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Project Cycle Management
Technical Guide
SEAGA
Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis Programme
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations
2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or
otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owner.
Applications for such permission, with a statement of the
Director, Gender and Population Division, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO 2001
Prepared by Clare Bishop in collaboration with the Socio-economic and Gender Analysis
(SEAGA) Programme
T
he designations employed and the presentation of material
in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture
Organisation of the United Nations concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries.
3
Executive Summary
The overall objective of the SEAGA programme is to strengthen socio-
economic and gender analysis capabilities at regional, national and local
levels. Three manuals that present tools and methodologies for conducting
analysis at the macro, intermediate and field levels underpin the programme.
In addition, there are several specialist technical guides that demonstrate the
application of SEAGA principles to specific aspects of natural resource
management; this manual forms part of the technical guide series.
The purpose of this manual is to create a new synergy by bringing together
project management practices and socio-economic and gender issues within
the conceptual framework of SEAGA. This is achieved by drawing on other
theoretical perspectives and methods including project cycle management,
the logical framework, rapid appraisal techniques, participatory approaches,
and gender analysis and stakeholder identification.
The manual is principally written for practitioners at the operational level in
government, Non Governmental Organisations, Civil Society Organisations and
the private sector. It will also be of interest to people working at policy level
and academicians.
Following an overview of the project cycle presented in Section 2, the
structure for the manual is based on key stages in the project cycle: project
identification (Section 3), project design (Section 4), project appraisal (Section
5), proposal preparation (Section 6), and monitoring and evaluation (Section
7). In each section, various concepts and techniques are discussed prior to
demonstrating their practical application with examples. The latter are based
on three case studies developed from field experience in eastern Africa:
fishing communities on Lake Victoria, rural road rehabilitation, and adult
literacy projects.
I would like to extend my thanks to the communities who participated in the
fieldwork and to my fieldwork colleagues: Nite Baza Tanzarn and Mrs Forough
Olinga, both from the Department of Women and Gender Studies, Makerere
University, Kampala; and Stellah Tumwebaze and Simon Kisira, both from
LABE (a Non Governmental Organisation specialising in adult literacy and
education based in Kampala).
4
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Project Management and Socio-economic Issues 8
1.2 Purpose of Manual 8
1.3 SEAGA 9
1.4 Structure of Manual 9
2 Overview of the Project Cycle
2.1 Nature of Projects 11
2.2 The Project Cycle 11
2.3 Integrating SEAGA into the Project Cycle 12
3 Project Identification
3.1 Initial Review 14
3.2 Situational Analysis 17
3.3 Socio-economic and Gender Analysis 17
3.4 Identification of Potential Projects 20
3.5 Checklist 21
Case Study A Example of Project Identification in a Fishing Community
22
4 Project Design
4.1 Logical Framework 38
4.2 Work Plans 45
Case Study B Example of Project Design in a Fishing Community
47
5 Project Appraisal
5.1 Social Appraisal 54
5.2 Gender Appraisal 55
5.3 Social Cost Benefit Analysis 57
Case Study C Example of Social and Gender Appraisals of Rural Road
Rehabilitation 61
6 Proposal Preparation
6.1 Understanding Perspectives 77
6.2 Key Points to Address 78
6.3 Proposal Outline 78
6.4 Gathering the Evidence 79
6.5 Writing Style 79
7 Project Monitoring and Evaluation
7.1 Monitoring 80
7.2 Evaluation 81
7.3 Procedure for Monitoring and Evaluation 83
5
Case Study D Example of Evaluating a Project Promoting Health
Messages 8
6
Bibliography
101
6
List of Figures
1 Key Themes in Manual 2
2 Stages in the Project Cycle 5
List of Tables
1 Linkages between SEAGA Approach and Stages in Project Cycle 5
2 Relationship between Nature of Problem and Stakeholders 7
3 Logical Framework 29
4 Relationship between Project Structure and External Environment 31
5 Classification of Stakeholders’ by Ability to Influence a Project 45
6 Gender Analysis Matrix 47
List of Boxes
1 The Four Es 10
2 Examples of Projects Meeting Practical or Strategic Gender Needs 11
3 Checklist for Project Identification 12
4 Checklist for Logical Framework 35
5 Checklist for Gender Analysis of Project Design 36
6 Project Appraisal Criteria 44
7 Key Steps in Investment Appraisal 49
8 Goals of FAO 68
9 Examples of Desirable Project Attributes 68
10 Proposal Headings 69
11 Information Sources 70
12 Checklist for Project Monitoring 72
13 Checklist for Mid Term Evaluation 73
Abbreviations
CBA Cost Benefit Analysis
DFID Department for International Development (UK)
EU European Union
GAM Gender Analysis Matrix
GTZ German Technical Cooperation Agency
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FM Fictitious Money
IGA Income Generating Activity
IRR Internal Rate of Return
MOV Means of Verification
NPV Net Present Value
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
OVI Objectively Verifiable Indicator
PGN Practical Gender Needs
SEAGA Socio-economic and Gender Analysis
7
SGN Strategic Gender Needs
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
USAID United States Agency for International Development
8
1 Introduction
1.1 Project Management and Socio-economic Issues
Since the 1950s the development agenda has been characterised by projects and
programmes aimed at improving the quality of life of beneficiary communities, be it
in physical or qualitative terms. Despite significant inputs of human and financial
resources, many fell short of expectations. Projects failed to meet the priority needs
of communities; stated outputs were not achieved or, if achieved, not sustained;
target groups did not benefit in the manner intended; project costs escalated and
implementation dates slipped; and adverse outcomes were not anticipated.
These failures were attributed in part to poor project management, such as
inadequate opportunities for potential beneficiaries to participate in project
identification, weak financial management, inadequate monitoring during
implementation, poor linkages between project activities and project purpose, and
insufficient attention to the external environment during project design. It was also
recognised that projects were more likely to succeed when account was taken of the
socio-economic context in which they operated.
The rationale for addressing socio-economic and gender issues in project cycle
management is the wish to achieve
sustainable development
. Projects should
identify and understand the different roles and entitlements between women and
men in target communities, and the special challenges faced by disadvantaged
groups. For example, if there are imbalances between those who do the work and
those who control the benefits, such initiatives will prove unsustainable in the long
run. This holds true at household, community and national levels.
During recent decades, many tools have been developed to strengthen the
management of projects, such as project cycle management, the logical framework
and rapid appraisal techniques. Similarly, a body of knowledge and expertise has
been established which facilitate the consideration of socio-economic issues in the
development context. This guide draws together these two areas of expertise by
focusing on the integration of gender and socio-economic issues into project
management.
1.2 Purpose of the Guide
The purpose of this guide is to create a new synergy by bringing together project
management practices and socio-economic and gender issues within the conceptual
framework of Socio-economic and Gender Analysis (SEAGA, Figure 1). This is
achieved by drawing on other theoretical perspectives and methods including project
cycle management, the logical framework, rapid appraisal techniques, participatory
approaches, gender analysis and stakeholder identification.
9
Figure 1: Key Themes in Guide
SEAGA
Project cycle management Socio-economic and gender issues
The guide is principally written for practitioners at the operational level in
government, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Civil Society Organisations
and the private sector. It will also be of interest to people working at policy level
and academicians. The guide assumes readers have a basic grounding in the key
elements of project management, gender analysis, rapid appraisal techniques and
participatory approaches; for a more detailed review of these topics, relevant texts
are noted in the bibliography.
1.3 SEAGA
The overall objective of the SEAGA programme is to strengthen socio-economic and
gender analysis capabilities at regional, national and local levels. The programme,
initiated in 1993 at FAO, consists of a set of practical tools and methods for
undertaking socio-economic and gender analysis, and training in their use.
SEAGA incorporates an approach to sustainable development based on an analysis of
socio-economic patterns that affect development projects and programmes in
practice. The SEAGA approach is based on three guiding principles:
gender roles and relations are of key importance
disadvantaged people are a priority
participation of all stakeholders is essential for development.
SEAGA analysis is conducted at three levels:
at the
macro level
socio-economic and gender issues are introduced into the
policy process, usually at national level;
the
intermediate level
focuses on institutions, structures and services which
operationalise the links between macro and field levels;
the
field level
focuses on individuals, households and communities.
The programme is underpinned by three manuals that present tools and
methodologies for conducting analysis at the three levels. In addition, there are
several specialist technical guides that demonstrate the application of SEAGA
principles to specific aspects of natural resource management, such as irrigation and
agricultural engineering. This guide forms part of the technical guide series.
10
1.4 Structure of the Guide
An overview of the project cycle is presented in Section 2. The various stages of the
project cycle provide the structure for subsequent sections: project identification
(Section 3), project design (Section 4), project appraisal (Section 5), proposal
preparation (Section 6), and monitoring and evaluation (Section 7).
In each section, various concepts and techniques are discussed prior to
demonstrating their practical application with examples. The latter are based on
three case studies developed from field experience in eastern Africa:
participatory project identification and design in a fishing community on Lake
Victoria
social and gender appraisals of rural road rehabilitation
evaluation of a project promoting health messages through improving adult
literacy.
A bibliography of relevant texts is presented at the end of the document.
[...]... with the proposed project 2.3 Integrating SEAGA into the Project Cycle The SEAGA approach can be integrated throughout the project cycle Direct links can be made between the SEAGA approach and the various stages in the project cycle (Table 1) 12 Table 1: Linkages between SEAGA Approach and Stages in Project Cycle Stage in the Project Cycle SEAGA Questions Identification How can a project be identified... administration Projects may stand-alone or be integrated into a programme, with several projects contributing to one overall goal Despite the difference in scale and nature of projects, there are aspects of sound project management that are universal 2.2 The Project Cycle Six stages are typically identified in the project cycle (Figure 2) They are: I Identification: generation of the initial project idea...2 Overview of the Project Cycle This section identifies key stages in the project cycle that provide the structure for the subsequent sections of the guide 2.1 Nature of Projects Projects represent the commitment of human and physical resources to produce specific outputs in a given time and budget framework Projects vary in scale, purpose and duration They may be... Evaluation: periodic review of project with feedback for next project cycle 11 Figure 2: Stages in the Project Cycle identification evaluation preparation implementation appraisal and monitoring proposal, approval and financing The cycle represents a continuous process in which each stage provides the foundation for the next For example, the information generated during project identification (Stage... establish whether a project meets it’s objectives especially the needs of disadvantaged people? Appraisal Proposal preparation Implementation and monitoring Evaluation 13 3 Step 1: Project Identification The first stage in the project cycle is the identification of projects Where do project ideas come from? How do they reflect the needs of a community? This section discusses the process of project identification... of the project addressing technical and operational aspects III Appraisal: analysis of the project from technical, financial, economic, gender, social, institutional and environmental perspectives IV Proposal preparation, approval and financing: writing the project proposal, securing approval for implementation and arranging sources of finance V Implementation and monitoring: implementation of project. .. can a project be designed so that it meets the practical and strategical needs of the stakeholders, especially the poorest of the poor and those who are usually excluded from development projects? How can appraisal address the social and gender dimensions of a project? How does a proposal reflect the gender and socio-economic dimensions of a project? How can a target community participate in project. .. contribute to the project (in terms of knowledge, skills, cash, labour and other resources) and areas in which external assistance is required Stakeholder contributions to support the implementation of a project will strengthen their commitment to the project and their association with the benefits generated (iv) The next step The information generated during the first stage in the project cycle, particularly... generated during project identification (Stage I) provides the basis for detailed project design (Stage II) Stage III reviews the information generated during the preceding two stages from several perspectives to ensure the project is viable Stages I to III provide the foundations for a project If they are sound, the project is more likely to succeed in subsequent stages, in terms of securing funding... priorities and contributions, provide the basis for developing detailed project proposals in Stage II 3.5 Checklist Box 3: Checklist for Project Identification (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Have all stakeholders been involved in the process of identifying project options? Will any stakeholders be disadvantaged by the proposed project? How may this be minimised? Have any potential conflicts between . project cycle presented in Section 2, the
structure for the manual is based on key stages in the project cycle: project
identification (Section 3), project. Project Cycle
2.1 Nature of Projects 11
2.2 The Project Cycle 11
2.3 Integrating SEAGA into the Project Cycle 12
3 Project Identification
3.1 Initial
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