LIQUID, GASEOUS AND SOLID BIOFUELS - CONVERSION TECHNIQUES Edited by Zhen Fang Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50479 Edited by Zhen Fang Contributors Anne Ruffing, Robert Diltz, Pratap Pullammanappallil, Emad Shalaby, Edilson León Moreno Cárdenas, Deisy Yuliana Cano Quintero, Elkin Alonso Cortés Marín, László Kótai, Armando Tibigin Quitain, Bezergianni, Petra Patakova, Leona Paulova, Mojmir Rychtera, Karel Melzoch, Jean-Michel Lavoie, Charalampos Arapatsakos, Michael Köpke, FungMin Liew, Séan Dennis Simpson, Anli Geng, Fabiana Aparecida Lobo, Fernanda Pollo, Ana Cristina Villafranca, Mercedes De Moraes, Hongjuan Liu, Amar Kumar Mohanty, Singaravelu Vivekanandhan, Nima Zarrinbakhsh, Manjusri Misra, Valeriy Chernyak, Iñaki Gandarias, Pedro L. Arias Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published March, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques, Edited by Zhen Fang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1050-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Section 1 Liquids 1 Chapter 1 Biofuels and Co-Products Out of Hemicelluloses 3 Ariadna Fuente-Hernández, Pierre-Olivier Corcos, Romain Beauchet and Jean-Michel Lavoie Chapter 2 Production of 2nd Generation of Liquid Biofuels 47 Leona Paulová, Petra Patáková, Mojmír Rychtera and Karel Melzoch Chapter 3 Biofuels Ethanol and Methanol in OTTO Engines 79 Charalampos Arapatsakos Chapter 4 Analytical Methodology for Determination of Trace Cu in Hydrated Alcohol Fuel 109 Fabiana Aparecida Lobo, Fernanda Pollo, Ana Cristina Villafranca and Mercedes de Moraes Chapter 5 Gas Fermentation for Commercial Biofuels Production 125 Fung Min Liew, Michael Köpke and Séan Dennis Simpson Chapter 6 The Promising Fuel-Biobutanol 175 Hongjuan Liu, Genyu Wang and Jianan Zhang Chapter 7 Biobutanol from Renewable Agricultural and Lignocellulose Resources and Its Perspectives as Alternative of Liquid Fuels 199 László Kótai, János Szépvölgyi, Mária Szilágyi, Li Zhibin, Chen Baiquan, Vinita Sharma and Pradeep K. Sharma Chapter 8 Metabolic Engineering of Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis for Biofuel Production 263 Anne M. Ruffing Chapter 9 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Liquid Biomass for Biofuels Production 299 Stella Bezergianni Chapter 10 Hydrotreating Catalytic Processes for Oxygen Removal in the Upgrading of Bio-Oils and Bio-Chemicals 327 Iñaki Gandarias and Pedro Luis Arias Chapter 11 Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Gasoline Fuel Oxygenates by Microwave Irradiation 357 Armando T. Quitain, Shunsaku Katoh and Motonobu Goto Section 2 Gases and Other Products 375 Chapter 12 Generation of Biohydrogen by Anaerobic Fermentation of Organics Wastes in Colombia 377 Edilson León Moreno Cárdenas, Deisy Juliana Cano Quintero and Cortés Marín Elkin Alonso Chapter 13 Hydrogen Conversion in DC and Impulse Plasma-Liquid Systems 401 Valeriy Chernyak, Oleg Nedybaliuk, Sergei Sidoruk, Vitalij Yukhymenko, Eugen Martysh, Olena Solomenko, Yulia Veremij, Dmitry Levko, Alexandr Tsimbaliuk, Leonid Simonchik, Andrej Kirilov, Oleg Fedorovich, Anatolij Liptuga, Valentina Demchina and Semen Dragnev Chapter 14 Biofuels from Algae 431 Robert Diltz and Pratap Pullammanappallil Chapter 15 Biofuel: Sources, Extraction and Determination 451 Emad A. Shalaby Chapter 16 Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Biofuels 479 Anli Geng ContentsVI Chapter 17 Coproducts of Biofuel Industries in Value-Added Biomaterials Uses: A Move Towards a Sustainable Bioeconomy 491 S. Vivekanandhan, N. Zarrinbakhsh, M. Misra and A. K. Mohanty Contents VII Preface Biomass is a renewable, unevenly geographically distributed resource that can be consid‐ ered sustainable and carbon-neutral if properly managed. It can be converted to high-quali‐ fied gaseous, liquid and solid biofuels with many techniques. This book focuses on the latest conversion techniques for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels that should be of interest to the chemical scientists and technologists. This book includes 17 chapters contributed by experts around world on conversion techni‐ ques. The chapters are categorized into 2 parts: Liquids and Gases and Other Products. Part 1 (Chapters 1-11) focuses on liquid biofuels. Chapter 1 reviews pathways for the con‐ version of hemicellulose to biofuels and chemicals. Chapter 2 discusses the production of cellulosic ethanol. Chapter 3 gives the experimental results of ethanol and methanol used in Otto engines. Chapter 4 presents analytic methods to determine trace Cu in ethanol. Chapter 5 reviews gas fermentation process for the production of liquid fuels (e.g., ethanol, butanol and 2,3-butanediol) and other products (e.g., acetic acid and butyric acid). Chapters 6 and 7 overview the production and applications of biobutanol. Chapter 8 describes the metabolic pathways involved in microbial hydrocarbon fuel synthesis and discusses strategies for im‐ proving biofuel production using genetic manipulation. Thermal conversion and upgrading techniques (such as catalytic hydroprocessing and microwave irradiation) are introduced in Chapters 9-11. Part 2 (Chapters 12-17) describes production methods for gases and other products. Chap‐ ters 12 and 13 introduce hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation, and DC and im‐ pulse plasma-liquid systems, respectively. Chapter 14 overviews some techniques (e.g., anaerobic digestion, fermentation, lipid extraction and gasification) for the production of bi‐ ofuels from algae. Chapter 15 briefly introduces the production of biogas, biodiesel and ethanol. Chapter 16 comments on various thermal and biological conversions of oil palm empty fruit bunch to biofuels. Finally, Chapter 17 proposes a biorefinery concept for the co- products of biofuels and value-added biomaterials for sustainable bioeconomy. This book offers reviews state-of-the-art conversion techniques for biofuels. It should be of interest for students, researchers, scientists and technologists in the engineering and scien‐ ces fields. I would like to thank all the contributing authors for their time and efforts in the careful construction of the chapters and for making this project realizable. It is certain to inspire many young scientists and engineers who will benefit from careful study of these works and that their ideas will lead us to develop even more advances methods for producing liquids and gases from biomass resources. I am grateful to Ms. Iva Simcic (Publishing Process Manager) for her encouragement and guidelines during my preparation of the book. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards my family for their kind coop‐ eration and encouragement, which help me in completion of this project. Zhen Fang Leader of Biomass Group Chinese Academy of Sciences Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China PrefaceX [...]... recently reported [181] with a conversion of 96 % at room temperature for 1 h Similar conversion of xylose was reported [182] for a process using oxygen and a molybde‐ 25 26 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques num and vanadium catalyst The reaction was done for 26 h at 353 K and 30 bar for a conversion of up to 54 % into formic acid with carbon dioxide as by-product 5.2 The biological... trarily to Bonrath, Pruesse and co-worker used a mixture of gold and palladium to perform this oxidation and temperature slightly higher (60 °C as compared to 40 °C) 23 24 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques Figure 12 Simplified conversion of xylose to xylonic acid Copper has also been indirectly investigated for the conversion of xylose to xylonic acid in that sense that Van der... are aromatics The presence of aromatics may be a result that the reac‐ 9 10 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques tion time was long and the isomerisation that was required in order to induce such reaction was efficient Johansson and Samuelson [51] tested the effect of alkali treatments (NaOH) on birch xylan and contrarily to the previous research; they found that the treatment led... introducing the pentose transporter area in C glutamicum chromosomal DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) C glutamicum is a noticeable candidate for its non-pathogenic and gram-positive nature, as well as its ex‐ 19 20 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques Figure 11 Glycolysis and phosphoketolase (pentose phosphate) pathways in lactic acid bacteria (1) glucokinase, (2) phosphoglucose isomerase,... ° C and 110 °C under pressure using ruthenium supported either on silica [109] or on carbon [110] Conversion rates for the latter have been reported to reach 35 % to xylitol for the latter with coproduction of glycerol and ethylene glycol Ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) has also been reported as a catalyst for the reduction of xylose to xylitol [111, 112] 17 18 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion. .. and therefore, numerous do arise for the conversion of C5 sugars Although many options are available, this review will focus solely on 4 different pathways: acid, base, oxidative, and reductive Each of these pathways could be inserted in an integrated biorefinery process where each of the fractions could be isolated and upgraded to high value compounds (see Figure 1) 5 6 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels. .. distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques With an actual market price of 0.48 USD per liter the value of this ethanol would range be‐ tween 150-187 USD per tonne of biomass processed Since the latter is more expensive to process (first isolation of cellulose then hydrolysis of cellulose) and considering... Lb rhamnosus ATCC 7469 - Lb rhamnosus ATCC 9595 - (CECT288) L lactis IO-1 - Apple pomace Replacement of native pdc1 and S cerevisiae pdc5 by recombinant heterologous bovine L-LDH gene 15 16 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques Strain Gen Eng Str S cerevisiae pcd1 and adh1 recombinant genes Expression LA Tf Yield Prd (g/L) (h) (g/g) (g/L/h) Batch 71.8 65 0.74 1.1 [98] Semi-Batch... other hand, homogeneous catalyst was also shown to be efficient but at this point the whole technique relies on how the organic solvent is dispersed in the aque‐ ous mixture Reducing the size of the organic solvent particles in water (or vice-versa) to the maximum should allow the best transfer between the aqueous phase to the organic phase, 7 8 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques. .. methylglyoxal pathway 11 12 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques They mentioned in this report that methylglyoxal is most probably derived from glyceralde‐ hyde as depicted in Figure 8 below The possible reaction leading to methylglyoxal may in‐ volve an E2 reaction on C2 leading to removal of the hydroxyl group on C3 then a keto-enol rearrangement to methylglyoxal Figure 8 Conversion of glyceraldehyde . LIQUID, GASEOUS AND SOLID BIOFUELS - CONVERSION TECHNIQUES Edited by Zhen Fang Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50479 Edited. orders@intechopen.com Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques, Edited by Zhen Fang p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1050-7 free online editions of InTech Books and