PRODUCTION MECHANISMS OIL and GAS FIELDS
Production Mechanisms
PRODUCTION MECHANISMS
Typical Oil Reservoir Performance
Reservoir Engineering Studies
Role of Reservoir Engineering Department
PRODUCTION MECHANISMS
Typical Oil Field Performances
Oil Recovery Methods
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING STUDIES
OIL RATE PARAMETERSFROM MACROSCOPIC TO MICROSCOPIC SCALES
WELL RATE PARAMETERS
Oil Well Rate Parameters
Oil Well Rate Parameters
Field and Well Rate Parameters
PRODUCTION MECHANISMS
Production Mechanisms - Initial Conditions
Reservoir perturbations caused by drilling
Production MechanismsPossible Status During Development
Cumulative Production and Reserves
Ultimate Reserves
Cumulative Production and Reserves
Production MechanismsStatus at Abandonment Conditions
Ultimate Reserves Technical Parameters
Proven (or Proved) Reserves
Reserve-Probability approache-Some Standards
Recovery Factors
Material Balance (volumes expressed at reservoir conditions)
PRODUTION MECHANISMS
Natural Depletion Recovery Mechanisms
Natural Depletion
Material Balance (volumes expressed at reservoir conditions)
Natural Depletion - Undersaturated Oil ReservoirInitial Conditions
Natural Depletion - Rock / Fluid Expansion
Natural Depletion - Rock / Fluid ExpansionMaterial Balance Equation
Rock/fluid expansion – Inactive aquifer-Material balance
Rock/fluids expansion-Performances and limitations
Natural Depletion - Saturated Oil ReservoirInitial Conditions
Natural Depletion - Solution Gas Drive
Depletion Below Pb
Natural Depletion - Solution Gas Drive-Inactive aquifere-
Solution Gas Drive possible mechanisms-
Solution Gas Drive - Material Balance
Solution Gas Drive - Material Balance
Solution Gas Drive – Reservoir performances-
Gas-cap gas reservoir - Initial Conditions-
Natural Depletion - Gas Cap Expansion
Natural Depletion Gas Cap Expansion and Active Aquifer
Gas - Cap Expansion - Material Balance
Material Balance - Gas Cap Drive
Natural Depletion - Undersaturated Oil Reservoir-Active aquifer-
Under saturated oil-Active Aquifer
Natural Depletion - Undersaturated Oil ReservoirInitial Conditions
Natural Depletion - Undersaturated Oil Reservoir-Active aquifer-Status at time t-
Under saturated oil-Active Aquifer
Material Balance - Calculation of Potential Recoverywith Water Entry
Natural depletion:Active aquifere and gas-cap drive
Material Balance - Oil Reservoir with Natural Water Flux
Water Influx - Aquifer Fonction (1)
Water Influx - Aquifer Fonction (2)
Natural RecoveryGas Cap Drive and Water Drive Reservoir
Gravity Drainage
Gravity drainage-Oil saturation decrease in the gas invaded zone
Microscopic Oil Displacement by Water and Gas
Pore Level Mechanisms - Microscopic Efficiency
Production Mechanisms - Gravity Drainage (1)
Production Mechanisms - Gravity Drainage (2)
Natural Recovery -Generalized material balanceGas Cap Drive and Water Drive Reservoir
Generalised material balance equation
Natural Depletion Recovery Limitations
NATURAL GAS RESERVOIRS
Classification of Natural Gases from Phase Envelope,Reservoir Conditions and Separator Conditions
Gas Reservoir - classification
Gas reservoir - some definitions
Gas material balance - No water entry
Gas material balance - No water entry
Gas material balance - water entry
Gas material balance - water entry
Gas Reservoirs
Gas Production : Possible Problems (1)
Gas Production : Possible Problems (2)
Natural Depletion Recovery Limitations
Natural Depletion Recovery Limitations
Natural Depletion Recovery Limitations
FIELD RATE
Oil Field Development Methodology
Water Injection
Water Injection
Water Injection
SECONDARY RECOVERY
SECONDARY RECOVERY
Pressure Maintenance by Water Injection (in aquifer)and Gas (in Gas Cap)
SWEEP EFFICIENCIES
SWEEP EFFICIENCIES-SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Factors Controlling Flood Efficiency
Microscopic aspects:Displacement of Oil by Water
Water Injection - Displacement Efficiency (Pore Scale)Limitations = Capillary Forces
Pore Level Mechanisms - Microscope Efficiency
Displacement Efficiency
Microscopic Displacement : Oil by Water (1)
Microscopic Displacement : Oil by Water (2)
Microscopic Displacement : Oil by Gas
Microscopic Displacement
Microscopic Displacement
Microscopic Displacement- Effect of Wettability
Relative permeability curves
Saturation Functions:kr and Pc
Relative Permeabilities : Welge method (1)
Relative Permeabilities : Welge method (2)
Relative Permeabilities : Three phases
Relative Permeabilities : Buckley - Leverett theory
Relative Permeabilities Formula (Empirical)
Problems Linked with Relative Permeabilities (1)
Problems Linked with Relative Permeabilities (2)
Relative permeability Curves
Relative Permeabilities
Factors Controlling Flood Efficiency
Volumetric sweep efficiency=Eareal*Evertical
Pressure profile between injector and productor
Five Spot Injection Pattern
Mobility Ratio
Mobility Ratio Concept
Water Injection Recovery Volumetric Relationships
Water Injection Efficiency
Water Injection Recovery
Effect of Mobility Ratio
How and Where Injecting Water ?
Field water injection rate- Number of injectors
Water injection pattern selection
Pattern selection criteria
Peripheral Water Injection
Flooding Patterns
Classical Waterflood Patterns (1)
Classical Waterflood Patterns (2)
Depletion Above Pb Optimum Level of W.I.Pressure Maintenance
Depletion Below Pb
Supplemental recovery (water displacing oil)
Saturation Profile During a Waterflood in a DepletedReservoir When a Trapped Gas Saturation Exists
Waterflood Efficiency vs Sgi
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES
Typical Oil Field Performances
Ultimate Reserves and Recovery mechanism sequence
Tertiary Recovery Objectives
Microscopic and Volumetric Sweep EfficienciesExample of Five Spot Injection Pattern-
Pore Level Mechanisms - Microscope Efficiency
Water Injection Efficiency
Limitations of conventional methods-
Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
Production Mechanisms
EOR contribution in the world oil production
World Oil reserves estimates( P.R.Bauquis-2000-)
TENTATIVE ESTIMATE of EOR POTENTIAL
TENTATIVE ESTIMATE of EOR POTENTIAL
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Heavy oils
Thermal Flood
Heavy Oil : a mix of heterogeneous denominations
Heavy Oil (excluding Oil Shales) : 3 Main Categories
Thermal Methods
Thermal Methods
Thermal Methods
Thermal Methods
Thermal Methods
Thermal Methods
Thermal Methods
Air Injection
Air Injection
Air Injection
Air Injection
Model Therm Features
Air Injection
Legend
"Heavy Oils" : Wordwide OiI In Place
"Heavy Oils" : Resources of 4000 to 5000 Gb (OIP)Potential Reserves depends on recovery factors
Huge Untapped Resources in Orinoco and Athabasca
The Orinoco Belt Deposits:a New Saudi Arabia?
Cold Production Scheme
SINCOR FIELD - Reservoir model parameters
SAGD Process
SAGD Process
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
Surfactant - Polymer Injection
Chemical Flood Polymers
Chemical Flooding
Water Injection Sweep Efficiency
Chemical Methods
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Water Injection + Chemicals
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES
Gas Injection:Objectives
Optimum Technical Recovery
EOR by Gas Injection - Volumetric and Microscopic Sweep Efficiencies
Nature of Gases and Injection Conditions
HYDROCARBON GAS COMPOSITION
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Injected fluids:Gas Specificities( vs.Water)
Benefits of Gas Injection
Tertiary Oil Recovery by Gas Injection
Miscibility Diagram for a Reservoir Oil Vs InjectedGas Composition and Pressure
Gas injection-Two Domains :
Microscopic Oil Displacement by Water and Gas
Pore Level Mechanisms - Microscope Efficiency
Miscibility Diagram for a Reservoir Oil Vs InjectedGas Composition and Pressure
EOR by Gas Injection:MMP(Minimum Miscibility Pressure)
EOR by Gas Injection:MMR(Minimum Miscibility Richness)
Benefits of Gas Injection
Main R & D Achievements
R & D : Practical Effects
Which Optimum ?
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Optimum Technical Recovery
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Immiscible Lean Gas Injection
Immiscible Lean Gas Injection - Gravity Drainage
Tertiary Oil Recovery by Gas Injection
Long Core Model Description
Tertiary Oil Recovery from Waterflooded Reservoirs
Limiting Oil Saturations for Lab Experiments
Tertiary Gas Displacement:2 phases Water-Oil relperm
Relative Permeabilities : Three phases
Tertiary Gas Displacement
Tertiary Injection Simulations
Tertiary Gas Injection Simulation
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Vaporizing Gas - Drive
Condensing Gas Drive Miscibility
Miscible Slug Process (LPG Injection)
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Methodology
Some Ratios for Screening Studies
Selection Criteria
HC GAS INJECTION:COMPOSITIONS AND PRESSURES
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Air Injection
Air Injection into Light Oil Reservoirs
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R.
Gas Injection = a Promising Future for E.O.R
Gas Injection: Some Conclusions
Conclusions (Cont’d)
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES
Oil Recovery Improvement
Tertiary Process Selection Criteria
RESERVOIR ENGINEERINGDYNAMIC ASPECTS- PRODUCTION -
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING ROLE
EOR and R& D (1)
EOR and R& D (2)
EOR and R& D (3)