I Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the sentences 1 She saw the deception immediately A round B past C into D through 2 Lack of sleep over the last few months is finally Jane A[.]
I Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the sentences She saw the deception immediately A round B past C into D through Lack of sleep over the last few months is finally Jane A catching up with B getting on with C coming over D putting on Please don’t it amiss if I make a few suggestions for improvement A think B assume C take D judge - "Would you like to join our volunteer group this summer?" - " " A Do you think I would? B I wouldn't Thank you C Yes, you're a good friend D Yes, I'd love to Thanks If I make a fool of myself in front of my friends, I’ll never it down A let B give C settle D live Because of his poor health, it took him along time to his bad cold A throw off B throw away C throw down D throw over He is late for every conference without A suspicion B fail C doubt D delay The woman’s clothes gave no to her origin A sign B signal C clue D hint In spite of his poor education, he was the most speaker A articulate B ambiguous C attentive D authoritarian 10 Sheila couldn’t attend the meeting as the date with her holidays A clashed B struck C opposed D occurred 11 Her refusal to join us is nothing of ridiculous A less B more C short D far 12 I don’t want lots of excuses, I just want to hear the truth A clear B pure C right D plain 13 It was with a heart that she said goodbye to all her colleagues A solemn B heavy C dismal D grim 14 When facing problems, it is important to keep a sense of A proportion B introspection C relativity D comparison 15 “But son,” I told him, “you’re my own _ A heart to heart B body and soul C flesh and blood D skin and bone 16 Seeing her mother shot by a terrorist left an _impression on the young child’s mind A instant B indelible C indefinite D infinite 17 Children can be difficult to teach because of their short attention A limit B duration C span D time 18 “Another cup of coffee?” — “No, but thanks .” A not at all B for all C all the same D you for all 19 _ are a form of carbon has been known since the late eighteenth century A Diamonds B Because diamonds C That diamonds D Diamonds, which 20 One of the tenets of New Criticism is that a critic need not tell readers about a story A which thinking B what to think C that thinking D to think what II The passage below contains 10 mistakes Underline the mistakes and correct them Oxford is a city with such a mind-blowing reputation that many who come here find them intimidated by the place and can’t wait to leave, while others, taking with it like a duck to water, find themselves returning again and again The college lawns provide a gorgeous backdrop to seriously study, and in the right light, on a sunny winter’s morning saying, one feels as if one is floated on air, such is the sense of unreality Oxford may like to pretend that it is at the intellectual hub of things, but in many ways it is no less than a sleepy backwater where, to mix metaphors, transitory students, the cream of their generation, wait for the wings, allowing their talents to flourish before moving off into the industrial or political fast-lane Much of this is the myth, of course Hardship and hard work are very much part and parcel of student life The level-headed get through the three years’ hard grind by simple putting their shoulders to the wheel before going on to fairly average jobs Only for the tiny minor is Oxford the first step on the ladder to fame and fortune III Fill in each of the blanks a suitable preposition The doctor is busy right now, but she could probably fit you _ later It was a good idea, but I am afraid it didn’t quite come _ I couldn’t pin Ann _ to a definite answer His heart attack was brought _ by too much stress at work The victims of the industrial accident should, _ rights, be compensated by the factory owners As nobody seems to know what to next, may I put _ a proposal? I’m sorry to hear that Dick and Peter have fallen _ They were such good friends He was taken _ by her aggressive attitude His business has gone _, and he has lost everything 10 My husband brought me some flowers today He must be _ something! IV Write the correct form of the word given in brackets The government’s policy on arms is shocking It is quite (defend) Despite going to German classes twice a week, I don’t feel I’m making much with the language (head) John always knows how to the party with his jokes (lively) The fire-prevention system is by any small increase in temperature (active) The government’s approach has brought criticism (compromise) Your presence has enriched our lives (measure) She won the first prize in the contest due to her (persuade) All must be received before July 20th 2007 (apply) The women employed in the mines were young and married (dominance) 10 The outcome of the election is a conclusion (go) V Write the correct form of the word given in brackets The Meaning of Dreams Until the twentieth century most scientists argued that dream were nothing but a random jumble of completely (1) COMPREHEND _ images remaining from the sensory accumulation of our daily lives Since the idea that dreams have meaning in their own way became popular, (2) PSYCHOLOGY _ have proposed (3) COUNT _ theories to explain the logic of dreams The bewildering nature of this logic reflects the primary source of the dreams outside the tidy confines of the conscious mind A dream can be a response to events in the outside world, or it can (4) ORIGIN _ within, expressing aspects of the dreamer’s deep-seated feelings; it can fulfil desires or highlight unresolved emotions in the dreamer’s life Not (5) EXPECT _, the contradictions implicit in these complex processes are reflected in the syntax of dreams Often (6) ENIGMA _, halting and fragmentary, the language of dreams can warp time, bringing together historical and contemporary figures It can mix the familiar with the (7) KNOW _, and work fantastic transformations by its own band of magic Scenes in dreams merge (8) MYSTERY _ into one another, as in certain movies People or animals may fly or inanimate things may move (9) DEPEND _ and talk It is out of such complex and contrary (10) HAPPEN _ that the meanings of dreams have to be teased VI Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space A Powerful Influence There can be no (1) … at all that the internet has made a huge difference to our lives Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the internet, hardly (2) … doing anything else in their spare time Naturally, parents are (3) … to find out why the internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be (4) … for their children Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time (5) … their computer? Obviously, if children are bent over their computers for hours, (6) … in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong Parents and children could decide how much use the child should (7) … of the internet, and the child should give his or her (8) … that it won’t interfere with homework If the child is not holding to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic (9) … Dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from (10) … any other sort of bargain about behaviour Any parent who is (11) … alarmed about a child’s behavior should make an appointment to (12) … the matter with a teacher Spending time in front of the screen does not (13) … affect a child’s performance at school Even if a child is (14) … crazy about using the internet, he or she is probably just (15) … through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about! 10 11 A A A A A A A A A A A doubt always worried harming staring at supposed word rules dealing widely B B B B B B B B B B B reason rarely concerned harmful glancing at occupied have promise procedures negotiating heavily C C C C C C C C C C C purpose never curious hurting looking interested make vow regulations having seriously D D D D D D D D D D D motive ever hopeful hurtful watching absorbed create claim steps arranging broadly 12 A speak B discuss C talk D debate 13 A possibly B necessarily C probably D consequently 14 A absolutely B more C quite D a lot 15 A going B passing C travelling D walking VII Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word Endangered species The future of African elephant depends on man No (1) _ can human beings and wild animals live in (2) _ throughout vast areas of the continent as was possible in days gone by, for man’s needs have increased as well as his numbers There are regions, such as the Congo forests and the equatorial Sudan, (3) _ the old relationship may remain for a few more years or even generations, but in general it has gone Conservation, (4) _ it is to be effective, must be a positive, constructive policy, and it is (5) _ thinking to imagine otherwise, particularly in the case of the elephant And if this is not yet true of the whole of Africa, it soon will be, for the increase in the human population is almost universal Where human beings and wild animals find (6) _ in competition with each other, the animals will lose Even if (7) _ appears to be enough room for both, man will not tolerate (8) so long a situation in which elephants and other creatures make even occasional raids on his fields of food or economic crops For many years (9) _ has been a major cause of conflicting interests and (10) _ of the reasons why so many elephants have been shot to control their numbers VIII Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each question The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped pounds of dry ice from an airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way Although there were many cloud-seeding operations, during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was dearly more complicated than had been thought It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent There are two major methods of weather modification In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets Dry ice does not provide ice-forming nuclei Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets in the clouds so that they freeze instantly—a process called spontaneous nucleation Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve That’s why the U.S Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the West would literally dry up The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976-77 It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective What is the main subject of the passage? A The scientific contributions of Vincent Schaefer B Developments in methods of increasing precipitation C The process by which snow crystals form D The effects of cloud seeding The word spawned in line is closest in meaning to A intensified B reduced C preceded D created Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the term weather modification? A It is not as old as the term cloud seeding B It has been in use since at least 1946 C It refers to only one type of cloud seeding D It was first used by Vincent Schaefer According to the passage, winter orographic clouds are formed A on relatively warm winter days B.over large bodies of water C during intense snow storms D when air currents rise over mountains To which of the following does the word they in line 21 refer? A Water droplets B Clouds C Ice-forming nuclei D Airplanes When clouds are seeded from the ground, what actually causes ice crystals to form? A Propane B Silver-iodide smoke C Dry-ice pellets D Nuclear radiation Clouds would most likely be seeded from airplanes when A it is important to save money B the process of spontaneous nucleation cannot be employed C the production of precipitation must be efficient D temperatures are lower than usual What does the author imply about the energy problems of the 1970s? A They were caused by a lack of water B They took attention away from water problems C They may not be as critical as water problems will be in the future D They were thought to be minor at the time but turned out to be serious The author mentions agricultural cooperatives (line 31) as an example of A state government agencies B private interests C organizations that compete with ski areas for water D municipal water districts 10 It can be inferred from, the passage that the weather-modification project of 1976-77 was A put together quickly B a complete failure C not necessary D easy to evaluate IX Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below List of headings i American water withdrawal ii Economic pricing iii What the future holds iv Successful measures taken by some v The role of research vi The thirsty sectors vii Ways of reducing waste viii Interdependence of natural resources ix The demands of development x The consequences for agriculture THE WATER CRISIS Per capita water usage has been on an upward trend for many years As countries industrialise and their citizens become more prosperous, their individual water usage increases rapidly Annual per capita water withdrawals in the USA, for example, are about 1,700 cubic metres, four times the level in China and fifty times the level in Ethiopia In the 21st century, the world’s limited supply of renewable fresh water is having to meet demands of both larger total population and increased per capita consumption The only practicable ways to resolve this problem in the longer term economic pricing in conjunction with conservation measures Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world’s fresh water, so improvements in irrigation can make the greatest impact At present, average efficiency in the use of irrigated water in agriculture may be as low as 50% Simple changes could improve the rate substantially, though it is unrealistic to expect very high levels of water-use efficiency in many developing countries, faced as they are with a chronic lack of capital and a largely untrained rural workforce After agriculture, industry is the second biggest user of water and, in terms of value added per litre used, is sixty times more productive than agriculture However, some industrial processes use amounts of water For example, production of kg of aluminium might require 1,500 litres of water Paper production too is often very water-intensive Though new processes have greatly reduced consumption, there is still plenty of room for big savings in industrial uses of water In rich countries, water consumption has gradually been slowed down by price increases and the use of modem technology and recycling In the USA, industrial production has risen fourfold since 1950, while water consumption has fallen by more than a third Japan and Germany have similarly improved their use of water in manufacturing processes Japanese industry, for example, now recycles more than 75% of process water However, industrial water consumption is continuing to increase sharply in developing countries With domestic and agricultural demands also increasing, the capacity of water supply systems is under growing strain Many experts believe that the best way to counter this trend is to impose water charges based on the real cost of supplies This would provide a powerful incentive for consumers to introduce water-saving processes and recycling Few governments charge realistic prices for water, especially to farmers Even in rich California, farm get water for less than a tenth of the cost of supply In many developing countries there is virtually no charge for irrigation water, while energy prices are heavily subsidised too (which means that farmers can afford to run water pumps day and night) Water, which was once regarded as a free gift from heaven, is becoming a commodity which must be bought and sold on the open market just like oil In the oil industry, the price increases which hit the market in the 1970s, coupled with concerns that supplies were running low, led to new energy conservation measures all over the world It was realised that investing in new sources was a far more costly option than improving efficiency of use A similar emphasis on conservation will be the best and cheapest option for bridging the gap between water supply and demand One way to cut back on water consumption is simply to prevent leaks It is estimated that in some of the biggest cities of the Third World, more than half of the water entering the system is lost through leaks in pipes, dripping taps and broken installations Even in the UK, losses were estimated at 25% in the early 1990s because of the failure to maintain the antiquated water supply infrastructure In addition, huge quantities of water are consumed because used water from sewage pipes, storm drains and factories is merely flushed away and discharged into rivers or the sea The modern approach, however, is to see used water as a resource which can be put to good use - either in irrigation or, after careful treatment, as recycled domestic water Israel, for instance, has spent heavily on used water treatment Soon, treated, recycled water will account for most farm irrigation there There are other examples in cities such as St Petersburg, Florida, where all municipal water is recycled back into domestic systems Another way of conserving water resources involves better management of the environment generally Interference with the ecosystem can have a severe effect on both local rainfall patterns and water run-off Forest clearings associated with India’s Kabini dam project reduced local rainfall by 25%, a phenomenon observed in various other parts of the world where large-scale deforestation has taken place Grass and other vegetation acts as a sponge which absorbs rainfall both in the plants and in the ground Removal of the vegetation means that rainfall runs off the top of the land, accelerating erosion instead of being gradually fed into the soil to renew ground water Global warming is bound to affect rainfall patterns, though there is considerable disagreement about its precise effects But it is likely that, as sea levels rise, countries in low-lying coastal areas will be hit by seawater penetration of ground water Other countries will experience changes in rainfall which could have a major impact on agricultural yield - either for better or for worse In broad terms, it is thought that rainfall zones will shift northwards, adding to the water deficit in Africa, the Middle East and the Mediterranean - a grim prospect indeed Questions - 10 Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer Other ways of protecting supplies are to reduce water loss resulting from in the supply systems and to find ways of utilising used water Longer term measures, such as improved environmental would protect the ecosystem and ensure the replenishment of ground water for future generations Without such measures, future supplies are uncertain, especially when global warming is expected to interfere with rainfall patterns and to worsen the 10 _ already suffered by many countries today X Rewrite the sentences with the given words or beginning in such a way that their meanings remain unchanged It was his lack of confidence that surprised me What _ He got over his operation very quickly He made a _ Everybody was honoured by the boss with the exception of one clerk All but _ The writer’s writing style contrasted sharply with his spoken language There The gun going off was the signal for everyone to panic As soon as _ He deals calmly with everything (stride) Many companies were immediately affected by the new regulations (effect) Being her only niece, Mary is very precious to her (apple) I used to be familiar with every corner of this school (hand) 10 John and she arrived in Ho Chi Minh City at the same time (coincided) ĐÁP ÁN: I Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete each of the sentences She saw the deception immediately A round B past C into D through Dịch nghĩa: Cơ nhìn thấu lừa dối Lack of sleep over the last few months is finally Jane B getting on with A catching up with C coming over D putting on catch up with: ảnh hưởng xấu get on with: hòa thuận với come over: vượt qua put on: bật Dịch nghĩa: Thiếu ngủ vài tháng gần cuối ảnh hưởng xấu tới Jane Please don’t it amiss if I make a few suggestions for improvement A think B assume D judge C take take something amiss: bực mình/ phật ý điều Dịch nghĩa: Xin đừng phật ý tơi đưa vài gợi ý tiến - "Would you like to join our volunteer group this summer?" - " " A Do you think I would? B I wouldn't Thank you C Yes, you're a good friend D Yes, I'd love to Thanks Dịch nghĩa: - "Bạn có muốn tham gia nhóm tình nguyện chúng tơi vào mùa hè khơng?" - "Vâng, tơi thích Cảm ơn" If I make a fool of myself in front of my friends, I’ll never it down A let B give C settle D live Dịch nghĩa: Nếu tơi cịn trở nên ngu ngốc trước mặt bạn bè, tơi khơng thơi xấu hổ Because of his poor health, it took him along time to his bad cold B throw away C throw down D throw over A throw off throw off: khỏi bệnh cảm cúm; throw over: rời bỏ; throw away: ném đi; throw oneself down: nằm vật xuống He is late for every conference without A suspicion B fail D delay C doubt Without doubt: khơng nghi ngờ The woman’s clothes gave no to her origin A sign B signal D hint C clue Give no clue to: không đưa gợi ý In spite of his poor education, he was the most speaker B ambiguous C attentive D authoritarian A articulate - articulate: có tài ăn nói lưu loát, rõ ràng - attentive: chăm chú theo dõi -ambiguous: mâ ̣p mờ, tố i nghiã - authoritarian: đô ̣c đoán, chuyên quyề n 10 Sheila couldn’t attend the meeting as the date with her holidays B struck C opposed D occurred A clashed Dịch nghĩa: Sheila khơng thể tham dự họp ngày trùng với kì nghỉ 11 Her refusal to join us is nothing of ridiculous A less B more D far C short Nothing short of: chẳng gì, tương đương với 12 I don’t want lots of excuses, I just want to hear the truth A clear B pure C right D plain The plain truth: thật rõ ràng, thẳng thắn, khơng vịng vo tam quốc Tạm dịch: Tôi không muốn nhiều lời bào chữa; cần nghe thật rõ ràng 13 It was with a heart that she said goodbye to all her colleagues A solemn C dismal D grim B heavy Solemn: long trọng, trang nghiêm Dismal: ảm đạm Grim: tàn nhẫn A heavy heart: cảm giác buồn, không vui Tạm dịch: Với cảm giác nặng nề, nói lời tạm biệt tới tồn đồng nghiệp thời gian qua 14 When facing problems, it is important to keep a sense of B introspection C relativity D comparison A proportion Cụm từ: keep a sense of proportion: hiểu điều quan trọng, điều khơng introspection: nội quan relativity: tính tương đối comparison: so sánh Tạm dịch: Khi đối mặt với vấn đề, việc nắm bắt đâu mấu chốt thật quan trọng 15 “But son,” I told him, “you’re my own _ A heart to heart B body and soul C flesh and blood D skin and bone Heart to heart: chuyện thành thật, chuyện chân tình, xuất phát từ trái tim Body and soul: toàn bộ, tổng thể, mặt thể chất tinh thần Flesh and blood: ruột thịt To be nothing but skin and bone: tiều tụy thảm thương, da bọc xương 16 Seeing her mother shot by a terrorist left an _impression on the young child’s mind A instant C indefinite D infinite B indelible Dịch nghĩa: Nhìn thấy mẹ cô bị bắn tên khủng bố để lại ấn tượng khơng thể xóa nhịa tâm trí trẻ nhỏ 17 Children can be difficult to teach because of their short attention A limit B duration D time C span Dịch nghĩa: Trẻ em khó dạy khoảng ý ngắn chúng 18 “Another cup of coffee?” — “No, but thanks .” A not at all B for all C all the same D you for all All the same: 19 _ are a form of carbon has been known since the late eighteenth century A Diamonds B Because diamonds D Diamonds, which C That diamonds Dịch nghĩa: kim cương dạng cac-bon biết đến từ cuối kỷ 18 20 One of the tenets of New Criticism is that a critic need not tell readers about a story A which thinking B what to think C that thinking D to think what Dịch nghĩa: Một nguyên lý Phê bình Mới nhà phê bình khơng cần phải nói cho độc giả biết họ nghĩ câu chuyện II The passage below contains 10 mistakes Underline the mistakes and correct them Oxford is a city with such a mind-blowing reputation that many who come here find them themselves intimidated by the place and can’t wait to leave, while others, taking with to it like a duck to water, find themselves returning again and again The college lawns provide a gorgeous backdrop to seriously serious study, and in the right light, on a sunny winter’s morning saying say, one feels as if one is floated floating on air, such is the sense of unreality Oxford may like to pretend that it is at the intellectual hub of things, but in many ways it is no less more than a sleepy backwater where, to mix metaphors, transitory students, the cream of their generation, wait for in the wings, allowing their talents to flourish before moving off into the industrial or political fast-lane Much of this is the a myth, of course Hardship and hard work are very much part and parcel of student life The level-headed get through the three years’ hard grind by simple simply putting their shoulders to the wheel before going on to fairly average jobs Only for the tiny minor minority is Oxford the first step on the ladder to fame and fortune Dịch nghĩa: Oxford thành phố với danh tiếng ấn tượng tới mức nhiều người tới nơi cảm thấy sợ hãi muốn rời đi, người khác, thích nghi với cách nhanh chóng, muốn quay trở lại nhiều lần Những bãi cỏ trường đại học tạo nên khung cảnh tuyệt đẹp để học bài, ánh sáng phù hợp, vào buổi sáng đông đầy nắng, người ta cảm thấy lơ lửng khơng trung, cảm giác mơ hồ khơng có thực Oxford giả vời trung tâm trí tuệ nước, theo nhiều khía cạnh, chẳng khác vùng chán ngắt buồn ngủ nơi mà, nói cách ẩn dụ, sinh viên đương thời, tinh hoa hệ, chờ cánh gà, tài họ phát triển mạnh mẽ, trước tham gia vào lĩnh vực cơng nghiệp hay trị đầy biến động Hầu hết điều này, tất nhiên truyền thuyết Học tập chăm khó khăn phần quan trọng sống sinh viên Những người điềm tĩnh vượt qua năm học cực nhọc đơn giản cách chuyên tâm vào học tập trước tiếp tục cơng việc trung bình Chỉ số lượng người, Oxford bước nấc thang tiếng giàu sang III Fill in each of the blanks a suitable preposition The doctor is busy right now, but she could probably fit you in later (thu xếp thời gian để gặp) It was a good idea, but I am afraid it didn’t quite come off (diễn kế hoạch) I couldn’t pin Ann down to a definite answer (có ý tưởng cố định) His heart attack was brought on by too much stress at work (bị gây bởi) The victims of the industrial accident should, by rights, be compensated by the factory owners (bằng quyền lợi Pháp luật) As nobody seems to know what to next, may I put forward a proposal? (trình bày kiến) I’m sorry to hear that Dick and Peter have fallen out They were such good friends (tranh cãi có mối quan hệ xấu với ai) He was taken aback by her aggressive attitude (làm ngạc nhiên) His business has gone under, and he has lost everything (phá sản) 10 My husband brought me some flowers today He must be after something! (Cố gắng lấy đó) IV Write the correct form of the word given in brackets The government’s policy on arms is shocking It is quite indefensible (không thể bảo vệ được) (defend) Despite going to German classes twice a week, I don’t feel I’m making much headaway (nơi để bạn, với sở thích kỹ riêng, kết nối với nhau) with the language (head) John always knows how to enliven (làm sôi nổi) the party with his jokes (lively) The fire-prevention system is activated (hoạt háo) by any small increase in temperature (active) The government’s uncompromising (không thỏa hiệp) approach has brought criticism (compromise) Your presence has enriched our lives immeasurably (vô hạn) (measure) She won the first prize in the contest due to her persuasiveness (sức thuyết phục) (persuade) All applications must be received before July 20th 2007 (apply) The women employed in the mines were predominantly (phần lớn, chủ yếu) young and married (dominance) 10 The outcome of the election is a foregone (đã dự đoán trước) conclusion (go) V Write the correct form of the word given in brackets The Meaning of Dreams Until the twentieth century most scientists argued that dream were nothing but a random jumble of completely (1) COMPREHEND incomprehensible images remaining from the sensory accumulation of our daily lives Since the idea that dreams have meaning in their own way became popular, (2) PSYCHOLOGY psychologists have proposed (3) COUNT countless theories to explain the logic of dreams The bewildering nature of this logic reflects the primary source of the dreams outside the tidy confines of the conscious mind A dream can be a response to events in the outside world, or it can (4) ORIGIN originate within, expressing aspects of the dreamer’s deepseated feelings; it can fulfil desires or highlight unresolved emotions in the dreamer’s life Not (5) EXPECT unexpectedly, the contradictions implicit in these complex processes are reflected in the syntax of dreams Often (6) ENIGMA enigmatic, halting and fragmentary, the language of dreams can warp time, bringing together historical and contemporary figures It can mix the familiar with the (7) KNOW unknown, and work fantastic transformations by its own band of magic Scenes in dreams merge (8) MYSTERY mysteriously into one another, as in certain movies People or animals may fly or inanimate things may move (9) DEPEND independently and talk It is out of such complex and contrary (10) HAPPEN happenings that the meanings of dreams have to be teased Dịch: Ý nghĩa giấc mơ Cho đến kỷ 20, hầu hết nhà khoa học cho giấc mơ chẳng qua mớ bòng bong ngẫu nhiên hình ảnh hồn tồn khơng thể hiểu cịn sót lại từ tích lũy giác quan sống hàng ngày Kể từ ý tưởng giấc mơ có ý nghĩa theo cách riêng chúng trở nên phổ biến, nhà tâm lý học đề xuất vô số lý thuyết để giải thích logic giấc mơ Bản chất hoang mang logic phản ánh nguồn gốc giấc mơ bên giới hạn ngăn nắp tâm trí có ý thức Giấc mơ phản ứng với kiện giới bên ngồi bắt nguồn từ bên trong, thể khía cạnh cảm xúc sâu thẳm người mơ; đáp ứng mong muốn làm bật cảm xúc chưa giải sống người mơ Không cách bất ngờ, mâu thuẫn tiềm ẩn trình phức tạp phản ánh cú pháp giấc mơ Thơng thường bí ẩn, ngắt quãng rời rạc, ngôn ngữ giấc mơ kéo dài thời gian, quy tụ nhân vật lịch sử đương đại Nó kết hợp thứ quen thuộc với chưa biết, thực phép biến hình tuyệt vời ban nhạc ma thuật riêng Cảnh mơ hợp cách bí ẩn vào nhau, số phim Con người động vật bay thứ vơ tri vơ giác di chuyển độc lập nói chuyện Khơng nằm ngồi diễn biến phức tạp trái ngược mà ý nghĩa giấc mơ phải bị trêu chọc VI Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space A Powerful Influence There can be no (1) … at all that the internet has made a huge difference to our lives Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the internet, hardly (2) … doing anything else in their spare time Naturally, parents are (3) … to find out why the internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be (4) … for their children Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time (5) … their computer? Obviously, if children are bent over their computers for hours, (6) … in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong Parents and children could decide how much use the child should (7) … of the internet, and the child should give his or her (8) … that it won’t interfere with homework If the child is not holding to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic (9) … Dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from (10) … any other sort of bargain about behaviour Any parent who is (11) … alarmed about a child’s behavior should make an appointment to (12) … the matter with a teacher Spending time in front of the screen does not (13) … affect a child’s performance at school Even if a child is (14) … crazy about using the internet, he or she is probably just (15) … through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about! 10 11 12 A A A A A A A A A A A A doubt always worried harming staring at supposed word rules dealing widely speak B B B B B B B B B B B B reason C purpose rarely C never concerned C curious C hurting harmful glancing at C looking occupied C interested have C make promise C vow procedures C regulations negotiating C having heavily C seriously C talk discuss D D D D D D D D D D D D motive ever hopeful hurtful watching absorbed create claim steps arranging broadly debate 13 A possibly D consequently B necessarily C probably 14 A absolutely B more C quite D a lot 15 A going B passing C travelling D walking Dịch: Ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ Khơng cịn nghi ngờ Internet tạo khác biệt to lớn cho sống Cha mẹ lo lắng trẻ em dành nhiều thời gian để chơi Internet, khơng làm điều khác thời gian rảnh rỗi Đương nhiên, bậc cha mẹ tị mị muốn tìm hiểu Internet lại hấp dẫn đến vậy, họ muốn biết liệu gây hại cho họ hay không Cha mẹ có nên lo lắng họ dành nhiều thời gian chăm vào máy tính? Rõ ràng, trẻ em cắm mặt vào máy tính hàng giờ, mải mê với trị chơi đó, thay làm tập nhà, có khơng ổn Cha mẹ trẻ em định mức độ sử dụng Internet trẻ trẻ nên tun bố khơng ảnh hưởng đến tập nhà Nếu trẻ không tuân theo xếp này, cha mẹ thực bước liệt Đối phó với việc sử dụng Internet đứa trẻ không khác nhiều so với việc thương lượng hình thức mặc khác hành vi Bất kỳ phụ huynh thực lo lắng hành vi trẻ nên đặt lịch hẹn để thảo luận vấn đề với giáo viên Dành thời gian trước hình khơng ảnh hưởng liên tục đến thành tích trẻ trường Ngay đứa trẻ hoàn toàn phát cuồng với việc sử dụng Internet, có lẽ chúng trải qua giai đoạn vài tháng có điều khác phải lo lắng! VII Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word Endangered species The future of African elephant depends on man No (1) longer can human beings and wild animals live in (2) harmony throughout vast areas of the continent as was possible in days gone by, for man’s needs have increased as well as his numbers There are regions, such as the Congo forests and the equatorial Sudan, (3) where the old relationship may remain for a few more years or even generations, but in general it has gone Conservation, (4) if it is to be effective, must be a positive, constructive policy, and it is (5) wishful thinking to imagine otherwise, particularly in the case of the elephant And if this is not yet true of the whole of Africa, it soon will be, for the increase in the human population is almost universal Where human beings and wild animals find (6) themselves in competition with each other, the animals will lose Even if (7) there appears to be enough room for both, man will not tolerate (8) so long a situation in which elephants and other creatures make even occasional raids on his fields of food or economic crops For many years (9) this has been a major cause of conflicting interests and (10) one of the reasons why so many elephants have been shot to control their numbers Dịch: Những lồi có nguy có bị tuyệt chủng Tương lai voi châu Phi phụ thuộc vào người Con người động vật hoang dã không cịn sống hịa thuận khắp khu vực rộng lớn lục địa ngày qua, nhu cầu người số lượng người tăng lên Có khu vực, chẳng hạn rừng Congo xích đạo Sudan, nơi mối quan hệ cũ trì vài năm chí nhiều hệ, nhìn chung khơng cịn Bảo tồn, muốn có hiệu quả, phải sách tích cực, mang tính xây dựng, mơ tưởng để hình dung khác, đặc biệt trường hợp voi Và điều chưa với tồn châu Phi, sớm xảy ra, gia tăng dân số gần phổ biến Nơi người động vật hoang dã tìm thấy để cạnh tranh với nhau, lồi vật thua Ngay dường có đủ chỗ cho hai, người không chịu đựng tình trạng voi sinh vật khác đột kích vào ruộng lương thực trồng kinh tế Trong nhiều năm, điều nguyên nhân dẫn đến xung đột lợi ích lý nhiều voi bị bắn để kiểm soát số lượng chúng VIII Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to each question The first scientific attempt at coaxing moisture from a cloud was in 1946, when scientist Vincent Schaefer dropped pounds of dry ice from an airplane into a cloud and, to his delight, produced snow The success of the experiment was modest, but it spawned optimism among farmers and ranchers around the country It seemed to them that science had finally triumphed over weather Unfortunately, it didn’t work out that way Although there were many cloud-seeding operations, during the late 1940s and the 1950s, no one could say whether they had any effect on precipitation Cloud seeding, or weather modification as it came to be called, was dearly more complicated than had been thought (3) It was not until the early 1970s that enough experiments had been done to understand the processes involved What these studies indicated was that only certain types of clouds are amenable to seeding One of the most responsive is the winter orographic cloud, formed when air currents encounter a mountain slope and rise (4) If the temperature in such a cloud is right, seeding can increase snow yield by 10 to 20 percent There are two major methods of weather modification In one method, silver iodide is burned in propane-fired ground generators The smoke rises into the clouds where the tiny silver-iodide particles act as nuclei for the formation of ice crystals (6) The alternate system uses airplanes to deliver dry-ice pellets Dry ice does not provide ice-forming nuclei Instead, it lowers the temperature near the water droplets (5) in the clouds so that they freeze instantly—a process called spontaneous nucleation Seeding from aircraft is more efficient but also more expensive (7) About 75 percent of all weather modification in the United States takes place in the Western states With the population of the West growing rapidly, few regions of the world require more water About 85 percent of the waters in the rivers of the West comes from melted snow As one expert put it, the water problems of the future may make the energy problems of the 70s seem like child’s play to solve (8) That’s why the U.S Bureau of Reclamation, along with state governments, municipal water districts, and private interests such as ski areas and agricultural cooperatives, (9) is putting increased effort into cloud-seeding efforts Without consistent and heavy snowfalls in the Rockies and Sierras, the West would literally dry up The most intensive efforts to produce precipitation was during the West’s disastrous snow drought of 1976-77 It is impossible to judge the efficiency of weather modification based on one crash program, but most experts think that such hurry-up programs are not very effective (10) What is the main subject of the passage? C The scientific contributions of Vincent Schaefer D Developments in methods of increasing precipitation C The process by which snow crystals form D The effects of cloud seeding The word spawned in line is closest in meaning to (tạo ra) B intensified B reduced C preceded D created Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the term weather modification? C It is not as old as the term cloud seeding D It has been in use since at least 1946 C It refers to only one type of cloud seeding D It was first used by Vincent Schaefer According to the passage, winter orographic clouds are formed C.on relatively warm winter days D over large bodies of water C during intense snow storms D when air currents rise over mountains To which of the following does the word they in line 21 refer? B.Water droplets B Clouds C Ice-forming nuclei D Airplanes When clouds are seeded from the ground, what actually causes ice crystals to form? B Propane B Silver-iodide smoke C Dry-ice pellets D Nuclear radiation Clouds would most likely be seeded from airplanes when A it is important to save money B the process of spontaneous nucleation cannot be employed C the production of precipitation must be efficient D temperatures are lower than usual What does the author imply about the energy problems of the 1970s? A They were caused by a lack of water B They took attention away from water problems C They may not be as critical as water problems will be in the future D They were thought to be minor at the time but turned out to be serious The author mentions agricultural cooperatives (line 31) as an example of C state government agencies D private interests C organizations that compete with ski areas for water D municipal water districts 10 It can be inferred from, the passage that the weather-modification project of 1976-77 was A put together quickly B a complete failure C not necessary D easy to evaluate Dịch: Nỗ lực khoa học việc giảm độ ẩm từ đám mây vào năm 1946, nhà khoa học Vincent Schaefer thả khối đá khô nặng pound từ máy bay vào đám mây khiến ơng thích thú, tạo tuyết Thành cơng thử nghiệm khiêm tốn, tạo lạc quan cho người nông dân chủ trang trại khắp đất nước Đối với họ, dường khoa học cuối chiến thắng thời tiết Thật khơng may, khơng diễn theo cách Mặc dù có nhiều hoạt động tạo hạt giống đám mây, suốt cuối năm 1940 năm 1950, khơng nói liệu chúng có ảnh hưởng đến lượng mưa hay khơng Tạo đám mây, sửa đổi thời tiết cách gọi nó, phức tạp nhiều so với người ta nghĩ Mãi đến đầu năm 1970, người ta thực đủ thí nghiệm để hiểu trình liên quan Những nghiên cứu số loại mây định gieo hạt Một ứng phó tốt đám mây orographic mùa đơng, hình thành dịng khơng khí chạm vào sườn núi tăng lên Nếu nhiệt độ đám mây thích hợp, việc gieo hạt làm tăng suất tuyết từ 10 đến 20 phần trăm Có hai phương pháp điều chỉnh thời tiết Trong phương pháp, bạc iotua đốt máy phát điện chạy mặt đất khí propan Khói bốc lên thành đám mây, nơi hạt bạc iođua nhỏ bé đóng vai trị hạt nhân để hình thành tinh thể băng Hệ thống thay sử dụng máy bay để cung cấp viên đá khô Đá khô không cung cấp hạt nhân tạo băng Thay vào đó, làm giảm nhiệt độ gần giọt nước đám mây để chúng đóng băng - trình gọi tạo mầm tự phát Gieo hạt từ máy bay hiệu đắt Khoảng 75 phần trăm tất thay đổi thời tiết Hoa Kỳ diễn bang miền Tây Với dân số phương Tây gia tăng nhanh chóng, khu vực giới yêu cầu nhiều nước Khoảng 85 phần trăm nước sông miền Tây đến từ tuyết tan Như chuyên gia nói, vấn đề nước tương lai khiến vấn đề lượng năm 70 giống trò chơi trẻ em để giải Đó lý Cục Khai hoang Hoa Kỳ, với quyền tiểu bang, quận nước thành phố lợi ích tư nhân khu trượt tuyết hợp tác xã nông nghiệp, tăng cường nỗ lực vào nỗ lực gieo hạt đám mây Nếu khơng có tuyết rơi liên tục dày đặc Rockies Sierras, miền Tây khô kiệt theo nghĩa đen Những nỗ lực tập trung để tạo lượng mưa đợt hạn hán tuyết thảm khốc miền Tây năm 1976-77 Không thể đánh giá hiệu việc điều chỉnh thời tiết dựa chương trình va chạm, hầu hết chuyên gia cho chương trình gấp rút không hiệu IX Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below List of headings i American water withdrawal ii Economic pricing iii What the future holds iv Successful measures taken by some v The role of research vi The thirsty sectors vii Ways of reducing waste viii Interdependence of natural resources ix The demands of development x The consequences for agriculture THE WATER CRISIS ix Per capita water usage has been on an upward trend for many years As countries industrialise and their citizens become more prosperous, their individual water usage increases rapidly Annual per capita water withdrawals in the USA, for example, are about 1,700 cubic metres, four times the level in China and fifty times the level in Ethiopia In the 21st century, the world’s limited supply of renewable fresh water is having to meet demands (1) of both larger total population and increased per capita consumption The only practicable ways to resolve this problem in the longer term economic pricing in conjunction with conservation measures 2 vi Agriculture (2) consumes about 70% of the world’s fresh water, so improvements in irrigation can make the greatest impact At present, average efficiency in the use of irrigated water in agriculture may be as low as 50% Simple changes could improve the rate substantially, though it is unrealistic to expect very high levels of water-use efficiency in many developing countries, faced as they are with a chronic lack of capital and a largely untrained rural workforce After agriculture, industry (2) is the second biggest user of water and, in terms of value added per litre used, is sixty times more productive than agriculture However, some industrial processes use amounts of water For example, production of kg of aluminium might require 1,500 litres of water Paper production (2) too is often very water-intensive Though new processes have greatly reduced consumption, there is still plenty of room for big savings in industrial uses of water iv In rich countries, water consumption has gradually been slowed down by price increases and the use of modem technology and recycling In the USA, industrial production has risen fourfold since 1950, while water consumption has fallen by more than a third Japan and Germany have similarly improved their use of water in manufacturing processes (3) Japanese industry, for example, now recycles more than 75% of process water However, industrial water consumption is continuing to increase sharply in developing countries With domestic and agricultural demands also increasing, the capacity of water supply systems is under growing strain ii Many experts believe that the best way to counter this trend is to impose water charges based on the real cost of supplies (4) This would provide a powerful incentive for consumers to introduce water-saving processes and recycling Few governments charge realistic prices for water, especially to farmers Even in rich California, farm get water for less than a tenth of the cost of supply In many developing countries there is virtually no charge for irrigation water, while energy prices are heavily subsidised too (which means that farmers can afford to run water pumps day and night) Water, which was once regarded as a free gift from heaven, is becoming a commodity which must be bought and sold on the open market just like oil In the oil industry, the price increases which hit the market in the 1970s, coupled with concerns that supplies were running low, led to new energy conservation measures all over the world It was realised that investing in new sources was a far more costly option than improving efficiency of use A similar emphasis on conservation will be the best and cheapest option for bridging the gap between water supply and demand vii One way to cut back on water consumption is simply to prevent leaks (8) It is estimated that in some of the biggest cities of the Third World, more than half of the water entering the system is lost through leaks in pipes, dripping taps and broken installations Even in the UK, losses were estimated at 25% in the early 1990s because of the failure to maintain the antiquated water supply infrastructure In addition, huge quantities of water are consumed because used water from sewage pipes, storm drains and factories is merely flushed away and discharged into rivers or the sea The modern approach, however, is to see used water as a resource which can be put to good use - either in irrigation or, after careful treatment, as recycled domestic water (5) Israel, for instance, has spent heavily on used water treatment Soon, treated, recycled water will account for most farm irrigation there There are other examples in cities such as St Petersburg, Florida, where all municipal water is recycled back into domestic systems viii Another way of conserving water resources (6) involves better management (9) of the environment generally Interference with the ecosystem can have a severe effect on both local rainfall patterns and water run-off Forest clearings associated with India’s Kabini dam project reduced local rainfall by 25%, a phenomenon observed in various other parts of the world where large-scale deforestation has taken place Grass and other vegetation acts as a sponge which absorbs rainfall both in the plants and in the ground Removal of the vegetation means that rainfall runs off the top of the land, accelerating erosion instead of being gradually fed into the soil to renew ground water iii Global warming is bound to affect rainfall patterns, though there is considerable disagreement about its precise effects But it is likely that, as sea levels rise, countries in low-lying coastal areas will be hit by seawater penetration of ground water (7) Other countries will experience changes in rainfall which could have a major impact on agricultural yield - either for better or for worse In broad terms, it is thought that rainfall zones will shift northwards, adding to the water deficit (10) in Africa, the Middle East and the Mediterranean - a grim prospect indeed Dịch: KHỦNG HOẢNG CỦA NƯỚC Mức sử dụng nước bình qn đầu người có xu hướng tăng nhiều năm Khi nước công nghiệp phát triển người dân họ trở nên thịnh vượng hơn, việc sử dụng nước cá nhân họ tăng lên nhanh chóng Ví dụ, lượng nước rút bình quân đầu người hàng năm Mỹ khoảng 1.700 mét khối, gấp bốn lần mức Trung Quốc năm mươi lần Ethiopia Trong kỷ 21, nguồn cung cấp nước tái tạo hạn chế giới phải đáp ứng nhu cầu tổng dân số lớn mức tiêu thụ bình quân đầu người tăng lên Các cách khả thi để giải vấn đề dài hạn định giá kinh tế kết hợp với biện pháp bảo tồn Nông nghiệp tiêu thụ khoảng 70% lượng nước giới, cải tiến hệ thống tưới tiêu tạo tác động lớn Hiện tại, hiệu suất sử dụng nước tưới nơng nghiệp trung bình thấp tới 50% Những thay đổi đơn giản cải thiện đáng kể tỷ lệ này, không thực tế kỳ vọng mức hiệu sử dụng nước cao nhiều nước phát triển, đối mặt với tình trạng thiếu vốn triền miên lực lượng lao động nông thôn phần lớn chưa qua đào tạo Sau nông nghiệp, công nghiệp ngành sử dụng nước nhiều thứ hai tính theo giá trị gia tăng lít sử dụng, có suất cao nơng nghiệp sáu mươi lần Tuy nhiên, số quy trình cơng nghiệp sử dụng nhiều nước Ví dụ, để sản xuất kg nhơm cần 1.500 lít nước Quá trình sản xuất giấy thường tốn nước Mặc dù quy trình làm giảm đáng kể mức tiêu thụ, nhiều dư địa để tiết kiệm lớn việc sử dụng nước công nghiệp Ở nước giàu, tiêu thụ nước bị chậm lại tăng giá sử dụng công nghệ đại tái chế Tại Hoa Kỳ, sản xuất công nghiệp tăng gấp bốn lần kể từ năm 1950, lượng nước tiêu thụ giảm phần ba Nhật Bản Đức cải thiện tương tự việc sử dụng nước quy trình sản xuất Ví dụ, ngành cơng nghiệp Nhật Bản tái chế 75% lượng nước chế biến Tuy nhiên, tiêu thụ nước công nghiệp tiếp tục tăng mạnh nước phát triển Với nhu cầu sinh hoạt nông nghiệp tăng lên, lực hệ thống cấp nước ngày trở nên căng thẳng Nhiều chuyên gia cho cách tốt để chống lại xu hướng áp đặt phí nước dựa giá thực tế nguồn cung cấp Điều tạo động lực mạnh mẽ cho người tiêu dùng giới thiệu quy trình tái chế tiết kiệm nước Rất phủ tính giá nước thực tế, đặc biệt nông dân Ngay California giàu có, trang trại cung cấp nước với chi phí thấp phần mười Ở nhiều nước phát triển, không tính phí nước tưới, giá lượng trợ cấp nhiều (có nghĩa nơng dân đủ tiền để chạy máy bơm nước ngày lẫn đêm) Nước, thứ coi quà miễn phí từ thiên đường, trở thành thứ hàng hóa phải mua bán thị trường mở giống dầu Trong ngành công nghiệp dầu mỏ, việc tăng giá xuất thị trường vào năm 1970, với lo ngại nguồn cung cạn kiệt, dẫn đến biện pháp tiết kiệm lượng toàn giới Người ta nhận đầu tư vào nguồn phương án tốn nhiều so với việc nâng cao hiệu sử dụng Việc nhấn mạnh tương tự vào bảo tồn lựa chọn tốt rẻ để thu hẹp khoảng cách cung cầu nước Một cách đơn giản để cắt giảm lượng nước tiêu thụ ngăn rò rỉ Người ta ước tính số thành phố lớn Thế giới thứ ba, nửa lượng nước vào hệ thống bị thất rị rỉ đường ống, vòi nhỏ giọt hệ thống lắp đặt bị hỏng Ngay Anh, thiệt hại ước tính khoảng 25% vào đầu năm 1990 khơng trì sở hạ tầng cấp nước lâu đời Ngoài ra, lượng nước khổng lồ tiêu thụ nước qua sử dụng từ đường ống nước thải, cống thoát nước mưa nhà máy xả thải sông biển Tuy nhiên, cách tiếp cận đại xem nước qua sử dụng tài nguyên sử dụng tốt - tưới tiêu sau xử lý cẩn thận, nước sinh hoạt tái chế Chẳng hạn, Israel chi nhiều cho việc xử lý nước qua sử dụng Không nữa, nước qua xử lý, tái chế chiếm hầu hết hoạt động tưới tiêu nông trại Có ví dụ khác thành phố St Petersburg, Florida, nơi tất nước thành phố tái chế trở lại hệ thống sinh hoạt Một cách khác để bảo tồn tài nguyên nước quản lý tốt mơi trường nói chung Sự can thiệp vào hệ sinh thái có ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến kiểu mưa cục lượng nước chảy Việc chặt phá rừng liên quan đến dự án đập Kabini Ấn Độ làm giảm lượng mưa cục xuống 25%, tượng quan sát thấy nhiều nơi khác giới, nơi nạn phá rừng quy mô lớn diễn Cỏ thảm thực vật khác hoạt động miếng bọt biển hút nước mưa lịng đất Loại bỏ thảm thực vật có nghĩa lượng mưa chảy khỏi phần đất, làm tăng tốc độ xói mịn thay đưa vào đất để tái tạo nước ngầm Hiện tượng nóng lên tồn cầu chắn ảnh hưởng đến kiểu mưa, có bất đồng đáng kể tác động xác Nhưng có khả mực nước biển dâng cao, quốc gia vùng đất trũng ven biển bị ảnh hưởng xâm nhập nước biển vào nước ngầm Các quốc gia khác trải qua thay đổi lượng mưa có tác động lớn đến suất nơng nghiệp - tốt xấu Nói chung, người ta cho khu vực mưa dịch chuyển phía bắc, làm tăng thêm tình trạng thiếu nước châu Phi, Trung Đông Địa Trung Hải - viễn cảnh thực tồi tệ ... (compromise) Your presence has enriched our lives (measure) She won the first prize in the contest due to her (persuade) All must be received before July 20th 2007 (apply) The... Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world’s fresh water, so improvements in irrigation can make the greatest impact At present, average efficiency in the use of irrigated water in agriculture may be as... presence has enriched our lives immeasurably (vô hạn) (measure) She won the first prize in the contest due to her persuasiveness (sức thuyết phục) (persuade) All applications must be received before