FINNISH YEARBOOK OF I NTERNATIONAL LAW FINNISH YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume XIV, 2003 Ius Gentium Association M ARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS LEIDEN/BOSTON A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Cited as: FYBIL The Ius Gentium Association gratefully acknowledges that the publication of the Finnish Yearbook of International Law is made possible with the support of the Academy of Finland and the Legal Department of the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 0786-6453 ISBN 90 04 14616 4 © 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. http://www.brill.nl All rights reserved. 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Finnish Yearbook of International Law Editor-in-Chief Jan Klabbers Executive Editor Taina Tuori Editors Viljam Engström Petra Hagelstam Katja Keinänen Kati Kulovesi Päivi Leino Associate Editors Jutta Gras Taru Kuosmanen Samuli Seppänen Virpi Koivu Michael Mehling Anna Sotaniemi Yrsa Korkman Robin Nordblad James Summers Riikka Koskenmäki Saija Nurminen Rouzy Vafaie Juha Rainne We welcome unsolicited contributions related to international law. All manuscripts and editorial correspondence should be addressed to: Executive Editor Finnish Yearbook of International Law Faculty of Law P.O. Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 5) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland e-mail: fybil-editors@helsinki.fi You’ll find general information for authors and a detailed guide to our house style at the end of this book. – We look forward to hearing from you. Finnish Yearbook of International Law (Vol. XIV, 2003) __________________________________________________________________ v i Editorial Advisory Board Chair Jarna Petman Ruth Donner Outi Korhonen Ari-Matti Nuutila Kari Hakapää Erkki Kourula Esa Paasivirta Lauri Hannikainen Pirkko Kourula Allan Rosas Päivi Kaukoranta Raimo Lahti Martin Scheinin Esko Kiuru Marja Lehto Markku Suksi International Advisory Board Chair Bengt Broms Daniel Bardonnet Christian Dominicé Sir Ian Sinclair Ove Bring Sir Robert Jennings Antti Suviranta James Crawford Vladimír Kopal Hugh W.A. Thirlway Vladimir Djuro Degan Shabtai Rosenne Holger Rotkirch Bruno Simma Honorary Board Chair Kari T. Takamaa Veijo Heiskanen Juhani Kortteinen Ritva Saario Sirkku Hirvonen Tuomas Kuokkanen Matti Tupamäki Juhani Parkkari Contents Articles Matthew Craven Unity, Diversity and the Fragmentation of International Law 3 Outi Korhonen: The Problem of Representation and the Iraqi Elections 35 Inger Österdahl: Relatively Failed. Troubled Statehood and International Law 49 Christoph Burchard: Puzzles and Solutions: Appreciating Carl Schmitt’s Work on International Law as Answers to the Dilemmas of his Weimar Political Theory 89 Viljam Engström: Implied Powers of International Organizations: On the Character of a Legal Doctrine 129 Samuel de Jaegere: The ‘Belgian Thesis’ Revisited: United Nations Member States’ Obligation to Develop Autonomy for Indigenous Peoples 159 Tuula Kolari: Constructing Non-Compliance Systems into International Environmental Agreements – A Rise of Enforcement Doctrine with Credible Sanctions Needed? 205 Tapio Puurunen: International Online Dispute Resolution – Caveats to Privatizing Justice 233 James Summers: The Status of Self-determination in International Law: A Question of Legal Significance or Political Importance? 271 Michel Béniard: La médiation officieuse: la specificité des bons offices dans la gamme des procédures non juridictionelles de règlement pacifique des différends 295 Timo Koivurova: The Importance of International Environmental Law in the Arctic 341 Finnish Yearbook of International Law (Vol. XIV, 2003) __________________________________________________________________ vii i Book Reviews & Review Articles Jan Klabbers, An Introduction to International Institutional Law (Viljam Engström) 355 Karen Knop, Diversity and Self-determination in International Law (James Summers) 358 Kimmo Nuotio (ed.), Europe in Search of Meaning and Purpose (Tobias Bräutigam) 365 Michael Freeman, Human Righs. An Interdisciplinary Approach (Miia Halme) 369 General Information for Authors 377 Ius Gentium Association 389 Articles [...]... University Journal of International Law and Politics (2000) 335 18 David Kennedy, ‘The Disciplines of International Law , 12 Leiden Journal of International Law (1999) 9, at 18 19 Cf Anthony Carty, The Decay of International Law? A Reappraisal of the Limits of Legal Imagination in International Affairs (Manchester University Press, 1986) at 1 Unity, Diversity and the Fragmentation of International Law 9 ... structure of international law .5 * Reader in International Law, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London See generally, Symposium, 31 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics (1999); Martti Koskenniemi and Päivi Leino, ‘Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties’, 15 Leiden Journal of International Law (2002) 553; 2 See e.g., Jonathan I Charney, ‘Is International. .. of this see Bruno Simma, ‘Self-Contained Regimes’, 16 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law (1985) 111 4 International Law Commission, Report of 55th Session, UN GAOR, Supp No 3, UN doc A/58/10 (2003) 267 5 Friedmann M., The Changing Structure of International Law (Stevens & Sons: London, 1964) 1 Finnish Yearbook of International Law (Vol XIV, 2003) 4 Even if it... Difficulties of Codification: On Ago’s Classification of Obligations of Means and Obligations of Result in Relation to State Responsibility’, 10 European Journal of International Law (1999) 371 Finnish Yearbook of International Law (Vol XIV, 2003) 26 primary, rather than of a secondary, nature 70 Abstraction allowed the displacement, or deferral, of difference Of course,... field of international law. 3 Whilst the emergence of new courts and tribunals may well have altered the shape and tenor of international legal activity, it is equally apparent that the issues caught within the snare of the debate are by no means quite as recent The idea of a fragmenting international law brings into question issues such as the systemic character of international law, the lack of hierarchy,... note 44, at 190-201 48 Report of the Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law, 8 League of Nations Official Journal (1927) 880 See, A.D McNair, The Law of Treaties (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1961) at 162-3, 173-7 49 Reservations to the Genocide Convention Case, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports (1951) 15 Finnish Yearbook of International Law (Vol XIV, 2003) 18 ... diversity International Law as a System The idea that international law is a systemic enterprise appears in many accounts to be almost axiomatic.13 Once we embark upon the study of international law – once 12 Antonio Cassese, International Law (Oxford University Press, 2001) at 45 Pierre-Marie Dupuy, ‘The Danger of Fragmentation or Unification of the International Legal System and the International Court of. .. European Journal of International Law (1999) 405, at 409-10 75 Commentary to draft article 2 on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, International Law Commission, Report of 53rd Session, UN GAOR, 56th Session, Supp No 10, UN Doc A/56/10 (2001), p 73 para 9 76 Ibid Finnish Yearbook of International Law (Vol XIV, 2003) 28 way of trying to identify... did not produce law, but was produced through it 34 See e.g., L Barnhoon and K Wellens (eds.), Diversity in Secondary Rules and the Unity of International Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: The Hague, 1995) 35 See e.g Koskenniemi, ‘What is International Law For?’, supra note 8 , at 110 33 Finnish Yearbook of International Law (Vol XIV, 2003) 12 The threat of fragmentation,... repositioning of the central tenets of international law as a response to ideas emerging from particular sites of activity – a repositioning of the debate over responsibility as a response to developments in the field of environmental law, or that of ‘personality’ as a response to developments in the field of institutional law, or that of ‘domestic jurisdiction’ as a response to developments in the field of human . FINNISH YEARBOOK OF I NTERNATIONAL LAW FINNISH YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume XIV, 2003 Ius Gentium Association M ARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS LEIDEN/BOSTON A. Journal of International Law and Politics (2000) 335. 18 David Kennedy, ‘The Disciplines of International Law , 12 Leiden Journal of International Law (1999)