Báo cáo khoa học: Truyện Nôm những vấn đề thể loại và phương thức biểu hiện pot

VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC Mll^ TROYEH HOm NHONG VAN DE THE LOAI VA PHirONG THUTC BIEU HIEN DINH THI MINH HANG T ruyen ndm, ngam khrie, van, ca la nhung the loai cua van hpc chri Ndm, dupe sang tao trong qua trinh dan tdc hda nhung thi loai cria van hpc dan gian. Qua trinh ay cd thi bdt dau tri TK XVI va da dat de'n sy phat triln rye rd d TK XVIII, XIX. Truyen ndm la truyen tho nom. Co the ndi day la tilu thuyet bdng tho, sang tac bdng ngon ngri dan tpc, sri dung the tho luc bat va CO nhiiu tac phdm cdn la khuyet danh. Truyen nom co de'n hang tram tac phdm gdm truyen nom bac hpc, truyen nom binh dan, truyen nom khuye't danh. Tfnh chat co ban cria truyen nom la mo ta, ta truyen hay ndi mpt each khae truyen nom la the loai mang tfnh ty sy. Co khong ft nhung thf du nhd vl tfnh ty sy cria thi loai truyen nom. Trong truyen cd Phqm Tdi - Ngpc Hoa ngay d nhung cau dau cria tac pham, tac gia da trinh bay rd thdi gian, dja danh, lai ljch nhdn vat cria cdt truyen: Md Chu ky thdy eo ddi Trang Vuong Hpi qudn Minh, hpp than luong Trang vuong ngu lri bdn phuong thdi thudn Bdt thien thu, bdt thien xudn Mudn ddn eung phuc thdnh qudn trimg trimg Tdm kinh cao thd sach khdng Cd nhd Trdn thi xU Ddng, Thanh - hd Tudng cdng quan dai phu gia Xudn thu dinh thinh ten Id Thite Thdng Hodc: Phqm Tdi rdn ren thua quy Ngdp ngimg mdi rdi vdy vi td tudng Son Tdy, Ngpc thdp Id ldng, Hai thdn sdm dd sudi vdng choi xa Anh em chdng cd mpt ai Cifa nhd thie'u thdn, het nen nuong nhd O citng cdu mp sdm trifa Ddm ndi cay ddng mudi dua cue long Cach cu the hda nhring chi tiet khi gidi thieu thdi gian, dja danh, lai ljch nhdn vat cua cdt truyen nhu vay cung gap d cac truyen ndm khae nhu: Ly Cdng, Chdu phdt bdn hanh, Tdng Trdn Cue Hoa Khae hdn vdi tfnh cha't md ta, ty sy cua truyen nom, ngam khue, van lai mang tfnh ehd't trri tinh dam net. Chang han nhu trong tac pham Chinh phti ngdm, nhan vat trii tinh la nang chinh phu ludn di ve giua nhring hdi uc ve dT vang vdi nhung nhd mong: Ldng ndy gid gid ddng cd lien Nghin vdng xin gid den non Yen Non Yen du chdng tdi miin Nhd chdng thdm thdm difdng len bdng trdi hoac vdi nhung tinh cam xdt xa: Gidn them thiep lai khdng bdng mdng Dupe gdn chdng bin Lung thdnh Quan Khi mo nhifng tiec khi tdn Tinh trong gidc mpng mudn vdn cung khdng Tuy nhien trong truyen ndm cd the co nhung doan tru tinh khi mo ta cupc sd'ng, tinh cam va nhung bie'n dpng tam ly cria cac nhdn vat. Cung nhu vay, trong ngam khue, van cd the cd nhung doan mo ta, ta canh khi kl vl nhung viec gi dd lien quan den sinh hoat cua cac nhdn vat. Sy giao thoa giua nhung yeu td tru tinh va md ta, ta canh nhu vay trong truyen ndm cung nhu trong ngam khrie, van khong the ldm gidm di tinh loai biet cO bdn ciia hai the loqi ndy. Vl hinh thric nghe thudt, truyen ndm sri dung the luc bat, cdn ngam khrie, van sri dung the song that luc bat. 1 SdSOl ;•• Thang 7-2009 VAN HQC - NHjgp ANH Truyen tho ndm dupe tao bdi nhung cdu theo luat bdng trde nhu sau: B (hodc T), B, B (hodc T), T B (hodc T), B B (hoac T), B, B (hodc T), T, B (hodc T), B, T, B Vi du: Nhd viia md tiee dodn vien Hoa soi ngpn dudc hdng chen bite Id Trong cac truyen ddn gian bdng tho, nhung cdu tho luc bat khong theo van luat va trinh ty trde bdng. Ngam khrie, van sri dung the tho song that luc bat. The van cring la the ngdm khrie. Bdi trong tieng Viet, van cung chi'nh la ngdm. Tieu bieu cho the loai ngdm khrie, van nay la: Chinh phu ngdm khue, Cung odn ngdm khdc, Til tinh khue, Ai tu vdn, Hd Tien thdp cdnh vinh khue Ta't ca eac khd tho tudn theo ludt bdng trde nhu sau: OTTBBTT OBBTTBB B (hoac T), B, B (hoac T), T, B (hoac T), B B (hoac T), B, B (hoac T), T B (hoac T), B, T B O ddy van O la vdn ty do Nude ed chdy long phien chdng rifa Cd cd thom, da nhd ndo khudy Nhil rdi nhii lai cam tay Bude di mpt bude ddy ddy lai ngimg Nhu vay, truyen nom va ngam khrie, van khong nhring chi khae nhau d phuong thric bieu hien nhu truyen ndm vdi tfnh chat chri yeu mo ta, ty sy, cdn ngdm khrie, van vdi tfnh chat chri yeu la trri tinh, khdng nhung chi khae nhau d hinh thric nghe thudt tho ca, vdi truyen nom la the luc bat cdn ngdm khrie, van la the song tha't luc bat, ma truyen nom va ngdm khrie, van con dupe phan biet vdi tu each mpt the loai van hpc. Trong tie'n trinh phat trien cria the loai truyen nom cd the da cd nhung sy bien ddi vl hlnh thric nghe thudt dl phri hpp vdi loai hinh ke chuyen cria the loai. Cd thi neu len vf du sau ddy minh chring cho diiu dd. Truyen nom Nghia si truyen, Ldm tuyen ky ngp va Bach Vien - Ton Cdc la nhring truyen ndm khuye't danh. Nghia si truyen la cdu chuyen kl vl Nguyln Biiu, mpt anh hring ddn tpc ddu TK XV. Ldm tuyin ky ngp la truyen nom co nguon gdc tri van hpc ddn gian. Dd la cau chuyen tinh giria nang Bach Vien va chang Tdn Cac. Cdn truyen nom Bach Vien - Tdn Cdc, cring cd cring mpt npi dung nhu truyen ndm Ldm tuyin ky ngp, vdi cring nhung nhdn vat, cring cdt truyen, nhung khong phai vi the ma chring la nhring dj ban cria cring mpt tac phaim. Truyen Bach Vien - Tdn Cdc dupe vie't bdng the tho luc bat quen thupc. thudng dung dl sang tac nhung truyen nom con truyen Ldm tuyin ky ngd lai khong phai cring the tho nay. Tac phdm Ldm tuyen ky ngd bao gom mpt tram bdn muoi sau bai tho tam cdu, mOi cau 7 dm tilt, mpt bai bdn cdu mdi cdu 7 dm tie't va mpt bai gom mudi mpt cdu tho ty do. 148 bai tho nay dpc lap vdi nhau vl mat van luat nhimg lai dupe sdp xep ben nhau nhu nhung hat trong mpt chuOi hat dupe xdy cring vao mpt spi day, va spi day dd chi'nh la cdt truyen cria cau chuyen dupe kl. Nghia si truyen. cring bao gOm mpt loat nhung bai tho tam cdu, mOi cdu 7 dm tiet nhu Ldm tuyin ky ngp nhung ngdn hon rat nhiiu. Cho den tan bay gid, cac nha nghien criu khong the lam gi hon la dua ra nhung gia djnh vl cac tac gia cria nhung truyen nom Nghia SI truyen, Ldm tuyin ky ngp. Nhung CO kha nang la Nghia si truyen da xuat hien vao dau TK XVI con iMm tuyen ky ngp thi mupn hon vao TK XVII. Nhu vdy hai truyen tren rat cd thi da xudt hien vao giai doan dau cria ljch sri truyen ndm. Nhd hai truyen nom nay, chring ta co the dua ra mpt gia thuyet thri vj nhu sau: khi the loai truyen nom mdi ra ddi, co mpt xu hudng manh me la dring tho tam cdu mOi cdu 7 dm tilt va tho bdn cdu mOi cdu 7 dm tiet thanh timg nhom dl kl nhung cdu chuyen, hay noi each khae la dl sang tac truyen nom. Nhung sau do ngudi ta tha'y rdng tho luc bat co hinh thric uyin chuyin hon, phri hpp voi loai hinh kl chuyen hon, vdy la nhung bai tho tam cdu va bdn cdu dan dan nhudng ch6 cho tho luc bat. Va thi loai truyen nom vdi hinh thric S6 301 Th^ng 7-2009 H VAN H6A NGHg THUAT TROMC Mite nghe thudt la tho luc bat da dupe khai sinh. Vdy la khdng k^ den nhung gia tri khae, truyen ndm Nghia si truyen va L4m tuyen ky ngp xiing dang dupe chu y ddc biet, bdi vi chting da tao ra nhung chi ddn quy bau trong nhiing bude lan md tim kie'm danh da'u viec nghien crin mdt hinh thric nghe thudt tho phri hpp vdi truyen ndm. The loai truydn ndm trong qua trinh tien diln da cd su phat trien tri Bdc vao Nam. Truyen ndm Song Tinh la mdt minh churng cu the. Tac gia cua truydn Song Tinh la Nguyln Hihi Hao (dng la con vi danh tudng Dang Trong Nguyln Hihi Ddt), vdn que d lang Gia Miin, huyen Tdng Son nay thudc Ha Tiling, Thanh Hda, sau di cu vao Thria Thien, ndm 1672 dupe phong tude Hao Luong Hdu. Ong la ngudi cd hpc thric uydn bac, am hiiu ca Phdt, Nho, Lao, da giu nhieu trpng trach trong chfnh quyin phong kie'n Dang Trong va dupe quan, ddn ydu men. Nguydn Biiu mdt ndm 1713. Vdi tmh hinh tu lidu hidn nay, chring ta chua thi khdng djnh chfnh xac thdi diim xudt hidn cua tac pham Song Tinh, nhung dri sao nd cung phai cd trude ndm 1713. Vdy chring ta hay chap nhdn ring truydn ndm Song Tinh la mdt tac pham ra ddi vao khoang cudi TK XVII hodc ddu TK XVin. Cdn phai nhd rdng, trong hon hai the ky, tri TK XVI dd'n cudi TK XVm, nudc Viet Nam bj chia lam hai miin: Dang Ngoai (phfa Bdc Deo ngang) dudi sy thd'ng tri cua chria Trinh va Dang Trong (phia Nam Deo ngang) dudi sy thdng tri cria chria Nguyln. Sy chia cdt nhu vdy da tao ndn qua trinh ddc thri hda trong nhiiu linh vuc cua ddi sd'ng van hda xa hdi, ddc biet la ngdn ngri vdn hpc. Dupe sang tac d vring cai trj cria chria Nguyln, Song Tinh cd thi xem la bdng chring cho nhring ddc tfnh rieng cua ngdn ngu van hpc Dang Trong. Nhung cung cd the Id'y Song Tinh di chring minh cho sy thd'ng nhd't co ban cua ngdn ngri vdn hpc trong ca nudc Viet Nam thdi dd. Vdi sy ra ddi cua Song Tinh vao khoang cudi TK XVn ddu TK XVm, chring ta thdy Uuyen nOm da phat trien va cd vi the 0 ca hai miin Nam Bdc cua dd't nudc. Trong sd nhung truydn tho vidt bdng chi? ndm, nhung truyen ljch sir chiem mdt vi tri quan trpng. Nghia si truyen chdc chdn la mdt trong sd nhung truydn ljch su viet bdng chri Ndm cd nhd't, nhung cd mdt sd truydn khae ndi tie'ng hon va quan trpng hon. 6 Viet Nam, truyin thdng chip sri ngupc ddng qua khri da cd tri TK XUI vdi Dai Viet su ky ciia Ld Van Huu. Cdn vdi nhCtng truydn it nhiiu mang tfnh huydn thoai ciia cac nhdn vat lich su thi lai dupe khdi thao tri sdm hon nua. Truyen thd'ng dd da dupe phan anh trong van hpc viet bdng chu ndm vl dl tai ljch su ngudi ta da dat cho nhimg truydn tho ljch su sang tac bdng chu: ndm mdt cai tdn chung: Qudc sii diin ca (trie la ljch su ddn tdc duoc ke lai dudi dang diln ca). Cac tac phdm nay dupe sang tac bdng the tho song thdt luc bat, cd khi dupe sang tac bdng tho luc bat. Nhung truydn ljch su bdng tho nay khOng chi phan anh nhung su kidn lich su cria ddn tdc theo thri tu nidn bieu it nhieu da dupe ghi trong bieu nidn sir chfnh thd'ng, ma chring con ke lai nhimg huyen thoai, nhung truydn kl, nhung truydn ngu ngdn. Va hu cdu chiem mdt phdn quan trpng trong su hinh thanh nhring tac pham qud'c sri diln ca. Cd thi noi mac dri dupe thiet lap trdn cp sd ljch sri, chung vdn la nhimg tac pham vdn hpc tu thdn. Nhiiu nha nghidn curu da nghiln ngdm va khdng djnh nhung gia trj vdn hpc cua nhung truydn tho ljch su nhu Viet su dien dm TK XVI, Thien Nam minh gidm TK XVH, Thien Nam ngu: luc TK XVII, Dai Nam qudc sti dien ca TK XIX. Nhung Uuydn ljch su bdng tho, nhung tac pham qudc sri diln ca thudc thi loai sri ca nOm. Nhring tac pham qudc sri diln ca da gdp phdn dang kl vao vide lam phong phri va vao ehd't lupng cua kho tang van hpc vidt bdng chri ndm. Truydn ndm va ngam khrie, van, ca la nhung the loai cd nhiiu sang tao cua ddng vdn hpc chri ndm. Vide nghien criu nhung thd loai van hpc nay girip chring ta hiiu bidt them vl nhung gia trj khoa hpc cua nin van hpc truyin thdng sang tac bdng ngdn ngri dan tOc • D.TM.H Sd301 Thang 7-2009 . chring ta hay chap nhdn ring truydn ndm Song Tinh la mdt tac pham ra ddi vao khoang cudi TK XVII hodc ddu TK XVin. Cdn phai nhd rdng, trong hon hai the. ngri vdn hpc trong ca nudc Viet Nam thdi dd. Vdi sy ra ddi cua Song Tinh vao khoang cudi TK XVn ddu TK XVm, chring ta thdy Uuyen nOm da phat trien va