Exposure to internet content and formation of green consumption behavioural intention among generation yers in vietnam

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY  DO THANH LONG EXPOSURE TO INTERNET CONTENT AND FORMATiON OF GREEN CONSUMPTiON BEHAViOURAL INTENTiON AMONG GENERATiON YERS iN ViETNAM ĺHD DISSERTATION BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Hanoi – 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY  DO THANH LONG EXPOSURE TO INTERNET CONTENT AND FORMATiON OF GREEN CONSUMPTiON BEHAViOURAL INTENTiON AMONG GENERATiON YERS iN ViETNAM SPECIALIZATION: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SPECIALIZATION CODE: 9340101 ĺHD DISSERTATION Supervisor: Associate Professor Doctor Nguyen Vu Hung Hanoi – 2022 DECLARATION I have read and understood the University’s policy on plagiarism I hereby declare on my honor that this research proposal is my own work and does not violate the regulations on good academic practices PhD candidate iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons for choosing topic 1.2 Purpose of the research 1.2.1 The human value – green consumption behaviour gap .2 1.2.2 The role of exposure to environmental content on the internet in filling value – behaviour gap 1.2.3 The research questions 1.3 Subject and scope of the research 1.4 Original contributions of the research CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Green consumption 1.1.1 Adverse impacts of environmental problems 1.1.2 The emergence of green consumption 1.2 Environmental problems and sustainable development of Vietnam 11 1.2.1 Air pollution 12 1.2.2 Water pollution 13 1.2.3 Land degradation and soil erosion 14 1.2.4 Deforestation and loss of biodiversity 14 1.2.5 Environmental protection and sustainable development of Vietnam 16 1.2.6 Green consumption in Vietnam as a solution to environmental problem 17 1.2.7 The importance of generation Y consumers in constructing green consumption culture in Vietnam 19 1.3 Antecedents of green consumption behaviours 21 1.3.1 Individual factors 22 1.3.1.1 Demographic factors 22 1.3.1.2 Sustainable-related attitude 24 1.3.1.3 Personal norms 25 1.3.1.4 Perceived Behavioural Control 26 1.3.1.5 Perceived consumer effectiveness 27 1.3.1.6 Trust 28 1.3.1.7 Emotion (Guilt and Pride) 29 1.3.1.8 Consumer innovativeness 30 1.3.1.9 Identity 30 1.3.1.10 Culture orientation 31 1.3.1.11 Knowledge (Environmental knowledge and Consumer knowledge) .33 1.3.1.12 Lifestyles 35 1.3.2 Environmental/ external factors 36 1.3.2.1 Social norms 37 1.3.2.2 Consumption values 39 1.3.2.3 Media information 41 1.3.2.4 Other environmental factors (Product price, Product availability, Product characteristics, lack of information) 43 1.4 The effects of human values on green consumption behaviours 44 1.5 Research gap 47 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 50 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 51 2.1 Theory of basic human value 51 2.2 Value basis of green consumption behaviours 55 2.3 From human values to green consumption behaviours 56 2.4 Environmental internet content exposure as moderators 58 2.4.1 Environmental internet content exposure and biospheric-altruistic value - green consumption behaviour gap 60 2.4.2 Environmental internet content exposure and egoistic value - green consumption behaviour gap 61 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 65 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 66 3.1 Research method 66 3.2 Research process 67 3.3 Moderation testing method - Moderated Multiple Regression 70 3.4 Measurements 70 3.5 Data collection 73 3.5.1 Research site and sampling 73 3.5.2 Sampling process 75 3.6 Common method bias (CMB) 76 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 78 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS 79 4.1 Reliability and validity of the measures 79 4.1.1 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) results 79 4.1.2 Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results 83 4.2 Descriptive analysis 87 4.3 Hypothesis testing 90 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 96 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION 97 5.1 Summary and discussion of the research findings 97 5.1.1 Human values and green consumption behaviours 98 5.1.2 The moderating role of exposure to environmental contents on the internet and social network 99 5.2 Theoretical contributions of the research findings 101 5.3 Managerial implications of the research findings 102 5.3.1 Strengthening biospheric-altruistic value 102 5.3.2.Activating relevant values through proper media information campaigns 102 5.4 Limitations and further research 104 5.5 Conclusion 105 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 107 REFERENCE 108 APPENDIX A: OFFICIAL SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH) 130 APPENDIX B: EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS RESULTS 134 APPENDIX C: MEASURE OF SAMPLING ADEQUACY (MSA) AND PARTIAL CORRELATIONS 140 APPENDIX D: CORRELATIONS MATRIX BETWEEN MEASUREMENT INDICATORS 142 APPENDIX E: HARMAN’S SINGLE FACTOR TESTING RESULTS 144 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Hypothesis testing model 64 Figure 3.1: Main steps of quantitative research 69 Figure 4.1: Measurement model 84 Figure 4.2: Simple slope analysis results for moderating effects of Action-related content exposure on biospheric-altruistic value – green consumption behaviour relationship 93 Figure 4.3: Simple slope analysis results for moderating effects of Action-related content exposure on money-based egoistic value – green consumption behaviour relationship 94 Figure 4.4: Simple slope analysis results for moderating effects of Action-related content exposure on authority-based egoistic value – green consumption behaviour relationship 95 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: The comparison between social norms and personal norms .38 Table 2.1: The comparison between values, norms, and attitudes 53 Table 2.2: Human values and their motivational goals 54 Table 3.1: Summary of contrasts between qualitative and quantitative research .66 Table 3.2: Measurement items 72 Table 3.3: Sample description 75 Table 4.1: KMO and Bartlett's test 79 Table 4.2: Measure reliability and validity 81 Table 4.3: Correlations between variables 83 Table 4.4: CFA testing results 85 Table 4.5: Construct correlation matrix 86 Table 4.6: Descriptive Statistics of scores for measurement items 87 Table 4.7: Descriptive Statistics of summated scores for variables 89 Table 4.8: Regression result with green consumption behavioural intention as dependent variable 91 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ꭓ2 Chi-square AVE Average Variance Extracted CFA Confirmatory factor analysis CFI Comparative Fit Index CMB Common method bias EFA Exploratory factor analysis GDP Gross Domestic Product MSA Measure of sampling adequacy NEP New environmental paradigm OLS Ordinary least squares PBC Perceived behavioural control PPP Purchasing power parity RMSEA Root mean square error of approximation SRMR Standardized root mean residual TLI Tucker Lewis Index TPB The Theory of planned behaviour UNDP United Nations Development Program VBN Value – belief – norm theory VIF Variance inflation factor INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons for choosing topic Over the past decades, the development and welfare of human beings have been threatened by a number of serious environmental problems such as air and water pollution, resource scarcity, deforestation, climate change, loss of biodiversity, and so on At regional level, significant reductions in water resources, soil erosion, and salinization caused by the global climate change have adversely affected human livelihood and the economy in Central Asia countries It has brought on the ineffectiveness of the agricultural sector followed by food insecurity, inadequate freshwater supplies, or growing religious extremism due to the deepened social and economic problems (Qi & Kulmatove, 2008) Similarly, air pollution, and soil and water contamination because of industrialization have also been substantial environmental issues posing threats to the sustainable development of central and eastern European countries (Carter & Turnock, 1993; Jedrychowski et al., 1997) At individual level, these problems have undeniably had detrimental impacts on human health and well-being (Brusseau et al., 2019; Jedrychowski et al., 1997; Qi & Kulmatove, 2008) Pollution is posited to be the main cause of multiple deadly diseases such as asthma, cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders, birth defects, heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Air pollution, including both indoor and outdoor sources, causes more than seven million deaths annually as estimated Meanwhile, water pollution accounts for approximately 1.8 million deaths per year Such illnesses and deaths in turn result in economic loss for the population as well as negative social impacts (e.g.: considerable cost for medical treatments, loss of productivity, loss of time from work and school, potential unemployment, and so forth) (Brusseau et al., 2019) It has been affirmed that the excessive exploitation of natural resources for production to meet the increase in demand of the rapidly proliferating global population is one of the main causes of these problems Obviously, the dependence of human beings on natural resources is undeniable At individual level, people require land for agriculture, wood for construction and production, or simply for fire to heat up their homes, so they cut down trees People need meat, animal fur, bone, and other animal products that motivate them to capture and kill wild animals At national level, most countries throughout the world rely on their natural resources to foster their growth, and to satisfy the need of their population (Dunlap & Jorgensen, 2012) For them, natural resources such as oil, coal, gas and other mineral resources (such as iron, metals, sand, stone, etc.) are vital to economic development In fact, there might not be 10 APPENDIX A: OFFICIAL SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH) Number: GREEN CONSUMPTION SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE • All information from this questionnaire is confidential and only used for research purpose Green consumption behaviours (or sustainable consumption behaviours) can be understood as consumption patterns that take into account the benefits for the natural environment Promoting green consumption is among important concerns throughout the world This study aims at understanding current status of green consumption in Vietnam We would appreciate it if you participated in the survey Your responses are valuable for this study Please mark your chosen answers with (√ )! I Thinking about the past 12 months, how much have you seen or heard about each of the following environmental issues from the Internet and social network? Never Less than every month About twice a month About once a week Almost every day Deforestation ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Loss of biodiversity ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Climate change ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Energy shortage ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ II Here we briefly describe some people Please read each description and think about how much each person is or is not like you Put an X in the box to the right that shows how much the person in the description is like you? Not like me at all Very much like me It is important to him/her to prevent environmental pollution ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ It is important to him/her to protect the environment ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ It is important to him/her to respect nature ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ It is important to him/her to be in unity with nature ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ It is important to him/her that every person is treated justly ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Not like me at all ☐ Very much like me It is important to him/her that there is no war or conflict ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ It is important to him/her to be helpful to others ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ It is important to him/her to have control over others’ actions ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ It is important to him/her to have authority over others ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 10 It is important to him/her to be influential ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 11 It is important to him/her to have money and possessions ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 12 It is important to him/her to work hard and be ambitious ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ III Thinking about the past 12 months, how much have you seen or heard about the following actions to protect the environment from the Internet and social networks? Never Less than every month About twice a month About once a week Almost every day Use recycled paper ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Refuse products with unnecessary plastic wrapping ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Whenever possible, walk, take the bike or use public transport ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Pay attention to the ingredients of products ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Switch off electric devices when I not need them ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ IV For each of the following statements please indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree In the near future, I will use recycled paper Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongl y agree ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongl y agree In the near future, I will refuse products with unnecessary plastic wrapping ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ In the near future, I will whenever possible, walk, take the bike or use public transport ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ In the near future, I will pay attention to the ingredients of products ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ In the near future, I will switch off electric devices when I not need them ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ Your name: (Optional ) Phone number: (Optional ) Gender: Age: Male ☐ Female ☐ ☐ Under 19 ☐ From 19 to 24 ☐ From 25 to 29 Education: ☐ High school ☐ Associate degree ☐ Bachelor’s degree Monthly income: ☐ Less than million VND ☐ From to 10 million VND ☐ From 10 to 15 million VND Marital status: Married ☐ Thank you! ☐ From 30 to 34 ☐ From 35 to 39 ☐ Above 39 ☐ Master’s degree ☐ Doctor degree ☐ Other ☐ From 15 to 20 million VND ☐ From 20 to 25 million VND ☐ More than 25 million VND Unmarried ☐ APPENDIX B: EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS RESULTS KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .890 Approx Chi-Square Bartlett's Test of Sphericity 3670.814 df 325 Sig .000 Communalities Initial Extraction Sys_exp_1 Exposure - Deforestation 1.000 598 Sys_exp_2 Exposure - Loss of Biodiversity 1.000 686 Sys_exp_3 Exposure - Climate change 1.000 686 Sys_exp_4 Exposure - Energy shortage 1.000 682 1.000 713 Env_value_2 It is important to him/her to protect the environment 1.000 706 Env_value_3 It is important to him/her to respect nature 1.000 744 Env_value_4 It is important to him/her to be in unity with nature 1.000 673 Env_value_5 It is important to him/her that every person is treated justly 1.000 662 Env_value_6 It is important to him/her that there is no war or conflict 1.000 627 Env_value_7 It is important to him/her to be helpful to others 1.000 684 Env_value_8 It is important to him/her to have control over others’ actions 1.000 750 Env_value_1 It is important to him/her to prevent environmental pollution1 Initial Extraction Env_value_9 It is important to him/her to have authority over others 1.000 754 Env_value_10 It is important to him/her to be influential 1.000 681 1.000 772 1.000 702 1.000 603 1.000 567 1.000 729 1.000 606 Act_exp_5 Exposure - Switch off electric devices when I not need them 1.000 561 BI_1 Use recycled paper 1.000 768 BI_2 Refuse products with unnecessary plastic wrapping 1.000 758 BI_3 Whenever possible, walk, take the bike or use public transport 1.000 702 BI_4 Pay attention to the ingredients of products 1.000 749 BI_5 Switch off electric devices when I not need them 1.000 662 Env_value_11 It is important to him/her to have money and possessions Env_value_12 It is important to him/her to work hard and be ambitious Act_exp_1 Exposure - Use recycled paper Act_exp_2 Exposure - Refuse products with unnecessary plastic wrapping Act_exp_3 Exposure - Whenever possible, walk, take the bike or use public transport Act_exp_4 Exposure - Pay attention to the ingredients of products Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis Total Variance Explained Initial Eigenvalues Component Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings % of Cumulative Cumulative Total % % Variance Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings % of Cumulative % Variance Total % of Variance 8.065 31.019 31.019 8.065 31.019 31.019 4.913 18.896 18.896 3.196 12.294 43.313 3.196 12.294 43.313 3.645 14.018 32.914 2.343 9.010 52.323 2.343 9.010 52.323 2.882 11.085 44.000 1.968 7.568 59.891 1.968 7.568 59.891 2.744 10.554 54.553 1.243 4.779 64.671 1.243 4.779 64.671 2.021 7.774 62.327 1.011 3.887 68.558 1.011 3.887 68.558 1.620 6.230 68.558 833 3.204 71.762 764 2.937 74.699 636 2.447 77.146 10 590 2.270 79.416 11 539 2.073 81.489 12 506 1.946 83.435 13 452 1.740 85.175 14 438 1.684 86.859 15 392 1.510 88.369 16 385 1.480 89.848 17 365 1.405 91.253 18 324 1.245 92.498 19 304 1.168 93.667 20 291 1.121 94.787 21 277 1.067 95.854 22 247 951 96.805 23 226 871 97.676 24 217 833 98.509 25 199 767 99.276 26 188 724 100.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis Total Rotated Component Matrix Component Env_value_3 It is important to him/her to respect nature 823 Env_value_1 It is important to him/her to prevent environmental pollution1 815 Env_value_2 It is important to him/her to protect the environment 810 Env_value_9 It is important to him/her to be helpful to others 785 Env_value_4 It is important to him/her to be in unity with nature 771 6 Component Env_value_8 It is important to him/her that there is no war or conflict 753 Env_value_7 It is important to him/her that every person is treated justly 749 BI_2 Use recycled paper 846 BI_3 Refuse products with unnecessary plastic wrapping 825 BI_5 Pay attention to the ingredients of products 807 BI_4 Whenever possible, walk, take the bike or use public transport 789 BI_6 Switch off electric devices when I not need them 766 Act_exp_4 Exposure - Whenever possible, walk, take the bike or use public transport 810 Act_exp_5 Exposure - Pay attention to the ingredients of products 699 Act_exp_6 Exposure - Switch off electric devices when I not need them 689 Act_exp_3 Exposure - Refuse products with unnecessary plastic wrapping 665 Act_exp_2 Exposure - Use recycled paper 627 Sys_exp_5 Exposure - Energy shortage 776 Sys_exp_3 Exposure - Loss of Biodiversity 772 Sys_exp_4 Exposure - Climate change 756 Sys_exp_2 Exposure - Deforestation 751 Env_value_11 It is important to him/her to have authority over others 829 Env_value_10 It is important to him/her to have control over others’ actions 814 Component Env_value_12 It is important to him/her to be influential 623 Env_value_13 It is important to him/her to have money and possessions 821 Env_value_14 It is important to him/her to work hard and be ambitious 714 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization a Rotation converged in iterations APPENDIX C: MEASURE OF SAMPLING ADEQUACY (MSA) AND PARTIAL CORRELATIONS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sys_exp_1 858a Sys_exp_2 -.337 843a Sys_exp_3 -.103 -.168 860a Sys_exp_4 -.172 -.197 -.402 846a Env_value_1 -.058 120 -.047 -.077 912a Env_value_2 -.039 -.033 002 084 -.310 919a Env_value_3 -.028 -.025 041 032 -.311 -.359 919a Env_value_4 081 020 -.027 -.063 -.245 -.138 -.116 939a Env_value_5 138 -.061 012 -.024 -.034 -.021 -.066 -.072 918a 10 Env_value_6 -.020 -.059 039 050 -.121 008 -.001 -.061 -.270 924a 11 Env_value_7 032 -.010 -.031 -.016 000 -.059 -.124 -.072 -.298 -.338 923a 12 Env_value_8 -.001 -.058 034 000 031 049 -.072 -.097 -.081 -.023 -.032 861a 13 Env_value_9 032 -.045 126 -.091 -.027 -.075 058 102 017 097 002 -.429 760a 14 Env_value_10 -.019 -.096 -.021 074 009 023 -.031 -.030 -.105 -.044 050 -.149 -.298 880a 15 Env_value_11 014 164 -.092 006 -.090 033 033 125 167 -.072 -.091 -.065 -.090 -.284 738a 16 Env_value_12 016 -.023 -.044 013 057 -.131 -.012 -.118 -.054 011 -.127 142 -.099 -.130 -.355 871a 17 Act_exp_2 -.031 -.084 -.102 -.104 -.023 -.007 -.096 013 114 056 001 -.061 -.040 034 -.038 -.007 190 17 902a 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 Act_exp_3 -.060 026 -.136 085 035 -.109 035 056 -.200 -.008 062 028 003 061 -.066 031 -.342 867a 19 Act_exp_4 052 -.049 126 -.144 -.006 067 -.119 074 -.010 -.087 074 -.029 022 020 009 033 -.142 -.265 882a 20 Act_exp_5 -.044 -.127 -.004 -.083 -.018 071 053 -.190 007 -.030 024 -.001 -.042 012 -.145 102 007 -.135 -.233 897a 21 Act_exp_6 -.068 099 -.037 018 -.037 -.017 041 066 -.071 -.045 005 -.033 051 022 035 -.160 -.193 101 -.234 -.264 894a 22 BI_1 078 012 056 -.145 090 -.020 -.023 -.011 022 -.034 -.011 025 -.005 -.054 107 -.119 -.108 037 072 017 -.016 876a 23 BI_2 -.004 -.043 008 002 -.054 -.019 136 -.077 -.071 110 -.033 -.016 -.029 020 -.003 001 -.054 -.059 -.041 -.043 071 -.443 904a 24 BI_3 -.018 145 -.112 023 -.043 -.014 -.015 031 019 -.040 108 -.038 -.047 -.091 105 -.036 075 081 -.148 -.027 -.036 -.100 -.185 875a 25 BI_4 -.125 -.054 -.008 100 083 056 -.068 -.090 -.056 -.010 -.076 -.002 -.040 036 -.046 045 029 -.027 021 041 -.083 -.096 -.151 -.495 895a 26 BI_5 025 028 -.009 044 059 -.024 -.141 -.005 052 -.020 -.045 029 104 -.043 -.087 128 060 -.145 018 027 -.023 -.339 -.108 -.020 -.172 Note: Measures of sampling adequacy (MSA) are in Bold on the diagonal, partial correlations in the off-diagonal 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 907a APPENDIX D: CORRELATIONS MATRIX BETWEEN MEASUREMENT INDICATORS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sys_exp_1 Sys_exp_2 548** Sys_exp_3 456** 483** Sys_exp_4 490** 542** 616** Env_value_1 129* 109 207** 174** Env_value_2 098 118 156* 086 735** Env_value_3 116 145* 165** 123* 743** 764** Env_value_4 071 142* 194** 167** 667** 642** 659** Env_value_5 017 167** 143* 113 535** 542** 584** 573** 10 Env_value_6 059 144* 125* 084 553** 518** 563** 544** 671** 11 Env_value_7 024 124* 143* 089 558** 580** 617** 584** 691** 695** 12 Env_value_8 106 203** 094 151* 243** 229** 282** 274** 311** 256** 274** 13 Env_value_9 070 151* 032 127* 132* 149* 124* 101 146* 085 137* 573** 14 Env_value_10 066 148* 099 069 262** 273** 288** 272** 322** 294** 307** 471** 536** 15 Env_value_11 039 007 138* 069 222** 187** 176** 128* 127* 216** 249** 277** 352** 473** 16 Env_value_12 038 083 157* 091 368** 430** 383** 388** 374** 362** 453** 209** 288** 434** 480** 17 Act_exp_2 364** 397** 438** 462** 247** 229** 273** 203** 172** 150* 147* 217** 155* 121 158* 163** 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 Act_exp_3 283** 299** 368** 310** 249** 274** 284** 225** 322** 244** 202** 155* 075 095 144* 127* 578** 19 Act_exp_4 268** 311** 276** 378** 238** 182** 276** 200** 258** 253** 149* 210** 109 109 103 100 517** 541** 20 Act_exp_5 328** 378** 348** 415** 235** 154* 201** 275** 228** 233** 161** 223** 154* 154* 192** 119 438** 446** 555** 21 Act_exp_6 245** 204** 273** 277** 275** 237** 274** 246** 292** 291** 237** 193** 098 150* 153* 257** 438** 338** 513** 495** 22 BI_1 090 137* 173** 196** 204** 286** 318** 349** 321** 257** 305** 184** 139* 243** 045 250** 274** 263** 227** 191** 249** 23 BI_2 148* 184** 213** 209** 232** 277** 285** 362** 337** 228** 287** 222** 172** 235** 068 214** 302** 327** 297** 263** 255** 754** 24 BI_3 133* 077 185** 125* 243** 267** 317** 326** 307** 262** 243** 243** 192** 278** 058 208** 190** 220** 313** 229** 303** 609** 643** 25 BI_4 177** 151* 187** 117 258** 307** 378** 391** 388** 329** 357** 244** 167** 262** 090 223** 220** 277** 280** 225** 312** 641** 663** 753** 26 BI_5 057 058 127* 066 233** 312** 377** 335** 311** 284** 321** 124* 024 190** 081 150* 189** 301** 208** 150* 213** 664** 594** 521** 602** Note: Shaded areas represent variables grouped together by factor analysis Sig (1-tailed)