.HYDROGEN FUEL Production, Transport, and Storage doc

[...]... blowers, and controls 1.6.1 Types of Fuel Cells There are six different types of fuel cells (Table 1.6): (1) alkaline fuel cell (AFC), (2) direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), (3) molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), (4) phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), (5) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and (6) the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) They all differ in applications, operating temperatures, cost, and. .. 0.017 0.29 540–630 450 415 460 585 260–460 180–320 Source: Adapted from Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engines and Related Technologies, College of the Desert, Palm Desert, CA, 2001 CRC_4575x_CH001.indd 9 5/29/2008 10:11:29 AM Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage 10 TABLE 1.4 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels Gasoline Property Chemical formula Physical state No 2 Diesel Methanol Ethanol... flammable over a wide range of temperature and concentration Although its combustion efficiency is truly outstanding and welcomed as a fuel of the choice for the future, it inevitably renders several nontrivial technological challenges, such as CRC_4575x_CH001.indd 8 5/29/2008 10:11:29 AM Fundamentals and Use of Hydrogen as a Fuel 9 safety in production, storage, and transportation On reacting with oxygen,... Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage 4 1.7.3.4 Organic Chemical Hydrides 26 1.7.3.5 Carbon Materials 27 1.7.3.6 Silica Microspheres 27 1.8 Current Challenges 27 1.9 Future Outlook 28 1.10 Conclusions 29 References 29 1.1 Introduction Owing to an increasing world population and demands for higher standards... 5/29/2008 10:11:29 AM Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage 6 Hydrogen energy Fuel cells Gas turbines Hydrogen plants Applications for power generation Heating Cooking Air conditioning Pumping Domestic applications Ammonia synthesis Fertilizer production Petroleum refineries Metallurgical applications Energy storage Flammable mixtures Electronic industry Glass and fiber production Nuclear... there is an adequate refueling infrastructure and trained technicians to repair and maintain these vehicles The design of each hydrogen-powered vehicle may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and model to model One model may be simple in design CRC_4575x_CH001.indd 16 5/29/2008 10:11:31 AM Fundamentals and Use of Hydrogen as a Fuel 17 and operation, for example, a lean-burning fuel metering strategy... systems such as catalytic converter and evaporate fuel canister Another model may be very sophisticated in design and operation, for example, using a fuel metering strategy with a catalytic converter and multiple spark plugs One of the concerns for utilizing hydrogen for fuel is to modify and redesign internal combustion engines Among the many factors related to the operation and performance of the engines,... Fundamentals and Use of Hydrogen as a Fuel 3rd ed., Vol 4, Wiley, New York, 1992, 631p CRC_4575x_CH001.indd 6 5/29/2008 10:11:29 AM Fundamentals and Use of Hydrogen as a Fuel 7 The hydrogen atom (H) consists of a nucleus of unit positive charge and a single electron It has an atomic number of 1 and an atomic weight of 1.00797 This element is a major constituent of water and all organic matters, and is widely... buildings and distributed generation [22] The membrane is made of a thin poly(perfluorosulfonic) acid sheet, which acts as an electrolyte and allows the passage of hydrogen ions only The membrane is coated on both sides with highly dispersed metal alloy particles CRC_4575x_CH001.indd 17 5/29/2008 10:11:31 AM Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage 18 Electric circuit (40−60% efficiency) e − e − Fuel. .. stabilized with yttrium oxide, instead of a liquid These cells can reach efficiencies of about 60% and are expected to be used for generating electricity and heat in industry and potentially for providing auxiliary power in vehicles CRC_4575x_CH001.indd 19 5/29/2008 10:11:34 AM Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage 20 Process water HT coolant LT coolant Electric motor H2 Humidified air PEMFC stack