraiva from FUNTAC, for their assistance on the species identification, patience, suggestions and tireless work The other members of the PC Peixoto Forest Management Project in Brazil Evaldo Muñoz Braz and Henrique J.B de Araujo My friends in the department especially Tim Baker (who first introduced me to fish and chips), David Genney and the “brasileiros” Fabio Chinaglia and Rose Dams for their friendship and suggestions for this work Dr Jose Natalino Macedo da Silva and Dr Niro Higuchi, for the support and incentive they gave to me to start my PhD studies and Dr Richard W Bruce, who introduce me to the Abufari people and Abufari forest, where was born the idea to develop this forest management system My parents who have been a great encouragement throughout my studies, my brother Julio and my nephew Michel Lastly, but never least, to my wife Mauricilia “Monstra” (also using this space to apologise for the fact that I did not write the Chapter she asked me to write, only to acknowledge her, and recognise that she surely deserved it), for the encouragement, support, love etc and Maria João just for being a very nice girl Contents Summary Chapter Sustainable Forest Management: an option for land use in Amazon Introduction 1.1 Land use, Resources, Deforestation and timber Markets in the tropics 1.2 The role of the forest management 1.3 Colonisation, Land use and Forest Management in the Amazon 1.4 Important silvicultural systems used in tropical forests The Selection System The Indonesian Selective System (ISS) Selective Logging System (SLS) The Malayan Uniform System: origin and derivations The Tropical Shelterwood System The CELOS System A Brazilian silvicultural System Other Silvicultural Systems 1.5 Natural and semi-natural methods 1.6 Community management systems 1.7 Discussion Chapter The Pedro Peixoto Colonisation Project Introduction 2.1 Geology, soil and topography 2.2 Climate 2.3 Vegetation 2.4 Production and land use 2.5 Discussion Chapter The proposed silvicultural system Introduction 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 The proposed system 3.1.1.1 Ecological basis 3.1.1.2 Short Cycles 3.1.1.3 Techniques and Basic Concepts Forest inventory Prospective Forest inventory Harvesting intensity Tree felling and converting logs to planks Plank skidding Silvicultural treatments Artificial regeneration Monitoring the forest dynamics 3.1.1.4 The System sequence of operations 3.2 Results 3.2.1 Forest inventory Structure and floristic composition Natural regeneration 3.2.2 Forest Exploitation Preliminary Results Tree-felling and conversion of logs to planks Skidding the planks Forest Management General Costs and Economical analysis 3.3 Discussion Chapter Implications of the use of the Management System to the forest regeneration Introduction 4.1 Objective 4.2 Research questions 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Gap creation and plot establishment 4.3.2 Artificial gaps experiment 4.3.3 Felling gaps experiment 4.3.4 Hemispherical photography 4.3.5 Data manipulation and analysis 4.3.6 Species groups 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Artificial gaps 4.4.1.1 Species composition, richness and diversity 4.4.1.2 Seedling growth 4.4.1.3 Seedling density 4.4.1.4 Recruitment 4.4.1.5 Mortality 4.4.1.6 Regeneration of commercial species 4.4.2 Natural regeneration in the felling gaps and natural forest in PC Peixoto managed areas 4.4.2.1 Species richness and diversity 4.4.2.2 Seedling density 4.4.2.3 Seedling growth: 4.4.2.4 Recruitment 4.4.2.5 Seedling mortality 4.4.2.6 Commercial species regeneration 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Artificial gaps 4.5.2 Felling gaps 4.6 Conclusions Chapter Effects of the small scale forest management on forest dynamics and growth of the residual trees Introduction 5.1 Objectives: 5.2 Research questions 5.3 Methodology: 5.3.1 Plot establishment 5.3.1.1 Permanent sample plots 5.3.1.2 Species groups 5.3.1.3 Artificial gaps 5.3.2 Data manipulation and analysis Mortality rates Recruitment rates Growth rates 5.4 Results 5.4.1 Forest dynamics in the PSPs 5.4.1.1 Mean Diameter increment According species groups Crown sunlight exposure Diameter classes Forest Management 5.4.1.2 Stand volume increment 5.4.1.3 Mortality rates 5.4.1.4 Recruitment rates 5.4.1.5 Damage produced by the exploitation and natural causes 5.4.1.6 Species richeness and diversity 5.4.2 Diameter increment around artificial gaps and in adjacent natural forest 5.5 Discussion: Tree diameter increment Stand volume increment Mortality Recruitment Damage Tree diameter increment in the gaps borders Species diversity and richness 5.6 Conclusion Chapter Modelling growth, yield and the selection harvesting Introduction 6.1 Objective 6.2 Research question 6.3 Methodology 6.3.1 Model description 6.3.2 CAFOGROM functions generated with data from the Para (CPATU) PSPs 6.3.3 Development of the simulations 6.4 Results 6.4.1 CAFOGROM coefficients Basal area increment function Mortality rates Recruitment Crown class allocation Logging damage Basal area dynamics 6.4.2 Simulation of Undisturbed forest dynamics 6.4.3 Five year cycles 6.4.5 Ten year cycles 6.4.6 Fifteen year cycles 6.4.7 Twenty year cycle 6.5 Discussion Silvicultural treatments Harvesting rates (Basal area limit for extraction – BAE) Five year cycles Ten year cycle Fifteen year cycle Twenty year cycle 6.6 Conclusions Chapter Summary and general conclusions Introduction 7.1 The forest management system 7.2 The forest natural regeneration Artificial gaps Felling gaps 7.3 The forest dynamics 7.4 The simulations 7.5 The way ahead: constraints, opportunities and future research Bibliography List of tables Chapter Table 1.1 Mean rate of gross deforestation (km year-1) from 1978 to 1997 in the Brazilian Amazon Chapter Table 3.1: Forest Inventory estimates (systematic sampling) Table 3.2 Distribution and volume of commercial species Table 3.3: Most common species in the natural regeneration (number ha-1) Table 3.4: Natural regeneration of commercial species (ha-1) Table 3.5: Time and yields for converting logs to planks using the chain-saw Table 3.6: Team yield of skidding planks with oxen in different skidding distance Chapter Table 4.1 Most common species in the gaps and in the natural forest, total number of plants and relative density Table 4.2: Occurrence of species restricted in distribution to gaps, edges, control (closed forest), edge and control and edge and gap Table 4.3 Total number of stems in the plots, relative density of pioneer species, species richness, and Fisher’s diversity index in the artificial gaps (classified according, gap size, canopy openness and plot position in the gap), forest edges and control, one and two years after canopy opening Table 4.4: Mean diameter increment (cm yr-1) in the gaps in the first, second and from the first to the second year Table 4.5 Annual mean diameter increment (cm yr -1) of seedlings and results of ANOVA according gap size, gap openness and gap position Table 4.6 Mean seedling density (number of plants -1) in the artificial gaps (by gap size, and in the natural forest (control) Table 4.7: Recruitment in the artificial gaps according gap size and canopy openness in the second year after gap opening and in the natural forest (control) Table 4.8: Mean annual mortality of plants in the artificial gaps two years after opening and in the natural forest (control) Table 4.9: Natural regeneration density, recruitment, growth and mortality, of commercial species in the artificial gaps and in the natural forest (control) Table 4.10 Species richness, diversity and relative density of pioneers in the felling gaps (trunk and crown zones) and in the natural forest (control) Table 4.11 Seedlings density (number of plants -1) in the natural forest and felling gaps Table 4.12 Annual mean diameter increment (cm yr -1) according gap zone (trunk and crown) and natural forest (control) Table 4.13 Regeneration recruitment in PC Peixoto managed area (number of plants ha-1) two years after logging and in the natural forest (control) Table 4.14: Seedlings mortality (% yr -1) in the felling gaps (trunk and rown zones) and in the natural forest (control) Table 4.15: Natural regeneration density, recruitment and growth of commercial species in the felling gaps and in the natural forest (control) Chapter Table 5.1: Analysis of variance of Species groups mean diameter increment: Table 5.2:Annual diameter increment analysed by ecological group and crown illumination Table 5.3: Comparison of diameter increment and diameter class Table 5.3: Annual mean diameter increment (cm yr-1) in the managed PSPs in CPAF-ACRE (mechanised logging) and in PC Peixoto (non-mechanised logging) three years after logging and in the PSPs in the natural forest Table 5.4: Recruitment rate: Comparison of recruitment between managed and undisturbed areas Table 5.5 Species richness and diversity in the natural forest, high impact management forest and managed forest in PC Peixoto (non-mechanised low impact management) Chapter Table 6.1 Species groups generated by CIMIR Table 6.2 Coefficients and rates generated by the data from CPATU Table 6.3 Coefficients and rates generated by the data from CPATU 10 ... family income and to maintain the structure and biodiversity of the legal forest reserves The system is new in three main characteristics: the use of short cycles in the management of tropical forest, ... conclusions Introduction 7.1 The forest management system 7.2 The forest natural regeneration Artificial gaps Felling gaps 7.3 The forest dynamics 7.4 The simulations 7.5 The way ahead: constraints,... Deforestation and timber Markets in the tropics 1.2 The role of the forest management 1.3 Colonisation, Land use and Forest Management in the Amazon 1.4 Important silvicultural systems used in