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Exercise 2 Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences 1 Due to the low rate of new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around A build B building C to build D builds.
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences Due to the low rate of new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around A build B building C to build D builds Tenants should be given the to buy their houses if they like A time B occasion C condition D opportunity Council housing controversial political issues cdhd xucithie.in A have risen B have aroused C has aroused D has risen The rise in the price of housing has made extremely difficult for young married couples A house-buying C houses-buying B buying-house D buying-houses n A set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants adj A complication B complicated C complicate ✓ D complicating Some people own their own houses or flats, often the money for this from the building society A are borrowing B borrows C is borrowed D are borrowed muon In the London area the .of houses doubled in about two years A estimated B amount C charge D value giatei People who already own houses have not been too affected cinhhuoing A hard B hardly C bad D badly Many people live in council flats or houses, these are by the local council and rented out A taken B owned C made D put 10 prices have levelled off, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels A Despite B Because C Although D In spite of If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them the final design A onto B on C in D into During the building period, the client pays the from the contractor ntiathoiu A payment B bills C cost D price The architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that the materials specified in the contract A being used B be used C are being used D is being used The contractor must correct any defects appear in the fabric of the building A that B what C who D where After visiting the site, the architect gives a estimate of the cost to the client for his approval uiéétinh A exact B rough C simple D basic When the contractor completes the building, the client will it A live B possess C occupy £ D use The architect helps the client to a contract between the client and the contractor A bring up B look up C make up D draw up When all the defects have been corrected, the client full possession of the building i A take B takes C put D puts The shows the exact dimension of every part of the building A contract B final design C preliminary plan D A&B 10 The entrance which is on the south side leads into a hall A located bi.d-O.mg B be located The air temperature is never adj C locates D to locate A excessive adj B excessively adv C excess v D exceed Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain benefit from the prevailing wind A maximal B maximum C minimum D little Consequently, houses to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the other A designing d-u c B design C designed D are designed giiinhiét Walls should be very thick and made of heat materials storing A storing B store C stored D to store In this climate the rooms of houses must have shade and ventilation.thonggié A inadequate B adequate die C much D many However, at night the clear skies permit a amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space A considering B considerable C consider D considered tranhkhoi They are used primarily for screening insects and for their wind penetration qualities from + A to B in C from D of There is very little seasonal variation throughout the year trongsuotcanam A throughout B on C in t Two marked seasons a hot and a slightly cooler period D of ' A will occur B will be occurred C occurred D occur ayra 10 The tropical regions of the earth can into three major climatic zones A divide B be divided C divider Building components are made building materials D dividing A of B from C on D in + noun We can see how this works by three different types of construction A considering noun B consider C considerable D considerate adj + tojeom In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone, or concrete are put together solidwalls t.io/-hanhtu#nga:- A form B to form C forming D formed Sheet materials are used to form walls, .act as both space dividers and structural support A whom B which C who D whose In the first way they are used to the loads on a building A support B divide C supporting D dividing Rod materials with high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed ?⃝ A structural B structure C structuring D structures The buildings made of sheet materials are and faster to construct than buildings made up of blocks A heavy B light C lighter D heavier Block and materials can be used for building components which have the function osupporting structures and dividing spaces A rod B sheet C light D hard Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way which it is used A by B to C in 10 In the second way they are used as in a building A space-dividers D by B dividing-space C space-dividing D divider-spaces Exercise 3: Fill in the gap with the correct form of the given word to complete the sentences People who already own houses have not been too Badly affected The money for houses is borrowed from the building society and is Paid back over twenty or thirty years Some people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or (BAD) (PAY) (FURNISH) Unfurnished Though the government and charities have been trying hard to Remedy this situation, there are still immense problems Many people have been living in Overcrowded buildings of a low standard There are three basic forms of Accommodation Due to the Expending population, there have not been enough houses to go around Council housing has aroused controversial Political issues (REMEDIAL) (OVERCROWD) (EXPAND) (POLITICS) There are still immense housing problems, Particularly around the centers of the large cities (CAPABLE) 10 A factory has the Capacity to store materials (CONTRACT) Several building Contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building Finally when all the defects have been corrected, the client takes full possession of the (FINAL) building (PERIOD) The architect makes Periodic inspections to make sure that the building is being constructed according to his plans When an architect receives a commission for a building, he meet the client and (REQUIRE) discusses his Requirements (SELECTION) The architect assists his client in Selecting the best contractor (COMPLETE) For six months after Completion there is a period known as the "defect liability period" The architect submits preliminary plans and a rough estimate of the cost to the client (APPROVE) for his Approval The contractor is Responsible for correcting any faults in the "defect liability period" (RESPONSIBILITY) A terrace is Situated outside the living room 10 Bedrooms Occupy most of the ground floor Relative humidity (RH) is excessively high Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between Approximately 15° and 30° north and south of the equator Day-time air temperatures are Excessively hot Usually they have compact layouts so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as much as Possible Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn During the day there is too little cloud cover to reduce the high Intensity of direct solar radiation At night the clear skies permit a Considerable amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space RH should not exceed 70% for human Comfort Approximately 2-thirds of the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm- Humid (SITUATE) (OCCUPATION) (RELATION) (APPROXIMATE (EXCEED) (POSSIBILITY) (TROPICAL) (INTENSIVE) (CONSIDER) (COMFORTABLE) (HUMIDITY) (VARIATION) 10 RH may Vary from 55% to almost 100% (STRUCTURE) Rod materials can be used for Structural support These materials are heavy, however, they can support the structural loads because they (STRONG) have the property of high Compressive Strength (BASE) Building materials are used in two Basic ways We can see how this works by considering Different types of construction (DIFFER) (DIVIDE) Sheet materials are used to form walls, which act as both space Dividers and structural support CONSTRUCTION) These buildings are lighter and faster to Constructor (FIX) Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and Fixed together to form a building (COMPRESS) Rod materials with high tensile and Compressive strength Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is (RELATION) Related to the way in which it is used (MIX) 10 Sand is also used as a part of the concrete Mixture (BURY) Distribution pipes which are Buried in the streets take the water to the houses, factories, and offices The storage reservoir by its Existence allows the supply sources to be smaller and less (EXIST) expensive The chosen consumption per head must be multiplied by the Estimated population (ESTIMATE) (STORE) A water supply for a town usually includes a Storage reservoir at the source of the supply The distribution reservoir Similarly allows the pipeline and pumps to be smaller and (SIMILAR) cheaper Water engineers must study the water Consumption per person in their own country (CONSUME) The Chosen water use per head must be multiplied by the estimated population Raw water is water that requires Treatment before it can be used for drinking Service pipe is a pipe Connecting a building to a water main 10 Water tower is a tower into which water is pumped to a sufficient Height 11 One modern method of disposing of trash and domestic wastes is Recycling 12 Some kinds of trash can be collected Separately such as: glass, newspapers, and aluminum cans (CHOOSE) (TREAT) (CONNECT) (HIGH) (RECYCLE) (SEPARATE) Exercise 4: Use the following sets of words and phrases below to write complete sentences Due / age / many / existing house/, there / be / not / enough houses / go around / two years Due to the age of many existing houses, there have not been enough houses to go around for 2y Some people / own / house / or / flat/, often / money / this / be / borrow / building society some people own their own houses or flats, often the money for this is borrowed from the building society past few years/ housing / Britain / be / problem / many aspect In the past few years housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects Other people / rent accommodation / private landlord/, either furnished / unfurnished other people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or unfurnished Although / prices / level off/ several years/, they / unlikely / return / earlier levels Although prices have levelled off for several years, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels Many people / live / council flat/ or / house/, these / owned / by / local council many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council further problem / since / about 1970 / be / tremendous rise / the / price / housing A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing People / have / live / overcrowded building / low standard / 10 / year / ago people have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard There / many / form / accommodation / Britain / nowadays there are many forms of accommodation in britain nowadays 10 The university / serve / place / for / educate / 800 / studentj / a year the university serves places for educating 800 students per year tropical / region/ earth/ can/ divide/ three/major / climatic zone The tropical regions of the earth can be divided three major climate zone House /designed/ be suitable/ one season/ may/ unsuitable/the other House designed to be suitable for one season maybe unsuitable for the other Usually house/ have / open layout /so/ they /can /gain /maximum benefit/ prevailing wind Usually house have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing wind Walls / here / used /primarily /screening /insects /and / wind penetration qualities Walls here are used primarily for screening from insects and for their wind penetration qualities hot-dry climates/ houses /must /give/ adequate protection /excessive heat /sun In hot-dry climate must give adequate protection against the excessive heat of the sun Relative humidity /should /not exceed 70% / human comfort Relative humidity should not exceed 70% for human comfort night /clear skies /permit / considerable amount/ heat / be reradiated /outer space At the night the clear skies permit a considerable amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space Wall/ have /less importance /here than/ other climates Walls have less importance here than in other climates this climate/wall/ should /very thick/ and/ make / heat storing materials In this climate wall should be very thick and made of heat storing materials 10 external wall/ act/ as/ thermal insulator The external wall act as thermal insulator Building material / used/ two basic /way Building material are used in basic ways Building component/ make/ from /building material Building components are made from building materials first way /building material/ used / support / load/ building In the first way building materials are used to support the loads on a building second way /building material/ used / divide/space / building In the second ways building materials are used to divide the space in a building External wall/act/as/ thermal insulator External wall acts as a thermal insulator one kind /construction,/ blocks / material/put/ together /form /solid /wall In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone or concrete are put together to form solid walls sheet materials /used / form /wall/ act / space divider/ structural support Sheet materials are used to form walls, which acts as both space dividers and structural support Rod material/can /use/ structural support /not /divide/ space Rod materials can be used for structural support but not for dividing space These materials/ have / property / high compressive strength These materials have the property of high compressive strength 10 Imperious material/ be able/ keep out/ water Imperious materials are able to keep out of water distribution reservoir / have / same / function / keep / enough water / day / week The distribution reservoir has the same function to keep enough water for the day or the week function / storage reservoir / be / keep / enough water / several / year The function of the storage reservoir is to keep enough water for several vears distribution system / can / extended / as / need / arise / as / houses / be built The distribution system can be extended as the need arises and as the houses are built United States, / some / whose / cities / have / largest / water use / world / per person In the United States, some of whose cities have the largest water use in the world per person supply / storage equipment / must / designed / be / large enough / this period The supply and the storage equipment must be designed to be large enough for this period Much/ highest / US demand / come / water /spend / summer /air conditioning equipment Much of the highest US demand comes from the water spent in summer on air conditioning equipment water engineers / spend / two / months / design / distribution system / this residential area / last year Water engineers spent two months designing the distribution system for this residential area last year report / shortage / water / some residential areas / have / be / submit / the director / water engineer The report on the shortage of water in some residential areas has to be submitted to the director by the water engineer After water engineer / study / water use / person, he / have / multiply / it / estimated population After the water engineer studies the water use per person, he has to multiply it by the estimated population 10 It / important / save / water resource / natural mineral It is important to save the water resources and natural minerals 11 Water engineers / have / study / water use / person / year / before / plan / water supply / residential area Water engineers have to study the water use per person per year before planning the water supply for a residential area Exercise 5: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it The local council should subsidize tenants to buy houses Tenants should be subsidized by the local council to buy houses Young married couples find it difficult to buy houses because of the rise in the price of housing The rise in the price of housing makes it difficult for young married couples to buy houses The prices of houses have levelled off, but they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels Although the prices of houses have leveled off, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels People will pay back the money for houses over years The money for houses will be paid back over years There are three basic forms of accommodation in Britain Britain has three basic forms of accommodation A complicated set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants The right of landlords and tenants is defined by a complicated set of laws and regulations Due to the low rate of building new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around Because the rate of building new houses is low, there have not been enough houses to go around The tropical regions of the earth can be divided into three major climatic zones We can divide the tropical regions of the earth into three major climatic zones In warm- humid climates, walls are not as important as ones in hot-dry climates In warm- humid climates, walls are less important than ones in hot dry climates Two seasons occur normally in monsoon climates There are normally two seasons in monsoon climates The functions of the lowest floor include providing surfaces for activities and modifying the passage of heat designed to provide surfaces for activities and modify the passage of heat The roof and external walls are designed to resist loads The function of the roof and external walls is to resist loads Building materials are used in two basic ways They use building materials in two basic ways They frequently use light materials for making roofs Light materials are frequently used for making roofs These materials can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength The property of high compressive strength enables these materials to support the structural loads The ceramic tiles on the floor cannot be scratched easily by people walking on them This means that ceramic tiles are hard Rod materials can be used for supporting structural load but not for dividing spaces Rod materials can be used to support structural load but not to divide spaces Workers can’t lift the stone block because it is heavy The stone block is so heavy that workers can't lift it Sand is used with cement, and sometimes lime to make plaster Plaster is made from sand with cement, and sometimes with lime They have spent months manufacturing and transporting building materials It has taken them months to manufacture and transport building materials They discussed the effect of material choice Then they evaluated the process of construction in the meeting After they had discussed the effect of material choice, they evaluated the process of construction in the meeting 10 The design, construction deficiencies resulted in the degradation of building materials The building materials degraded as a result of the design, construstion, deficiencies A construction site is an area The building is built in this area A construction site is am area where the building is built The water engineer handed in his record His record was about the water consumption in ten years The water engineer handed in his record which was ab the water consumption in 10 years Water engineers have to study water use per person per year They base on this water use per person to make plan of water supply Water engineers have to study water use per person year on which they base to make plan of water supply A storage reservoir is a very large tank or an artificial place This storage reservoir stores water for future use A storage reservoir which stores water for future use is very large tank or an artificial place It's necessary to save water resources and natural minerals Saving water resources and natural minerals is necessary Water engineers have to study water use per person per year before planning the water supply for a residential area Water use per person year has to be studied by water engineers before they plan the water supply for a residential area The water engineer has just handed his report on the shortage of water in some residential areas to the director The director has just been handed the report on thr shortage of water in some residential areas by the water engineer The supply pipe to that 8-story building was repaired for days It took days to repair the supply pipe to that 8-story building "Have you checked the drain in the kitchen yet?" The foreman plumber asked his man The foreman plumber asked his man if he had checked the drain in the kitchen 10 Waste water can be treated for watering trees We can treat waste water for watering trees 11 "How many ways of purifying water are there?" He asked the water engineer He asked the water engineer how many ways of purifying there were Unit : HOUSING IN BRITAIN In the past few years housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects Trong vài năm gần đây, vấn đề nhà Anh trở thành vấn đề với nhiều khía cạnh One is the supply of the houses số nhu cầu nhà Due to expanding population gia tăng dân số, to the low rate building new houses and to the age of many existing houses dẫn đến tỷ lệ xây nhà thấp tuổi thọ nhà cũ giảm there have not been enough houses to go around điều dẫn đến việc đáp ứng đủ nhà Not only have many people been homeless khơng có nhiều người phải trở thành vô gia cư but also many others have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard mà cịn có nhiều người phải sống nhà chật hẹp với chất lượng thấp Though the government and charities such as Shelter have been trying hard to remedy this situation phủ tổ chức từ thiện quỹ Shelter cố gắng khắc phục tình trạng này, there are still immense problems, particularly around the centers of large cities tồn nhiều vấn đề to lớn, đặc biệt trung tâm thành phố lớn There are three basic forms of accommodation có loại nhà In the first place, some own their own houses or flats often the money for this is borrowed from the building society on a “mortgage” Đầu tiên người sở hữu nhà hộ riêng, thường tiền vay từ hiệp hội nhà theo dạng chấp and is paid back over twenty or thirty years trả góp vòng 20 30 năm Secondly, many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council and rented out loại thứ 2, có nhiều người sống nhà, hộ hội đồng thành phố quản lý cho thuê Council housing has aroused controversial political issues nhà hội đồng thành phố quản lý làm nảy sinh nhiều vấn đề trị gây tranh cãi about whether council tenants should pay full rent or should be subsidized việc liệu người th có phải trả tồn tiền th trợ cấp and whether they should have the opportunity to buy their houses if they like liệu họ mua lại nhà họ muốn không? Thirdly, some people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or unfurnished thứ 3, vài người thuê nhà từ chủ nhà tư nhân A complicated set of laws and regulations defines the rights of landlords and tenants, luật quy tắc phức tạp xác định quyền chủ nhà người thuê nhà goverming, for instance, when landlords can force tenants to leave and how much rent they can charge ví dụ quy định chủ nhà buộc người thuê nhà chuyển họ có quyền định giá nhà cho thuê A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing Một vấn đề vào khoảng năm 1970 mà giá nhà đất tăng cách chóng mặt In the London area the value of houses doubled in about two years Ở khu vực London giá nhà chí cịn tăng gấp đơi vịng năm, although prices have levelled off giá chững lại , they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels chúng trở lại mức ban đầu People who already own houses have not been too badly affected người sở hữu nhà riêng chịu nhiều ảnh hưởng nhiều, since the rise in the value of the house they are selling to some extent cancels out the rise in the price of a house they wish to move to việc tăng giá trị nhà họ bán với việc tăng giá nhà mà họ muốn chuyển tới However, its has made house-buying extremely difficult for those who are buying a house for the first time such as young married couples nhiên khó khăn cực lớn với người mua nhà lần đầu cặp đôi cưới Unit : THE PROCEDURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION When an architect receives a commission for a building khi kiến trúc sư nhận nhiệm vụ thiết kế cơng trình, he meets the client and discusses his requirements anh gặp chủ đầu tư thảo luận yêu cầu chủ đầu tư After visiting the site sau thăm mặt bằng, the architect draws up preliminary plans and, together with a rough estimate of the cost sau khảo sát mặt bằng, kiến trúc sư sẽphác thảo vẽ dự toán sơ bộ, submits them (preliminary plans and a rough estimate of the cost) to the client for his approval nộp chúng cho chủ đầu tư để phê duyệt If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them into the final design which shows the exact dimension of every part of the building chủ đầu tư đề nghị thay đổi, kiến trúc sư kết hợp thay đổi vào thiết kế cuối rõ kích thước xác phần cơng trình At this stage giai đoạn này, several building contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building nhiều nhà thầu xây dựng mời đến để đấu thầu công việc xây dựng cơng trình When they submit their tenders or prices nộp hồ sơ giá thầu, the architect assists his client in selecting the best one kiến trúc sư tư vấn cho chủ đầu tư việc lựa chọn nhà thầu tốt and helps him (client) to draw up a contract between the client and the contractor giúp chủ đầu tư phác thảo hợp đồng chủ đầu tư nhà thầu Work now starts on the building giai đoạn bắt đầu thi công công việc cơng trường As construction proceeds q trình xây dựng, the architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that kiến trúc tiến hành kiểm tra định kỳ đảm bảo the building is being constructed according to his plans cơng trình xây dựng theo thiết kế and that the materials specified in the contract are being used nguyên vật liệu sử dụng theo định hợp đồng Unit : DESIGN OF HOUSES FOR TROPICAL CLIMATES The tropical regions of the earth can be divided into three major climatic zones: Warm-humid climates are found in a belt near the Equator extending to about 15° north and south Vùng khí hậu nóng ẩm xác định nằm vành đai gần đường xích đạo trải rộng khoảng 15 độ bắc nam There is very little seasonal variation throughout the year Ở nơi có biến đổi theo mùa năm The air temperature is never excessive nhiệt độ khơng khí khơng cao, but there is considerable rainfall during most of the year nhiên lượng mưa năm cao đáng kể Relative humidity (RH) is excessively high - at about 75% for most of the time độ ẩm tương đối cao- khoảng 75% khoảng thời gian năm, but it may vary from 55% to almost 100% (RH should not exceed 70% for human comfort) nhiên thường dao động khoảng 55 100% (độ ẩm tương đối thích hợp với người không nên vượt 70%) In this climate the rooms of houses must have adequate shade and ventilation vùng khí hậu này, phịng nhà phải có đủ bóng mát thơng gió Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing wind thơng thường, nhà có bố cục mở để tận dụng tối đa lợi ích từ gió Walls have less importance here than in other climates tường quan trọng vùng khí hậu khác They are used primarily for screening from insects and for their wind penetration qualities Chúng thường sử dụng chủ yếu để ngăn chặn trùng mà để gió xun qua Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between approximately 15° and 30° north and south of the equator vùng khí hậu nóng khơ nằm hai vành đai vĩ độ khoảng 15 30 độ bắc nam cận xích đạo Two marked seasons occur: a hot and a slightly cooler period có mùa rõ rệt: mùa nóng mùa mát Day-time air temperatures are excessively hot (normally higher than the 31°C to 34°C skin temperature) nhiệt độ ban ngày nóng (thường 31 đến 34 độ C), but at night it may fall as much as 25°C nhiên đêm hạ xuống cịn 25 độ During the day, there is too little cloud cover to reduce the high intensity of direct solar radiation vào ban ngày, có mây che phủ để giảm cường độ xạ trực tiếp từ mặt trời However, at night the clear skies permit a considerable amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space nhiên, vào ban đêm, bầu trời quang đãng cho phép lượng lớn nhiệt phát xạ trở lại vào khơng gian bên ngồi In this climate houses must give adequate protection against the excessive heat of the sun vùng khí hậu này, nhà phải cung cấp đủ bảo vệ trước nhiệt độ cực cao mặt trời Usually they have compact layouts so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as much as possible thông thường, chúng phải có bố cục nhỏ gọn để giảm thiểu phần bề mặt lộ với mặt trời nhiều Walls should be very thick and made of heat storing materials so they hold the heat of the day and give it back to the interior of the house at night tường phải dày tạo thành từ vật liệu giữ nhiệt để chúng giữ nhiệt độ vào ban ngày truyền cho nội thất nhà vào ban đêm Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn vùng khí hậu hỗn hợp gió mùa nằm vùng đất rộng lớn gần bắc chí tuyến nam chí tuyến Two seasons occur normally thường có mùa Approximately two-thirds of the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm-humid xấp xỉ 2/3 thời gian năm nóng khơ 1/3 thời gian cịn lại cịn lại nóng ẩm Consequently, houses designed to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the other đó, ngơi nhà thiết kế để phù hợp với mùa khơng phù hợp với mùa Unit : BUILDING MATERIAL Building materials are used in two basic ways Vật liệu xây dựng sử dụng theo hai cách In the first way they are used to support the loads on a building Ở cách thứ chúng dùng để đỡ tải trọng cơng trình In the second way they are used to divide the space in a building Ở cách thứ hai chúng sử dụng để phân chia khơng gian cơng trình Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way in which it is used Cấu kiện xây dựng làm từ vật liệu xây dựng dạng cấu kiện liên quan tới cách mà sử dụng We can see how this works by considering three different types of construction Chúng ta nhận thấy điều cách xem xét kiểu xây dựng khác In one kind of construction Trong kiểu xây dựng , blocks of materials such as brick , stone, or concrete are put together to form solid walls khối vật liệu gạch , đá , bê tông liên kết với để tạo tường chắn These materials are heavy , however, they can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength Những vật liệu nặng , chúng đỡ kết cấu chúng có đặc tính cường độ chịu nén cao Walls made up of blocks both support the building and divide the space in the building Tường làm từ khối vật liệu vừa đỡ tải trọng công trình vừa phân chia khơng gian cơng trình In another type of construction, sheet materials are used to form walls, which act as both space dividers and structural support Trong loại hình xây dựng khác, vật liệu sử dụng để tạo thành tường, có tác dụng vừa vách ngăn khơng gian vừa giá đỡ kết cấu Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and fixed together to form a building Gỗ, bê tông số loại nhựa làm thành cứng lớn cố định với để tạo thành tòa nhà.These buildings are lighter and faster to construct than buildings made up of blocks Rod materials can be used for structural support but not for dividing spaces Những tòa nhà nhẹ xây dựng nhanh so với tòa nhà tạo thành từ khối Vật liệu sử dụng để hỗ trợ kết cấu không dùng để phân chia không gian Timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods and used as columns Gỗ, thép bê tông tạo thành sử dụng làm cột Rod materials with high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed structures vật liệu dạng có độ bền kéo độ bền nén cao cố định với để tạo thành cấu trúc đóng khung The spaces between the rods can be filled with light sheet materials which act as space dividers but not support structural loads Khoảng cách lấp đầy vật liệu nh hoạt động chia không gian không hỗ trợ tải kết cấu Unit : WATER SUPPLY A water supply for a town usually includes a storage reservoir at the source of the supply Hệ thống cấp nước cho thị trấn bao gồm bể chứa nguồn cấp, a pipeline from storage reservoir to the distribution reservoir near the town đường ống nối từ bể chứa đến bể phân phối gần thị trấn, and finally the distribution pipes buried in the streets, taking the water to the houses, shops, factories, and offices cuối đường ống phân phối chôn đường phố, dẫn nước đến nhà, cửa hàng, nhà máy phòng The main equipment is thus the two reservoirs the pipeline between them Vì thiết bị bể chứa đường ống nối chúng The function of the storage reservoir is to keep enough water over one or several years to provide for all high demands in dry periods chức bể chứa giữ đủ nước cho nhiều năm để cung cấp cho tất nhu cầu cao mùa khô, and the distribution reservoir has the same function for the day or the week bể phân phối có chức tương tự cho ngày tuần The storage reservoir by its existence allows the supply sources to be smaller and less expensive tồn bể chứa cho phép nguồn cấp nhỏ đắt hơn, and the distribution reservoir similarly allows the pipeline and pumps to be smaller and cheaper than they would be if it did not exist bể phân phối cho phép đường ống máy bơm nhỏ rẻ chúng không tồn In the United States, some of whose cities have the largest water use in the world per person Ở Mỹ, nơi mà số thành phố có mặc sử dụng nước đầu người lớn giới, the average use per person varies from 200 to 5,000 litres per day, averaging some 500 litres/day/person mức sử dụng bình quân đầu người dao động từ 200 đến 5000 lít ngày, trung bình 500 lít ngày người But it must not be assumed that colder countries will eventually reach the same level of use giả định nước lạnh cuối đạt mức sử dụng nước tương tự, because much of the highest US demand comes from the water spent in summer on air conditioning equipment and the watering of gardens phần lớn nhu cầu cao nước Mỹ lượng nước sử dụng cho thiết bị điều hòa vào mùa hè việc tưới nước cho khu vườn Water engineers must therefore study the water use per person (consumption per head) in their own country kỹ sư nước phải nghiên cứu mức sử dụng nước đầu người (mức tiêu thụ bình quân đầu người) đất nước họ and choose a figure based on the most advanced community there chọn số dựa cộng đồng tiên tiến The chosen consumption per head must be multiplied by the estimated population at the date for which the supply is being planned, some thirty years ahead or more mức tiêu thụ bình quân đầu người chọn phải nhân lên với dân số ước tính thời điểm mà nguồn cấp nước dự trù, khoảng 30 năm sau lâu The supply and he storage equipment must be designed to be large enough for this period since neither of them is so easily extended as the distribution system Thiết bị cấp chứa nước phải thiết kế đủ lớn cho giai đoạn loại thiết bị mở rộng dễ dàng hệ thống phân phối This can be extended as the need arises and as the houses are built Hệ thống mở rộng nhu cầu phát sinh có thêm nhà xây dựng