XAY DUNG BAN DO PHAT THAI KHINHA KINH TREN DAT PHU SA TRONG LUA VUNG BAC TRUNG BO Nguyen Van Thiet1, Bui Thi Phiidng Loan1 TOMTAT Nghien cdu nay trinh bay ket qua xay ddng ban do phat thai khi nha kin[.]
XAY DUNG BAN DO PHAT THAI KH IN H A KINH TREN DAT PHU SA TRONG LUA VUNG BAC TRUNG BO Nguyen Van Thiet1, Bui Thi Phiidng Loan1 TOMTAT Nghien cdu trinh bay ket qua xay ddng ban phat thai nha kinh (KNK) thong qua ky thuat GIS td ket qua mo phong phat thai nha kinh CH4, N20 (GHG) td dat canh tac lua tren dat phu sa cua khu vdc Bac Trung Bo theo mo hinh tinh toan (DNDC) Mo hinh da diicfc hieu chinh va tham chieu vcfi so lieu quan trac phat thai thdc dia tai tinh Quang Tri, Nghe An va Thda Thien - Hue Nghien ciiu cung dd bao phat thai KNK tii dat lua cho khu vdc den nam 2030 bang each sd dung dd lieu dat, hau, sd dung dat va CO sd dd lieu quan ly canh tac lua, kich ban hau va ndcic bien dang cho Viet Nam cua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trddng nam 2016 Ket qua nghien cdu cho thay, ldOng phat thai KNK vu Mua co xu hdofng cao hon vu Xuan tai cac tinh Quang Binh, Quang Tri va Thda Thien - Hue Ha Tinh, Nghe An va Thanh Hoa phat thai vu Xuan lai cao hdn vu Mua Dd bao den nam 2030, Thda Thien - Hue co phat thai KNK cao nhat (tddng ddong 11,512 tan C 2/ha) va Nghe An phat thai KNK thap nhat Ngoai ra, phat thai KNK td tinh khu vdc Bac Trung Bo nddc ta co xu hdcmg tang vao nam 2030 Td khoa: DNDC, dat phu sa lua, GHG I DAT VAN DE Tinh trang phat thai KNK td hoat dong san xuat cua cac niidc nhieu nam qua da gay hieu dng nha kinh tren pham vi toan cau va hon the nda lam cho hau trai dat thay doi, nddc bien dang, thien tai, dich benh cang nhieu hdn (Nguyen Hong Son et al., 2014) Nong nghiep Viet Nam dang tdng phai doi mat vdi nhieu rui ro td bien doi hau (BDKH), dac biet dieu kien Viet Nam la nddc chiu anh hddng nang ne nhat cua BDKH Theo bao cao kiem ke KNK cua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trddng, nong nghiep Viet Nam dong gop 43,1% vao tong ldOng phat thai KNK cua Viet Nam (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2010) Hien nay, co rat nhieu mo hinh ddOc sd dung de mo phong va tinh toan phat thai KNK nhd: Mo hinh phat thai Metan (MEM), Phat thai Metan td he sinh thai lua (MERES), Cong cu can bang carbon EX-Ante (EX-ACT), mo hinh nong nghiep va sd dung dat (ALU) Mo hinh DNDC la mot mo hinh ddOc ap dung rong rai tren the gidi de tinh toan phat thai td racing lua Nguyen ly mo phong dda tren nen cacbon (C), nitd (N) va cac qua trinh sinh dia hoa he sinh thai nong nghiep Mo hinh co the ddOc sd dung de dd doan sinh trddng cay trong, nhiet dat, am, cacbon dat, va sd phat thai nha kinh bao gom N20 , NO, NH3, CH va CO,2 1Vien M oi tnrdng Nong nghiep 89 Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Ndng nghiep Viet Nam - So 06(127)/202 Tinh toan phat thai KNK td cac hoat dong san xuat nong nghiep co vai tro quan trong viec xac dinh ctf cau phat thai va de xuat cac giai phap giam phat thai KNK Tuy nhien, cac nghien cdu ve phat thai KNK canh tac Ida cho vung Bac Trung Bo han che Nghien cdu co muc tieu xay dung ban phat thai KNK va dd bao phat thai canh tac lua tren dat phu sa tai vung Bac Trung Bo tdi nam 2030 II VAT LIEU VA PHUtfNG PHAP NGHIEN CtfU 2.1 Vat lieu nghien ciiu - Dat: Dat phu sa Lua vung Bac Trung Bo - Lua: Giong lua Khang Dan 18 - Phan bon: NPK hon hdp 16:16:8 2.2 PhUdng phap nghien ciiu 2.2.1 M o hinh DNCD Mo hinh DNDC la mo hinh sinh dia hoa dat, cho phep dd bao luung cacbon duqc gifl lai dat, ham lUUng dam bi mat va sU phat thai mot so KNK nhU C 2, CH4 tit cac he sinh thai nong nghiep Mo hinh dUUc xay dung vcri cac thong so dau vao gom cac thong so ve tinh chat ly hoa cua dat, dieu kien hau nhU nhiet do, am, thong so ve cay nhU lich gieo trong, thu hoach, phUUng thUc cham bon (DNDC Guideline, 2012 University of New Hampshire) Cau true cua mo hinh gom: hop phan phu mo hinh hau, dat, cay va mo hinh ve phan huy dung de danh gia nhiet do, am, the oxy hoa khd cua dat va qua trinh chuyen hoa dat, nang suat cay trong, Udc lupng ham luong cacbon dUa vao dat tii cac cay Cac thong so chiu sU tac dong cua dac trUng hau, dat, cay va hoat dong cua ngUdi Hop phan thd hai gom mo hinh ve nitrat hoa, khU nitrat va mo hinh ve oxy hoa khii nham Udc lupng sU phat thai cac C 2, CH4, NH3, NO, N20 , N2 tii cac he canh tac nong nghiep Mo hinh DNDC nham mo phong lai moi quan he giUa cac chu trinh sinh dia hoa cacbon, nito va cac yeu to sinh thai (Hinh 1) Hinh So tinh toan luong phat thai KNK dUa tren cac lua chon cacbon thap bang mo hinh DNDC Cac dCt lieu dau vao: Cac dd lieu ve tiiong Cac dd lieu dau ra: Mo phong sd phat thai KNK thuy van (nhiet do, liipng miia, toe gio, bde xa (CH4, N20 ) theo nam va nang suat tiem mat trdi, am); cac dd lieu ve canh tac (giong, thdi nang cua cay gian gieo cay, thu hoach, bon phan, tddi nddc, quan 2.2.2 PhU dngphap hieu chinh m o hinh ly mua vu, co hai); cac dd lieu ve dat dai (loai dat, De hieu chinh mb hinh, mau phat thai td ru6ng lua ddoc lay vu Xuan va vu Mua td 2015 - 2017 tai cac tinh Quang Tri, Nghe An va pH, xop, man, ham Idpng OC, N 3", NH4+), kich ban BDKH cua Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trddng 90 Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Hong nghiep Viet Nam -So 06(127)/2021 Thifa Thien - Hue bang phifong phap budng kin Buong thu co kich thiicfc dai x rong x cao lan loot la 0,45 m x 0,4 m x 0,9 m Trong buong thu co gan nhiet ke, hai quat dao de dieu khien ap suat, ong nhpa vcfi dhPng kinh 1,5 mm de tri ap suat giha ben va ben ngoai cua hop Mau diipc lay khoang thPi gian tit gib den 10 gicf sang Mau dope rut bang xi lanh 60 mL sau 10 phut dong nap hop (of cac thofi diem 0,10, 20, 30 phut) Sau moi lan lay mau, ghi chep nhiet hop, thcui gian lay mau va mpc nOcfc ruong Cac thong so dac tad hien trOdng; mau thu dupe maing di phan tich de hieu chinh mo hinh va tham chieu vcfi ket qua mo phong Danh gia ket qua mo phong tii mo hinh dope thpc hien thong qua he so xac dinh (R2 - Coeffient of determination) Gia tri cua R2 dao dong tit den 1, vcfi gia tri gan cho thay mot sp tOOng quan tot gifla dQ lieu mo phong va thpc te Vcfi gia tri lcfn hcfn 0,5 diicfc coi la co the chap nhan ket qua mo phong 2.2.3 P htidn gphap ban do, GIS Trong each tiep can nay, mo hinh DNDC, tich hop GIS dope sit dung cho mo phong viing Toan bo ccf scf dfl lieu dope phan chia cac vung muc tieu taefng Png vdfi moi da giac hoac ladfi Png vcfi thng dieu kien hau va dat dai Do phan giai cua he thong da giac hoac lopi phu thuoc vao phan giai da lieu tho cua da lieu dau vao Ccf scf da lieu ho trp mo phong khu vac tren DNDC bao gom cac tep da lieu ban chuyen de ve dat, tep da lieu ban chuyen de ve hau, Cac tep GIS chPa thong tin ve vi tri, tep hau, thuoc tinh dat, cac vung, khu vac va cac phoong phap quan ly canh tac Mau dope lay tai ruong, moi tinh mot diem vdfi lan lap lai, giai doan: ben re hoi xanh, bat dau de nhanh, de nhanh ro, phan hoa dong, phat trien dong, tr6 bong, chin sila va chin sap ,[ T Z h - o ) P - r ) Tien trinh mo phong khu vac tren DNDC dape chay cho tPng he thong canh tac moi don vi ladfi tren toan bo mien muc tieu Trong mo phong khu vac, DNDC doc tat ca da lieu dau vao ta cac tep GIS dape dat tntdfc cho tOng loPi va sau to chPc lai thong U l(° ~ °fZ b Trong do: O va P: cac gia tri thUc va P: gia tri trung binh cua chuoi so lieu thUc = 1, 2, 3, , n: chieu dai mau tin vao cac tep chinh de mo phong (Hinh 2) MS s ir dung d&t Si> dung dSt o it H fthd ng sfr dgngddt Su> dung ddt B it lua vy O itIC ia vu Loaid&t B it phO sa Bdt phii sa c6 ID ID s ir dung d lt t 1 2 S ir dyng dat B A t lu a Octt lua I0 a B it lua vu vu vu vu ID dat Lo g id d t 2 B S t o h iis a O d tD h iisa B d h iis a c A B it ohii s a c6 Bang thupc tinh dtt li#u ID ID s ir dung d&t 1 2 S ir dung d4t B B B B it it it it lua lua Ilia Ilia vu vg vy vg ID d it 2 L o a id it B B B B i t phu s a lt p h iis a it phu s a c& it phu s a c P hat thdi N (kg/ha/nlm ) Phdt thiii C H (kg/ha/nam ) 1.1 1.8 629 665 605 550 HiSn thj ban dd phat thai Hinh Nguyen ly tich hpp ket qua m6 hinh DNDC vao GIS 91 Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Nong nghiep Viet Nam - So 06(127)/2021 GWP = Phat thai CH4 x 25 + Phat thai N20 x 298 2.2.4 P htidn gphap tilth todn p h a t thai K N K Tfnh toan tong liipng CH4, N20 phat thai ca vu (Ad tit cay den thu hoach) theo cong thdc sau day: CH4(kg C/ha/vu) = ZCH4(mg C/m2/hr) x 24 gid x Ad/100 N,0 (kgN/ha/vu) = EN,0 (mg N/m2/hr) x 24 gid x Ad/100 Dita vao each tinh cua IPCC (2007), tinh toan tiem nang nong len toan cau thong qua viec quy doi tat ca cac loai ve C tildng ditong (C 2e) He so quy doi CH4 ve C 2e = CH4 x 25; he so quy doi N20 ve C 2e = N20 x 298 (IPCC, Climate Change 2007) Tong liipng phat thai KNK tit rupng lua diipc tinh theo cong thdc sau: Ket qua tai hinh cho thay, sau hieu chinh ket qua tinh toan phat thai CH4 va N20 gifla mo phong va tinh toan tai thitc dia co titofng quan kha chat Doi vcfi CH4 he so tiicfng quan R2 = 0,97 va N20 co he so tdcfng quan R2 = 0,85 2.3 Thdfi gian va dia diem nghien ciiu Nghien cdu diipc thpc hien tit thang 01 nam 2015 den thang 12 nam 2017 tai cac tinh Bac Trung Bo tit Thanh Hoa den Thita Thien Hue III KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Ket qua kiem dinh mo hinh Ket qua kiem dinh mo hinh diicfc so sanh gifla ket qua mo phong phat thai CH4 va N20 veti ket qua tinh toan tai hien tritdng de hieu chinh mot so thong so ve qua trinh sinh dia hoa dat va sinh tritctng cua cay Ket qua sau hieu chinh mo hinh ditqc the hien tai hinh chiem 85% so vdi dien tich dat Ilia vu Xuan So sanh ket qua tinh toan lifOng phat thai KNK tai tinh vung Bac Trung Bo cho thay, tinh giap Bac Bo co lilpng phat thai KNK vu lua Xuan cao hon vu lua Mua va ngvfqc lai, tinh giap Nam Trung Bo lai 3.2 Dd bao phat thai KNK tai vung Bac Trung Bo co liipng phat thai KNK vu lua Mua cao hon vu lua tori nam 2030 Xuan, tinh Thiia Thien - Hue co liipng phat Tong dien tich dat gieo lua vung Bac Trung thai KNK cao nhat vung Bac Trung Bo cho mot don Bo la 702.700 ha, dat lua vu Xuan la vi dien tich ca vu Xuan va vu Mua, liipng phat thai 356.900 va vu Miia la 174.700 va tong dien tich vu lua hang nam len tdi 11,51 tan C 2e/ha/nam dat lua tren dien tich dat phu sa la 305.429 (Hinh 4) Lirffng phat thai KNK trung binh nam 2005-2017 0Oong Xuan g M ua HT^ng ca nam Thanh H6a Nghe An Ha Tilth Quang Binh Quang Tri Tinh TT.Hue Hinh Phat thai KNK trung binh giai doan 2005-2017 tai vung Bac Trung Bo 92 Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Nong nghiep Viet Nam - So 06(127)/2021 Ket qua tinh toan phat thai KNK dif bao den nam 2030 difa tren kich ban phat thai thap (RCP4.5) va kich ban phat thai cao (RCP8.5) den nam 2030 Mo phong tren mo hinh DNDC difqc ket qua phat thai the hien d hinh Du- bao lirong phat thai K N K nam 2030 Thanh Hoa Nghe An HaTfnh Quang Blnh QuangTri Tinh TT.Hue Hinh Du bao lUGng phat thai KNK cac tinh viing Bac Trung Bo nam 2030 So sanh ket qua dh bao lildng phat thai KNK den nam 2030 tai tinh vimg Bac Trung Bo cho thay, lifcrng phat thai khong co stf chenh lech nhieu ci c a v u Xuan va vu Mua gifla cac tinh, vu Xuan phat thai dao dong 5,93 - 6,31 tan C 2e/ha/nam va vu lua Mua 4,96 - 6,31 tan C 2e/ha/nam Ket qua dh bao phat thai KNK cung the hien tinh giap Bac Bo co ltlcfng phat thai KNK vu lua Xuan cao hdn vu lua Mua va ngitqc lai, tinh giap Nam Trung Bo lai co liiOng phat thai KNK theo xu htidng vu lua Mua cao hdn vu lua Xuan, tdng ltidng phat thai vu lua nam 2030 dao dong 10,89 - 12,53 tan C 2e/ha/nam 3.3 Xay ddng ban dvi bao phat thai vung Bac Trung Bo cho canh tac lua tren dat phu sa tofi 2030 Trong giai doan -2 : Phat thai KNK cho ca vu lua d tinh vung Bac Trung Bo dao dong tb 9,125 den 11,509 tan C 2e/ha/nam; cao nhat la tinh Thifa Thien - Hue va thap nhat la Nghe An, phat thai tang cao nhat Nghe An va thap nhat la Thba Thien - Hue Phat thai ca nam dti bao cho nam 2030 cua tdng tinh dao dong tb 10,887 den 12,526 tan/ha/nam lifdng phat thai nam 2030 tang so vbi thdi ky 2015 - 2017 phat thai tang thap nhat tai tai Thba Thien Hue (1,017 tan C 2e/ha/nam) va cao nhat tai Nghe An (2,91 tan C 2e/ha/nam) (Hinh 6) Lirgmgphat th£i KNKthMky2015-2017vdnSm2030 □ Then'kv 2015-2017 Thanh H6a NghfAn HiTliih ta Nam 2030 Qu^ng Blnh QuingTrl TT.Hrf Tinh Hinh So sanh lildng phat thai KNK ca trung binh/nam thbi ky 2015 - 2017 va 2030 Lbdng phat thai KNK tinh giap Bac Bo vao vu lua Xuan cao hdn vu lua Mua va ngddc lai, tinh giap Nam Trung Bo lai co lildng phat thai KNK vu lua Mua cao hdn vu lua Xuan giai doan 2015 - 2017 va nam dd bad 2030 (Hinh 7) 93 Tap chi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Nong nghiep Viet Nam - So 06(127)/2021 Hinh Ban the hien liiOng phat thai KNK bao nam 2030 vung Bac Trung Bo va trung binh giai doan 2015-2017 IV KET LUAN Ban phat thai KNK dtitfc bien tap, xay dting tren nen ban don tinh bao gom: ban dat, ban dia hinh, ban hau, ban hien trang sv£ dung dat ty le 1:50.000 Ldp thong tin phat thai KNK dtioc cap nhat trdc tiep tren nen ban so da chuan hoa ccf sd dQ lieu GIS diidc ltiu truf dddi dinh dang SHP thuan ldi cho viec truy xuat va tich hop cO sd dd lieu vdi cac chiiong trinh mo hinh hoa va mo phong LtiOng phat thai KNK dit bao nam 2030 cua vu lua Xuan tren dat phu sa dao dong 5,93 - 6,31 tan C 2e/ha/nam, tang len 0,63 - 1,25 tan C 2e/ha/nam so vdi trung binh nam giai doan 2005 - 2017 LtiOng phat thai KNK dtf bao den nam 2030 cua vu lua Mua tren dat phu sa dao dong 4,96 - 6,31 tan C 2e/ha/nam, tang len 0,33 - 1,66 tan C 2e/ha/nam so vdi trung binh nam giai doan 2005 - 2017 LitOng phat thai KNK tinh giap Bac Bo vao vu lua Xuan cao hon vu lua Mua va ngtioc lai, tinh giap Nam Trung Bo lai co liiOng phat thai KNK vu lua Mua 94 cao hon vu lua Xuan giai doan 2005 - 2017 va nam bao 2030 LifOng KNK phat thai tit dat phu sa lua ca nam (2 vu lua) d tinh vung Bac Trung Bo trung binh moi nam giai doan 015-2017 dao dong 9,13 - 11,51 tan C 2e/ha, cao nhat la tinh Thda Thien - Hue va thap nhat la Nghe An Do bao phat thai KNK cho nam 2030 dao dong tit 10,89 - 12,53 tan C 2e/ha TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trOdng, 2016 Rich ban bien doi hau va nude bien dang cho Viet Nam Nha xuat ban Tai nguyen Moi trUdng va Ban Forster, P., V Ramaswamy, P Artaxo, T Berntsen, R Betts, D.W Fahey, J Haywood, J Lean, D.C Lowe, G Myhre, J Nganga, R Prinn, G Raga, M Schulz and R Van Dorland, 2007 Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S„ D Qin, M Manning, Tap ch!Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Nong nghiep Viet Nam - So 06(127)/2021 Z Chen, M Marquis, K.B Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L Miller (eds.)] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: 129-234 the united nations framework convention on climate change, https://data.opendevelopmentmekong.net/ dataset/thong-bao-qu-c-gia-l-n-th-hai-cho-cong-u-ckhung-c-a-lien-h-p-qu-c-v-bi-n-d-i-khi-h-u IPCC, Climate Change, 2007 Synthesis Report, https:// www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/syr/ Nguyen Hong Son, Bui Thi Phuong Loan, Tran Quoc Viet, Vu Duong Quynh, Syed Faiz-ul Islam, 2014 Bao cao phat thai KNK til ruong lua nilcfc tai tinh Binh Dinh va Quang Binh, thuoc dil an SNV Liu J., H.J Zhang, L.S Pereira, 1998 Model validation and crop coefficients for irrigation schedualing in the north China planing Agricultural Water Manage, 36:233-246 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2010 Vietnam’s second national communication to University of New Hampshire, 2012 User’s Guidefor the DNDC Model version 9.5 Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space Mapping greenhouse gas emissions on paddy rice alluvial soils in the North Central Nguyen Van Thiet, Bui Thi Phuong Loan Abstract This study presents GHG emissions mapping using GIS techniques for the simulation results of CH4 and N20 (Greenhouse gas) emissions from rice cultivation alluvial soils of the North Central Region of Vietnam according to the De-nitrification and Decomposition (DNDC) model The model was calibrated and validated with field observation data in Quang Tri, Nghe An and Thua Thien Hue province The model was then used to estimate GHG emissions from rice fields in this area by 2030 using a compiled soil data, climate, land use and rice cultivation management database according to climate and sea-level rise in Viet Nam by the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment in 2016 The results illustrated that the amount of GHGs emission in the summer season tended to be higher than that in the spring season in Quang Binh, Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue Meanwhile, Ha Tinh, Nghe An and Thanh Hoa witnessed the higher GHGs emission in the spring season It is forecasted that by 2030 that Thua Thien - Hue will have the highest amount of GHGs emission from rice fields with 11.512 tons C 02 eq/ha However, rice fields in Nghe An are likely to emit the lowest amount of GHGs In addition, the GHGs emission from provinces in North Central Region tends to increase by the year 2030 Keywords: Alluvium soil, DNDC, greenhouse gas emissions Ngay nhan bai: 03/9/2020 Ngay phan bien: 15/9/2020 Ngvfdi phan bien: PGS TS Pham Quang Ha Ngay duyet dang: 02/10/2020 TIEM NANG tfC CHE T H l/C VAT CUA CAO PHAN DOAN T tf CAY SAI DAT BA TH tJY ( Wedelia trilobata) Nguyen Quoc Ciictng1, Do Tan Khang1, Nguyen Van Ay12, Tran Thanh Men3, Pham Van Trong Tmh4, Tran Ngoc Quy4 TOM TAT Cay sai dat ba thuy (Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc) diipc nhieu nghien cbu cho thay co kha nang gay be che sinh hoc tren mot so loai thUc vat cung he sinh thai Trong nghien ebu nay, tac dong be che cua cac phan doan hexane, ethyl acetate, nilbc va methanol dilcfc thb nghiem tren sb mam, sinh triidng va phat trien cua cay xa lach (Lactuca sativa L.) Ket qua cho thay cao ethyl acetate co nong tb 2,5 - 5,0 mg/mL lam giam dang ke ty le mam va cac chi tieu sinh trbdng phat trien cua hat xa lach Ket qua dinh lbpng diep luc to dbcfc xb ly bdi phan doan ethyl acetate lam giam ham liipng diep luc to a, b va caratenoid tai nong mg/mL lan lbpt la 68,89%; 57,58% va 52,63% so vbi doi chbng Ham liipng polyphenol va flavonoid cao nhat co phan doan 1Vien Nghien ebu Phat trien Cong nghe Sinh hoc, Truong Dai hoc Can Tho 2Khoa Nong nghiep, Truong Dai hoc Can Tho Khoa Khoa hoc Tu nhien, Truong Dai hoc Can Tho Khoa Phat trien Nong thon, Truong Dai hoc Can Tho 95 ... thai canh tac lua tren dat phu sa tai vung Bac Trung Bo tdi nam 2030 II VAT LIEU VA PHUtfNG PHAP NGHIEN CtfU 2.1 Vat lieu nghien ciiu - Dat: Dat phu sa Lua vung Bac Trung Bo - Lua: Giong lua Khang... diipc lay khoang thPi gian tit gib den 10 gicf sang Mau dope rut bang xi lanh 60 mL sau 10 phut dong nap hop (of cac thofi diem 0,10, 20, 30 phut) Sau moi lan lay mau, ghi chep nhiet hop, thcui... vu Loaid&t B it phO sa Bdt phii sa c6 ID ID s ir dung d lt t 1 2 S ir dyng dat B A t lu a Octt lua I0 a B it lua vu vu vu vu ID dat Lo g id d t 2 B S t o h iis a O d tD h iisa B d h iis a c A