THE CONSTITUTION OF PRIVATE GOVERNANCE In quantity and importance, private standards are rapidly taking over the role of public norms in the international and national regulation of product safety This book provides a comprehensive overview of the rise, role and status of these private product safety standards in the legal regulation of integrating markets In international and regional trade law as in European and American constitutional and administrative law, tort law and antitrust law, the book analyses the ways in which legal systems can and recognise private norms as ‘law.’ This sociological question of law’s recognition of private governance is indissolubly connected with a normative question of democratic theory: can law recognise legal validity and democratic legitimacy outside the constitution, without constitutional political institutions and beyond the nation state? Or: can law ‘constitute’ private transnational governance? The book offers the first systematic treatment of European, American and international ‘standards law’ in the English language, and makes a significant contribution to the study of the processes of globalisation and privatisation in social and legal theory International Studies in the Theory of Private Law This series of books edited by a distinguished international team of legal scholars aims to investigate the normative and theoretical foundations of the law governing relations between citizens The context for such investigations of private law systems is set by important modern tendencies in systems of governance The advent of the regulatory state marks the withdrawal of the state from direct control and management of social and economic activity, and the adoption instead of procedural regulation and co-regulatory strategies that promote the use of private law techniques of ordering and self-regulation in social and economic interactions between citizens The tendency known as globalisation and the corresponding increases in cross-border trade produce the responses of transnational regulation of commerce and private governance regimes, and these new systems of governance challenge the hegemony of traditional national private law systems Furthermore, these tendencies towards transnational governance regimes compel an interaction between different national legal traditions, with their differences in culture and philosophy as well as their differences based upon variations in market systems, which provokes questions not only about competing policy frameworks but also about the nature and adequacy of different kinds of legal reasoning itself The series welcomes a diverse range of theoretical approaches in the examination of these issues including approaches using socio-legal methods, economics, critical theory, systems theory, regulation theory, and moral and political theory With the aim of stimulating an international discussion of these issues, volumes will be published in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom in one of the three languages Editors Hugh Collins, London School of Economics Christian Joerges, European University Institute Florence Antoine Lyon-Caen, Université de Paris X-Nanterre Horatia Muir Watt, Université de Paris I Gunther Teubner, Frankfurt University James Q Whitman, Yale Law School, New Haven CA Volumes published with Hart Publishing, Oxford David Campbell, Hugh Collins and John Wightman (eds), Implicit Dimensions of Contract: Discrete, Relational and Network Contracts (2003) Christian Joerges, Inger-Johanne Sand and Gunther Teubner (eds) Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism (2004) Oren Perez, Ecological Sensitivity and Global Legal Pluralism: Rethinking the Trade and Environment Debate (June 2004) Harm Schepel, The Constitution of Private Governance (2005) Volumes published in German by Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, BadenBaden Peer Zumbansen, Ordnungsmuster im modernen Wohlfahrtsstaat: Lernerfahrungen zwischen Staat, Gesellschaft und Vertrag (2000) Dan Wielsch, Freiheit und Funktion: Zur Struktur-und Theoriegeschicte des Rechts der Wirtschaftsgesellschaft (2001) Marc Amstutz, Evolutorisches Wirtschaftsrecht: Vorstudien zum Recht und seiner Methode in den Diskurskollisionen der Marktgesellschaft (2002) Christian Joerges and Gunther Teubner (eds), Rechtsverfassungsrecht: Recht-Fertigungen zwischen Sozialtheorie und Privatrechtsdogmatik (2003) Gunther Teubner, Netzwerk als Vertragsverbund: Virtuelle Unternehmen, Franchising, Just in Time in sozialwissenschaftlicher und juristischer Sicht (2004) Volume published with Dalloz, Paris Geoffrey Samuel, Essai d’épistémologie juridique comparative (forthcoming) For the thesis on which this book is based Harm Schepel was awarded the first EUI Alumni Prize for the “best interdisciplinary and/or comparative thesis on European issues” written at the EUI in recent years The Constitution of Private Governance Product Standards in the Regulation of Integrating Markets Harm Schepel Kent Law School OXFORD AND PORTLAND, OREGON 2005 Hart Publishing Oxford and Portland, Oregon Published in North America (US and Canada) by Hart Publishing c/o International Specialized Book Services 5804 NE Hassalo Street Portland, Oregon 97213-3644 USA © Harm Schepel 2005 The editors and authors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work Hart Publishing is a specialist legal publisher based in Oxford, England To order further copies of this book or to request a list of other publications please write to: Hart Publishing, Salter’s Boatyard, Folly Bridge, Abingdon Road, Oxford OX1 4LB Telephone: +44 (0)1865 245533 or Fax: +44 (0)1865 794882 e-mail: mail@hartpub.co.uk WEBSITE: http//www.hartpub.co.uk British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data Available ISBN 1–84113–487–2 (hardback) Typeset by Hope Services (Abingdon) Ltd Printed and bound in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG, Bodmin, Cornwall To Phoebe Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations Table of cases Introduction Borders and Frames Markets, States and Associations 2.1 Markets, Hierarchies, and Standardisation 2.2 Markets, States, and Standardisation 2.3 Custom, Technology, and Standardisation The Book 3.1 Field 3.2 Method 3.3 Structure The Rise of Private Governance: Functional Differentiation and Economic Globalisation Introduction Differentiation and Globalisation: Logics of Associative Governance 2.1 Logics of Associative Governance in Durkheim 2.2 Logics of Associative Governance in Luhmann and Habermas From Government to Governance 3.1 Collapsing State and Society 3.2 Globalisation and Governance 3.3 Governance, Knowledge and Risk The Legal Regulation of Private Governance 4.1 Law and Governance 4.2 The Regulation of Self-Regulation 4.3 Legal Pluralism Conclusion The European Community: Market Integration and Private Transnationalism Introduction Member States, Standards and the Reach of Negative Integration xv xvii xxiii 7 11 12 12 15 19 19 21 23 28 28 30 32 35 37 39 x Contents 2.1 Integration, Deregulation and Article 28 EC 2.2 Extending the Reach of Article 28 Member States, Standards and the Reach of Positive Integration 3.1 The Information Directive 3.1.1 Technical Regulations 3.1.2 Standards Embedding Standards in European Law 4.1 The New Approach 4.2 The Green Paper Embedding Standardisation in European Governance 5.1 Subsidiarity and Governance 5.2 General Product Safety Conclusion 39 42 50 51 52 58 63 63 68 70 70 73 75 The United States: Deregulation and Legalisation Introduction Informal Rulemaking Negotiated Rulemaking Rulemaking by Reliance on Private Standards 4.1 General Federal Standards Policy 4.2 Manufactured Housing Standards 4.3 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4.4 The Consumer Product Safety Commission Conclusion 77 79 83 87 87 90 93 97 100 Standards in the European Union Introduction ‘European’ Standards 2.1 The European Standardisation Committee (CEN) 2.2 Procedures for Standardisation The Europeanisation of Standardisation ‘National’ Standards Germany 5.1 The Deutsche Institut für Normung 5.2 Procedures for Standardisation 5.3 Public Recognition of Standardisation 5.4 Legal Recognition of Standardisation United Kingdom 6.1 The British Standards Institute 6.2 Procedures for Standardisation 6.3 Public Recognition of Standardisation 6.4 Legal Recognition of Standardisation France 7.1 The Association Franỗaise de Normalisation 101 101 101 104 107 111 112 112 114 117 118 122 122 123 126 128 130 130 446 References TESAURO , GIUSEPPE , ‘The Community’s Internal Market in the Light of the Recent Case-law of the Court of Justice’, (1995) 15 Yearbook of European Law THIBIERGE , CATHERINE , ‘Libres propos sur l’évolution du droit de la responsabilité’, (1999) Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Civil 561 THOMPSON , GEORGE N., ‘The Problem of Building Code Improvement’, (1947) 12 Law & Contemporary Problems 95 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Ausschußwesen der Europäischen Union (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2000), 329 WOLF , RAINER , ‘Zur Antiquiertheit des Rechts in der Risikogesellschaft’, (1987) Leviathan 357 ZUBKE - VON THÜNEN , THOMAS , Technische Normung in Europa (Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1999) ZÜRN , MICHAEL , Regieren jenseits des Nationalstaates (Frankfurt aM, Suhrkamp, 1998) ——, ‘Democratic Governance Beyond the Nation-State: The EU and Other International Institutions’, (2000) European Journal of International Relations 183 Index Abel, Richard, 78, 79 administrative law: antitrust as private administrative law European Community, 320–37 United States, 305–9 capture theory, 86 France, 386 internal administrative law, 8–9 and private power, United States, 79–82 Administrative Procedure Act, 78, 79, 83, 86, 90, 92, 248, 276, 280 administrative procedure or political mandate, 269–72 adoption of standards, 276–83 expertise or political mandates, 273–5 non-delegation doctrine, 266–75 AECMA, 105 AENOR, 135–6, 205, 384, 385 AFNOR, 69 and CEN, 101, 111 generally, 130–1 and ISO, 192 judicial review, 414 mechanical presses, 237 negligence, 343 origins, 131 public control, 131–4 public law powers, 131 public service mission, 257, 313–14, 386 standardisation procedures, 131–2 statistics, 107, 108, 109 status, 131 tortious liability, 385, 386, 387 Alabama, 153, 391, 393 Alaska, 265, 344–5 alternative dispute resolution, US, 78 Aman, Alfred, 21 American Dental Association, 95 American Gas Association, 158–9, 288 American Iron and Steel Institute, 95 American Medical Association, 265 American National Standards Institute (ANSI): accredited organisations, 148, 153, 156–7, 158, 163 American National Standards, 90 by-laws, 146 and Clean Air Act, 277 Consumer Interest Forum, 146 functions, 145–6 Guide, 278 harmonisation of NAFTA standards, 214 hierarchy of controls policy, 281 and ISO, 192, 193, 195, 197 judicial recognition, 357–8, 360, 378, 382 membership, 146–7 national consensus standards, 280 origins, 145 and OSHA, 94, 97 private association, 194 private interests, 147 procedures, 92–3, 147–50 public recognition, 146, 365, 369 revenue, 146 TBT Agreement, 189, 197–8 voluntary standardisation, 145 American Petroleum Institute, 95, 148, 289 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 150, 186–7, 277, 344, 358 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 150–1, 186, 191, 201–2, 277, 286, 287–8, 345, 365 American Textile Manufacturers Association, 95 Andean Community, 216–17, 221 Andean Standardisation Network, 217 anomie, 12, 13 Argentina, 217, 219 associative governance: Durkheim, 12–15 and globalisation, 28 Habermas, 16–19 Luhmann, 15–16 Austria, ON, 112, 113 Bardach, Eugene, 276 Belgium, product liability, 375–6 Belloubet-Frier, Nicole, 20 Beuth Verlag, 112 Black, Julia, 31 Bleckmann, Albert, 247 blood, contaminated, 376, 377, 392, 394, 397 Bohman, James, 411 Bolivia, 216 Braithwaite, John, Brazil, 217, 219 Breuer, Rüdiger, 122 Breulmann, Günter, 249 Breyer, Stephen, 304 452 Index BSI (British Standards Institute): appeals, 126 balance of interests, 124–5 Board, 123 bye-laws, 124 committee members, 123, 125 consensus, 126 Engineering Standards Committee, 122 environment management standard, 204–5 government recognition, 126–7 and ISO, 192 judicial review, 129–30 members, 123 Memorandum of Understanding, 127–8 National Standards Body, 127 negligence, 344 operations, 122–3 revenue, 122 Sector Boards, 124, 126 standardisation procedures, 123–6 Standards Board, 123–4, 126 statistics, 107, 108, 109, 123 status, 122, 128, 129 status of standards, 344 technical committees, 124 tortious liability, 384–5, 387 CACM, 216 California, 9, 153, 165, 173–5, 263, 389, 390, 392, 398 Canada, Canada Standards Association, 211, 214 national standards strategies, 197 national standards system, 210–11 Standards Council of Canada, 192, 210, 214 and TBT Agreement, 197 CANENA, 215 cartels, 323, 324 CEN (European Standardisation Committee): Administrative Board, 103 associated members, 102, 103, 244–5 catalogue, 108–9 consensus, 105, 107 consultants, 241, 253 decisions, appeals, 104 environmental management standard, 204–9 European standards, 59, 61, 65 functions, 102 General Assembly, 103, 105 generally, 101–4 guidelines, 64, 240–1, 244 and ISO, 191, 192, 193 mechanical presses, 237 members, 102 and national standard bodies, 59 origins, 101 pressure equipment, 201–2 procedures, 67, 104–7, 110 public interest function, 313–14 recognition by EU, 242 role, 111 status, 102 structure, 67, 246 Technical Board, 104, 104–6, 240, 242 technical committees, 104, 105–6, 107 Vienna agreement, 104, 192 and WTO, 150–1 CENELEC, 59, 61, 64, 69, 191, 192, 240–1, 242, 244 Central-American Common Market, 216 Cerny, Philip, 22 certification: anti-competitive abuse, European Community, 289–93 United States, 287–9 tortious liability of standard bodies, 385 Cheit, Ross, 97, 98, 151, 286, 309, 356, 358, 399 Chile, 219 China, 211 Chinese Standard Institute, 113 Clinton, Bill, 83 Codex Alimentarius Commission, 182, 190, 222 coffee makers, 357 Coglianese, Cary, 84 Collins, Belinda, 197 Colombia, 215, 216, 219 Colorado, 346–7 Comisión Panamericana de Normas Técnicas (COPANT), 219–21 compatibility standards, 4, competition: European Community, 47–50 abuse of certification, 289–93 anti-competitive agreements, 309–10 block exemptions, 318–19 effet utile doctrine, 321, 327, 329, 336 exemptions, 311–12, 317–18, 327 immunity, 309–37 legitimate governance, 317–20 meaning of undertaking, 42–3, 49, 314–15 novelty, 285 price fixing, 324–5, 327–8 reasonable restraint of standards, 317–20 standard bodies as political institutions, 313–17 and standards, 8, 49, 286 United States abuse of certification, 287–9, 303 Index antitrust immunity, 293–309 approach, 286 codes of fair competition, 259–60 legitimate governance, 303–5 private administrative law, 305–9 reasonable restraint of standards, 303–5 standard bodies as political institutions, 299–303 conformity assessment, conspiracy, 297–8 constitutions, 8, 226, 231, 249, 403 construction: Construction Products Directive, 228–9, 240 US battle of construction codes building codes, 160–2 electrical codes, 1, 147–8, 159, 167, 266, 345, 347 fire codes, 155, 300–3 fuel gas codes, 158 generally, 152–76, 265 model codes, 155–63 plumbing and mechanical codes, 156–8, 163 state codes, 166–76, 394 consumer organisations: and BSI, 124–5 EU standardisation, 244–5 increased participation, 223, 225 United States, 146, 151 contaminated blood, 376, 377, 392, 394, 397 COPANT, 219–21 cost-benefit analysis, US, 81 Cotterrell, Roger, 14, 18–19, 404 Cousy, Herman, 343 cultural diversity, 196 custom, and negligence law, 340–7 customs duties, 44 delegation: European Community, 249, 254–7, 321–5, 328, 332–7, 338 to public agencies, 408–9 US agencies, 269–72 US experts, 273–5 US non-delegation doctrine, 259–75, 338 judicial challenges, 279 democracy: and administrative law, 409 and delegation of legislative powers, 2, 267, 270 deliberative democracy, 411, 412 Durkheim, 14, 18 Habermas, 17–18, 410–11 or expertise, 273–5 supranationalism, 412 453 design standards, 3–4 Dewey, John, 18, 411 DIN (Deutsche Institut für Normung): and competition, 320 Consumer Committee, 116 and ISO, 192 nature, 112 policy, 112–13 public recognition, 117 standardisation procedures, 114–17 statistics, 107, 108, 109 structure, 113–14 technical committees, 121–2 tortious liability, 385 Drahos, Peter, Dresden Agreement, 192 Dryzek, John, 410 due diligence defence, 258 due process, 77, 223, 257, 304–5, 309 Durkheim, Emile, 9, 11, 12–15, 16, 18–19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33 ECISS, 105 Ecuador, 164, 216 EEA countries, 243 EFTA, 102, 109, 241 Ehrlich, Eugen, 32, 404 El Salvador, 164 electricity: CANENA, 215 US electrical codes, 1, 147–8, 159, 167, 266, 345, 347 Elhauge, Einer, 307 employment, and EU standardisation, 244, 245, 246 enterprise liability, 387 environmental management and audit systems, 204–9 environmental protection: and EU standardisation, 244, 245 Germany, 116 TBT Agreement, 179 equivalence, functional, 9, 31, 39, 44, 49–50, 57, 291–2 European Community, annulment proceedings, 250, 253–4 Article 28 EC, 37–50 competences, 73 competition see competition definition of international standards, 188–93, 197–200 delegation of legislative powers, 249, 254–7, 321–5, 328, 332–7, 338 deregulation, 67, 71 EMAS regulation, 204–9 framework directives, 64, 66 free movement principle, 45–50, 54, 55, 57, 324 454 Index European Community (cont.): General Product Safety Directive, 73–4, 229–30, 335 Information Directive, 50–63, 64, 242, 317 Integration Green Paper, 68–70, 156, 244 internal market, 38, 39, 51, 54, 66 law, horizontal direct effect, 55–6 Model Directive, 227–8, 239, 242 mutual recognition principle, 40–2, 51, 57, 62 national technical regulations, 52–63 infringement proceedings, 53, 57 meaning, 58 notification, 51, 52–6, 59–60 trade barriers, 43–50, 58 negative integration, 39–50 New Approach CEN cooperation, 240–1, 244 Commission mandates, 239–40 criticism, 225–7 directives, 335 explicit exceptions, 228–33 generally, 63–70, 111, 197, 199, 203 inherent exceptions, 233–4 law and technology, 255–6 principles, 227–8 and tortious liability, 386–7 positive integration, 50–63 private transnationalism acceptance, 196–7 consensus, 244 constitutionality, 226, 231, 249 criticism, 225–7 delegation, 249, 254–7 generally, 50–63, 67, 75, 405 and medical devices, 232–4 procedural requirements, 242–6 public involvement, 243 special interest groups, 244–6 voluntary compliance, 231–2, 246, 406 product liability see product liability public and private law, 144, 256–7, 386–7 public procurement, 200, 231 qualified majority voting, 68, 243 red tape, 71 SLIM, 229 standard bodies see standard bodies standardisation CEN consultants, 241, 253 horizontal harmonisation, 60, 62, 110 instruments of regulation, 234–46 judicial review, 249–54 juridification proposals, 246–9 literature, procedures, 104–7, 242–6 programmes, 59 safeguard procedure, 235–9, 251 spontaneous harmonisation, 58–9, 60 vertical harmonisation, 61 standards development, 38–75 European model, 101 ‘European’ standards, 58–63, 68, 101–7 Europeanisation, 107–11, 127, 144 national standards, 106, 109, 111–12 publication of references, 235, 253, 254 traditional approach, 63 state action doctrine, 325–7 state liability for breach of EU law, 44–5, 311 subsidiarity, 70–3 White Paper on governance, 72 European Parliament, 247 exclusive distribution agreements, 290 experts: evidence, United States, 379–84 financial interests, 307 governance by, 23–8, 30, 252–3, 336, 413 objectivity, 308 or political mandates, 273–5 and US politics, 80 explosives, 387–8 Falke, Josef, 108, 109, 248 FAO, 182 fire codes, US, 155, 300–3 Florida, 175, 394 forklifts, 357 France: AFNOR see AFNOR and Amsterdam Treaty, 315 judicial review of delegated powers, 249 mechanical presses, 237 national standards, 109, 130–4, 134 negligence, 343 product liability, 348, 362, 376 standardisation, 111, 131–4 state responsibility, 45, 46 free movement principle, EU, 39, 46–50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 324 free trade see international trade law Freeman, Jody, 8, 268, 276 Friedman, Lawrence, 77 FTAA, 220–1 functional equivalence, 9, 31, 39, 44, 49–50, 57, 291–2 Funk, William, 86–7 G3 Agreement, 215 Gambelli, Franck, 134 Georgia, 370 Gerla, Harry, 306–7 Germany: ‘acknowledged rules of technology,’ 119–22 competition law, 285, 319–20, 324 Index Deutsche Institut für Normung see DIN environmental management standard, 205 health and safety, 116–17 Landesapothekerkammer BadenWürtemberg, 43 legal tradition, 247–8, 362 national standards generally, 112–22 parallel legal universe, 118 statistics, 107, 108, 109 negligence, 346 and New Approach, 225, 231 product liability, 349 standardisation environmental concerns, 116 legal recognition, 117–22 private and public interests, 116, 121 procedures, 114–17 public recognition, 117 standards law, Giddens, Anthony, 26 globalisation: and constitutions, 403 denial strategies, 406 effect on nation states, 34 global private governance constitution, 412–14 legitimacy, 406–11 and governance, 21–3 legal globalisation, 7–8 without states, 404–6 sources of law, 11 and state power, 11, 34 technocracy, 25 Good Samaritan liability, 389–400 governance: ascendance, 32 associative governance, 12–19, 28 EU White Paper, 72 global private governance constitution, 412–14 legitimacy, 406–11 and globalisation, 21–3 government to governance, 19–28, 31 and knowledge, 23–8, 30, 410–11 and law, 28–30 legitimacy private governance, 410–11 public governance, 408–10 private governance, 28–35, 39, 44, 407, 410–11 government procurement, 200, 231 Gurvitch, Georges, 32, 404 Habermas, Jürgen, 2, 12, 16–19, 23, 407–8, 409, 410–11 Hand, Learned, 341 455 Harfst, David, 98 Hawkins, Richard, 203 health and safety: and competition, 292, 306–7, 321 European Community, 292 Germany, 116–17 and torts law, 339 United States, 306–7, 364, 367 health protection, TBT Agreement, 179 Hegel, GWF, 407 hepatitis, 233 Hermitte, Marie-Angèle, 376 heterarchy, 16, 21, 22–3 Hirst, Paul, 20 HIV, 233, 397 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 341 Howells, Geraint, 339 Iceland, 102 Illinois, 153, 347, 359, 360, 377 Incorvati, Giovanni, 341–2 Indiana, 345 Information Directive, 50–63, 64, 242, 317 insurance, standard bodies, 384 International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), 155, 156–8, 163, 174, 176 International Chamber of Commerce, 204 International Code Council (ICC), 154, 155, 158–66, 175, 176 International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), 153, 157, 161, 165, 173, 394 international law, nature, 7–8 international standards: definition FTAA, 221 transatlantic debate, 185–93, 197–200, 222–3 and free trade, 178–209 and national legal systems, and politics, 223 private see private international standards SPS Agreement, 181–2 TBT Agreement, 179, 185–91 trade agreements, 178 International Standards Organisation (ISC): appeals, 185 and ASME, 150 and CEN, 104–5 consensus, 105, 184 environmental management standard, 204–9 generally, 183–5 ISO 9000 series, 4, 204 members, 183, 192 origins, 183 456 Index International Standards Organisation (ISC) (cont.): participation, 192–3 political organisation, 186, 187, 222–3 pressure equipment, 202–3 processes, 183–5 secretariats, 193 structure, 183 and TBT Agreement, 186, 191, 197 technical committees, 193 Vienna agreement, 104, 192 international trade law see also specific agreements Americas, 209–21 Latin American agreements, 215–19 and standards, 2, technical barriers see technical barriers to trade trade barriers, 43–50, 58, 177 transatlantic debate, 178–209 WTO see WTO Ireland: Irish Goods Council, 43 national standards, 141–3 National Standards Authority of Ireland, 142–3, 205, 386 Italy, 109, 137–9, 237, 331, 332 Japan, 192 Jarvie, Ian, 25 Jasanoff, Sheila, 379–80 Joerges, Christian, 335, 336 judicial review: BSI actions, 129–30 EU standard bodies, 247 EU standardisation, 249–54 United States, 77, 78–79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 95, 273, 279–83, 304–5 Kagan, Robert, 77–8, 276 Kansas, 1, 264, 360 Kentucky, 172, 350, 377–8 kinship, 12 knowledge, and governance, 23–8, 30, 410–11 Komesar, Neil, 340 Krislov, Samuel, 5, 87, 145 Lane, Christel, 118, 126 Latin America, 164, 215–19 law: global law without states, 404–6 and governance, 28–30 government to governance, 19–28 hierarchy of rules, 33 international law, 7–8 legal constructivism, legal pluralism, 32–5, 404 reflexive law, 29–30 lawmaking: decentring, 31 definition, United States, 261–6 Durkheim, 12–15 Habermas, 17–18 processes, 14, 269 state monopoly, 33 United States, 77–87, 261–6 Lawrence, David, 261–2 Lecrenier, Sabine, 46 lifts, 214, 234, 365 lobbying, 125 Louisiana, 166, 392 low voltage, 235, 237 Lowi, Theodore, 279 Luhmann, Niklas, 11, 15–16, 23 Majone, Giandomenico, 27 market integration, and international standards, markets, 5, 21 Maryland, 169 Mashaw, Jerry, 82, 98, 296–7 Mattera, Alfonso, 42, 50 Mayntz, Renate, 21 mechanical presses, 237 medical devices, EU law, 232–4, 239 medicines, 43, 365 Mercosur, 217–19, 221 Mexico, 9, 211–13, 214, 215, 219, 405 Michigan, 365 mobile cranes, 290 Mohr, Peter Michael, 43 Montana, 346 mutual recognition of standards: EU principle, 40–2, 51, 57, 62 NAFTA, 210, 214–15 TBT Agreement, 179 NAFTA, 9, 209, 210, 214–15, 221 negligence: compliance with standards, 345–7 foreseeability, 392 France, 343 Germany, 346 juridification of custom, 340–7 non-compliance with standards, 343–5 product liability, 347, 350 standard bodies’ liability, 384–400 European Community, 384–7 United States, 387–400 standard of care, 340–7 United Kingdom, 343–4 United States, 344–5, 346–7 NEN (Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut), 139–41 Netherlands, 48, 139–41, 384 Index New Deal, 79, 259 New Jersey, 168, 266, 342, 392 New Mexico, 265 New York, 172–3, 264, 360, 392 NGOs, 72, 245 Noah, Lars, 364 non-discrimination, trade, 50 North Dakota, 365 Norway, 102 Nowotny, Helga, 24 Ogus, Anthony, 30–1 Ohio, 388 Oregon, 175–6, 263 Organisation of American States, 219 organisational society, 20 packaging waste, 238 Pan-American Standards Commission, 219–20 Paraguay, 217 parallel imports, 290 Pascal, Blaise, 25 Penneau, Anne, 362 Pennsylvania, 340, 351 People’s Amusement Company, performance standards, Peru, 216 pluralism, legal pluralism, 32–5, 404 politics: or administrative procedure, 269–72 or expert regulation, 273–5, 410–11 standard bodies as political institutions EU competition immunity, 313–17 US competition immunity, 294, 299–303 and standards, 223, 255, 256–7 Portugal, 386 Predieri, Alberto, 138 pressure equipment, 201–3, 234, 239 Previdi, Ernesto, 228–9 price fixing, 324–5, 327–8 private governance: ascendance, 35 constitution, 407 legal regulation, 28–35 legitimacy, 410–11 publicising, 33, 39, 44 role, 32 private international standards: ascendance, 35 constitution, 412–14 European Community, 38–9, 50–63 critique, 225–7 delegation, 249, 254–7 and Germany, 247–8 legitimacy, 222–3, 406–11 nature, 2–6 457 private and public law, 256 proliferation, 32 public acceptance, 194–7 public influence, 197–200 regulation, 32 TBT Agreement, 179–81, 185–91 and WTO, 178–93 private law, and public law: Europe, 144, 256–7, 386–7 torts, 339–40, 386–7 product liability: compliance with standards, 348–61 consumer expectations test, 351, 356–7 defectiveness defective standards, 358 EU law, 348–9 US case law, 351–61 US legislation, 350, 363 Directive, 229, 335, 348, 374, 375 France, 348 generally, 347–84 Germany, 349 mandatory standards defence European Community, 361–3 federal pre-emption, 366–74 United States, 363–74 negligence, 347, 350 risk/benefit test, 357 scientific evidence, 379–84 state of the art defence European Community, 374–6 United States, 376–84 strict liability, 347, 349, 350–2, 374, 376, 376–8, 388–9 product safety, 1–2, 5–6, 8, European Community, 225 General Product Safety Directive, 73–4, 229–30, 335 United States, 97–9, 277–8 professional organisations: Durkheim, 12–15, 18 increased participation, 223 regulation through, 18–19 self-regulation, 13, 22 proportionality, 37, 50 public authorities, EU meaning, 49 public interest: and competition, 49, 287 EU law, 313–18, 320–1, 327–34, 336, 338 United States, 294, 296–8 European national measures, 37, 39, 48, 257 experts, 307 German standards, 113 mandates, 267 UK standards, 127 United States, 80, 86 458 Index public law: and BSI, 129–30 non-recognition, US, 364 and private law EU states, 144 European Community, 256–7, 386–7 torts, 339, 386–7 privatisation, 32, 33 Germany, 119–22 United States, 86–7 and UK self-regulating bodies, 129 public procurement, 200, 231 public service mission, 257, 313–14, 326, 328, 386 quality management standards, 4, quality standards, quantitative restrictions, 43 recognition see mutual recognition Reich, Norbert, 362 risk: assessment, 27, 182 management, 182 risk society, 24 and technocracy, 23–28 rule of law, 225, 267 Russia, 113 Scharpf, Fritz, 70 Schepel, Harm, 108, 109 Schuck, Peter, 269 science: frontiers of science, 273, 282 and governance, 23–8, 30, 401, 413 and NAFTA, 209 objectivity, 308 or politics, 273–5 pure science, 28 scientific evidence and standard bodies, 379–84 sociology, 28 SPS Agreement, 181–2, 222 trans-science, 27 US rule-making, 81, 273–5 security, and TBT Agreement, 179 self-regulation: EU certification, 291 Habermas, 410 professional corporations, 13, 22 regulation of, 30–2, 294 Selznick, Philip, 33 Shapiro, Sidney, 81, 283 silage cutters, 237 SMEs, 245 SNV, 112, 113 Snyder, Francis, 34 social customs, 33, 34 social science, 2–3 Sousa Santos, Boa de, 34 South Dakota, 344–5 Spain: AENOR, 135–6, 205, 384, 385 IRANOR, 134 national standards, 109, 134–6 special interest groups, 26–7, 244–6, 257 Spindler, Gerhard, 384 SPS Agreement, 181–2, 222 standard bodies see also specific bodies Andean Community, 217 and competition EU case law, 285, 289–93 EU immunity, 312–37 France, 313–14 Germany, 320 US case law, 286, 287–9 US immunity, 293–309 European Community, 43–4, 51, 60, 101 annulment proceedings, 254 cooperation, 58–9 and ISO, 193 judicial review, 247, 249–54 numbers, 199 powers, 227 private bodies, 232–3 public involvement, 243 recognition, 242–3 role, 64, 68, 69, 111, 228, 239 standard bodies as political institutions, 313–17 voting arrangements, 243–4, 247 France see AFNOR functional changes, 221–2, 405 harmonisation trend, 1–2 insurance, 384 internal administrative law, 8–9 Ireland, 386 Mercosur, 218 Mexico, 213 nature, 4–5, 28, 285 Netherlands, 384 Portugal, 386 role, 35 scientific evidence, 379–84 status, 386–7, 405 and TBT Agreement, 180–1 tortious liability, 384–400 European Community, 384–7 United States, 387–400 US Good Samaritan liability, 389–400 US strict liability, 387–9 United States, 150–2, 186, 405 improvement of procedures, 309 liability, 387–400 scientific evidence, 379–84 Index standard bodies as political institutions, 299–303 status, 287 standards: categories, 3–4 consensus, divergence, draft standards, EU see European Community global processes, international see private international standards nature, 2–6 origins, processes, 6, public and private input, public consultation, ratification, regulative and coordinative, replacing social customs, 34 review, role, 5–6 standards law, 2, 2–3, 7, 11 trans-science, 27 US see United States state action doctrine: European Community, 325–7 United States, 294–8, 299 states: collapse, 19–21 Dewey, 18 Durkheim, 14, 18 global law without, 404–6 and globalisation, 11, 34, 404–6 government to governance, 19–28 and law, 28 lawmaking monopoly, 33 liability, breach of EU law, 44–5, 311 politics without, 223 state action doctrine, 294–8, 299, 325–7 supranationalism, 37, 412 Willke, 16 Steindorff, Ernst, 225 structural coupling, 15–16, 34 subsidiarity, EU, 70–3 Sunstein, Cass, 269 Switzerland, 102, 112, 113 Sykes, Alan, 203 systems theory, 12–19 technical barriers to trade: Code of Good Practice, 90, 180, 185, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218 mutual recognition of regulations, 179 SPS Agreement, 181–2 and standards, 177–8 459 TBT Agreement, 9, 179–81, 185–91, 194, 197–200, 222 WTO regime, 178–82 technocracy, 23 telecommunications equipment, 232, 236 Tennessee, 364, 365, 378 Teubner, Gunther, 8, 15, 21, 22, 29–30, 32, 33, 34, 404, 406–7, 414 Thomas, James, 186–7 Timsit, Gérard, 20 torts: negligence see negligence product liability see product liability public and private law, 339–40 standard bodies’ liability, 384–400 European Community, 384–7 United States, 387–400 US Good Samaritan liability, 389–400 US strict liability, 387–9 and standards, United States, 339, 364 toy safety, 236, 239, 258 trade agreements see international trade law trade barriers: European Community, 43–50, 58 international trade law, 177 technical barriers see technical barriers to trade trade unions, 245 transaction costs, transit charges, 45 undertakings, meaning, 42–3, 49, 314–15 Underwriters Laboratories, 151, 390–1 Underwriters Laboratories Canada, 211 UNI, 109, 137–9 United Kingdom: Apple and Pear Development Council, 43 British Standards Institute (BSI), 122–3 BSI see BSI Consumer Protection Act, 258, 374, 375 judicial review, 129–30 National Standardisation Strategic Framework, 127 national standards, 109, 122–30 negligence, 343–4 Royal Pharmaceutical Society, 43 standardisation legal recognition, 128–30 procedures, 123–6 public recognition, 126–8 United States, administrative law see administrative law adoption of standards judicial scrutiny, 279–83 legislative provisions, 277–8 460 Index United States (cont.): adversarial legalism, 77–8, 84 alternative dispute resolution, 78 American National Standards, 146, 148, 149 ANSI see American National Standards Institute (ANSI) antitrust law see competition architectural glazing materials, 97–8 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 150 Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA), 153, 161, 163, 165, 359, 394 CABO, 91–2, 162, 165 Clean Air Act, 274, 277 competition law see competition construction codes see construction Consumer Product Safety Act, 369 Consumer Product Safety Commission, 97–9, 277–8, 369 COPANT, 219 definition of international standards, 186–93, 197–200, 223 due process, 77, 223, 304–5, 309 Environment Protection Agency, 83, 274–5, 277 Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act, 367 Federal Highway Administration, 147 federal pre-emption, 366–74 Federal Railroad Safety Act, 368 Food and Drugs Administration, 365 general federal standards policy, 87–90 informal rulemaking, 78, 79–82 judicial review, 77, 78–9, 80, 82, 83, 85, 95, 273, 279–83, 304–5 manufacture housing standards, 90–3 national consensus standards, 95–6, 148, 279, 280 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 147–8 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1, 91, 151–2, 154–65, 171, 176, 266, 299, 395, 396, 405 National Highway Safety Administration, 82, 289 National Industry Recovery Act, 259 National Institute of Standards and Technology, 88, 90, 146, 197, 198 national standards strategies, 197–200 National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act 1995, 88 negotiated rulemaking, 83–7, 96, 276 non-delegation doctrine, 338 administrative law, 266–75 dynamic references, 264–5 generally, 261–75 judicial challenges, 279 standards as unlawful delegation, 259–66 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 93–7 private standards system appeals, 149–50 audited designators, 149–50 balance of interests, 148 electrotechnology, 147–8 generally, 87–100, 145–52 procedures, 147–50 privatisation of public law, 86–7 product liability see product liability public acceptance of private international standards, 194–6 public policy regulation, 77–8 regional organisations, 153 Sherman Act, 286, 294, 295, 302, 306, 309, 338 and SPS Agreement, 182 standard bodies see standard bodies Standards Development Organisations Advancement Act, 286, 293–4 standards law, neglect, state action doctrine, 294–8, 299 synoptic review, 80–1 torts see negligence; torts Trade Agreement Act, 194, 195 Voluntary Standards and Accredition Act, 87 Uruguay, 217, 219 Venezuela, 215, 216, 219 Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI), 112 Vienna agreement, 104, 192 Virginia, 171, 392 Wald, Patricia, 86 Washington State, 171 water quality, 290 Weber, Max, 23 Weiler, Joseph, 37–8 welfare state, 28–9 Werle, Raymond, Willke, Helmut, 15–16, 407 World Health Organisation (WHO), 182 WTO, 7, and ASME, 150 influence, 215 SPS Agreement, 181–2, 222 standards, Code of Good Practice, 90, 180, 185, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218 TBT Agreement, 9, 179–81, 185–91, 194, 197–200, 222 transnational private governance, 178–93 Yao, Dennis, 308 ... around the world are increasingly replacing their regulations with private standards This is a book about the interrelationships between law and standards in the regulation of integrating markets. .. WIDESPREAD SCHOLARLY neglect of the phenomenon of the use of standards in modern market regulation seems all the more striking in the light of the preoccupation of modern theorising in sociology, political... the interaction of law and standards in the regulation of integrating markets After Chapters on the European Community and the United States, Chapter six describes the position of standards in