Information Systems Analysis and Design doc

Chapter 1 ObjectivesUnderstand the term information systems IS Understand IS components: Technology, people, organizations Understand IS career opportunities Understand types of informat

Information Systems Analysis and Design

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1 Information Systems: the big picture

2 Information Systems for competitive advantage

3 Organizational Information Systems

4 Entreprise-Wide Information Systems

5 Information Systems Development & Acquisition

6 Managing the Information Systems Project

7 Systems Planning

8 Determining System Requirements

9 Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling

10 Structuring System Requirements: Conceptual Data Modeling

11 Object Oriented Analysis and Design

12 Designing the Human Interface

13 Systems Implementation and Operation

Chapter 1 Information Systems:

The Big Picture

Chapter 1 Objectives

Understand the term information systems (IS) Understand IS components:

Technology, people, organizations

Understand IS career opportunities

Understand types of information systems

Understand IS and organizational success or failure

Understand the future of IS management

Information Systems Defined

Combinations of hardware, software,

and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data in

organizations

Key Elements of Information

Systems

Knowledge as a Business Resource

Knowledge Worker

A well-educated professional who creates, modifies, or synthesizes knowledge in one’s profession

Knowledge Society

Also called digital society, new economy

Working with brains instead of hands

The importance of education

Technology and Information Systems

Computer-Based Information Systems

One type of technology

Technology – any mechanical and/or electrical

means to supplement, extend, or replace human

activity

Information Technology (IT) – machine technology controlled by or using information

The goal of IS is to provide useful data to users

IS can be local or global, organizational or wide

Manager of Emerging Technologies

Telecommunications Manager

Network ManagerDatabase AdministratorAuditing or Computer Security Manager

Quality Assurance Manager

Integrating Skills and Knowledge

Hot Skills in IS Workers

IS Within the Firm

Traditionally a love/hate relationship

“Techies” vs mere “users” (us vs them)

Poor service, lousy attitudes

Now: progress toward better customer service

Better relationships within the company

Cooperation, not rivalry

The Spread of Technology in

Organizations

Technology infiltrates business units

Dual role for IS workers:

Work with IS technical group

Work with business unit (marketing, finance, etc.)

The Spread of Technology in

1 Define and understand the term

information systems (IS)

2 Explain the technology, people, and

organizational components of an

information system.

Chapter 2 Information Systems for Competitive

Advantage

Chapter 2 Objectives

Understand the IS in automation,

organizational learning, and strategic

Why Use Information Systems?

Automating: doing things faster

Organizational learning: doing things

better

Supporting Strategy: doing things

smarter

Automating:

Doing Things Faster

Technology is used to automate a

manual process

Doing things faster, better, cheaper

Greater accuracy and consistency

Loan application example

Manual processing

Technology-supported process

Organizational Learning:

Doing Things Better

Going beyond automation

Involves learning to improve the day-to-day activities within the process

Looking at patterns and trends

Organizational Learning

Using acquired knowledge and insights to improve organizational behavior

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Monitoring an organization to improve quality of

operations, products, and services

Supporting Strategy:

Doing Things Smarter

Strategic Planning

Create a vision: setting the direction

Create a standard: performance targets

Create a strategy: reaching the goal

Now, it should be fairly obvious why an IS

professional should be able to make a

business case for a given system Why,

however, is it just as important for non-IS

professionals? How are they involved in this process? What is their role in information

systems planning?

Chapter 3 Organizational

Information Systems

Chapter Objectives

Understand characteristics of operational,

managerial, and executive information

systems

Understand characteristics of transaction

processing systems, management information systems, and executive information systems Understand characteristics of information

systems that span organizational boundaries

Decision-Making Levels of an

Organization

Managerial level (middle)

Decisions covering weeks and months Semistructured decisions

Operational level (bottom)

Day-to-day decisions

Structured decisions

General Types of Information

General Types of Information

Systems

Data input

Manual data entry

Semiautomated data entry

Fully automated data entry

Examples:

Payroll

Sales and ordering

Inventory

Purchasing, receiving, shipping

Accounts payable and receivable

General Types of Information

General Types of Information

General Types of Information

Financial management and forecasting

Manufacturing planning and scheduling

Inventory management and planning

Advertising and product pricing

General Types of Information

Systems

Executive Information Systems (EISs) Used at executive level of the organization Highly aggregated form

Data types

Soft data – news and nonanalytical data

Hard data – facts and numbers

General Types of Information

Systems

Executive Information Systems (EISs) Examples:

Executive-level decision making

Long-range and strategic planning

Monitoring internal and external events

Crisis management

Staffing and labor relations

Information Systems that Span Organizational

Boundaries

Information Systems that Span Organizational Boundaries

Decision Support Systems (DSSs)

Designed to support organizational decision making

“What-if” analysis

Example of a DSS tool: Microsoft Excel

Text and graphs

Models for each of the functional areas

Accounting, finance, personnel, etc

Information Systems that Span Organizational Boundaries

Expert Systems (ESs)

Mimics human expertise by manipulating knowledge

Rules (If-then)

Inferencing

Information Systems that Span Organizational Boundaries

Office Automation Systems (OASs)

Information Systems that Span Organizational Boundaries

Information Systems that Span Organizational Boundaries

Functional Area Information Systems

Geared toward specific areas in the

company:

Human Resources

Benefits

Marketing

Information Systems that Span Organizational Boundaries

Global Information Systems

International IS

Transnational IS

Multinational IS

Global IS

Chapter 4 Enterprise-Wide Information Systems

Enterprise Systems

Enterprise systems

Also known as enterprise-wide information systems

Information systems that allow companies

to integrate information across operations

on a company-wide basis

Before an entreprise system

With an entreprise sytem

Types of Enterprise Systems

Packaged applications

Custom applications

Stand-alone applications

Types of Enterprise Systems

Enterprise Resource Planning

Types of Enterprise Systems

Types of Enterprise Systems

Customer Relationship Management

(CRM)

Sales Force Automation (SFA)

New opportunities for competitive

advantage

Examples:

MGM

American Airlines

CRM system

Types of Enterprise Systems

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

Supply chain – the producers of supplies

that a company uses

Supply chain management

The Formula for Enterprise System

Success

Secure executive sponsorship

Get help from outside experts

Thoroughly train users

Take a multidisciplinary approach to

implementation

1 List the different classes of information systems

described in this chapter How do they differ from

each other?

2 Of the information systems listed in the chapter, how

many do you have experience with? What systems would you like to work with? What types of systems

do you encounter at the university you are attending?

3 Consider an organization that you are familiar with,

perhaps the one in which you work or one with which you have done business Describe the type of

information systems that organization uses and

whether or not they are useful or up-to-date List

specific examples for updating or installing

information systems that improve productivity or

efficiency

Chapter 5 Information Systems

Development & Acquisition

Chapter Objectives

Understand the process of IS management

Understand the system development life cycle (SDLC)

Understand alternative approaches to system development

Understand in-house system development

Understand external acquisition, outsourcing, and end-user development

The Need for Structured Systems

Development

Systems analysis and design – the

process of designing, building, and

maintaining information systems

Systems analyst

Blending technical and managerial expertise

The Need for Structured Systems

Development

Evolution of IS development

From “art” to a “discipline”

Standardized development methods

Software engineering

The Need for Structured Systems

Development

Options for Obtaining Information

Systems

Build your own

Buy a prepackaged system

Outsource development to a 3rd party

End user development

The Need for Structured Systems

The Need for Structured Systems

Development

System Construction Process

1 Identify a large IT problem to solve

2 Break the large problem into several

smaller, more manageable pieces

3 Translate each “piece” (small problem)

into computer programs

4 Piece together each program into an

overall comprehensive IS that solves the

The Need for Structured Systems

Information Systems Analysis and

Knowledge of how to exploit information

technology for advantage

Systems Analysis and Design: Core

Application software, or a system,

supports organizational functions or

processes

Systems Analysis and Design: Core

Concepts

System: Turns data into information and

includes:

Hardware and system software

Documentation and training materials

Job roles associated with the system

Controls to prevent theft or fraud

The people who use the software to perform their jobs

Software Engineering Process

A process used to create an information

system

Consists of:

Methodologies

A sequence of step-by-step approaches that help

develop the information system

Techniques

Processes that the analyst follows to ensure thorough, complete and comprehensive analysis and design

Tools

A system is an interrelated set of

business procedures used within one

business unit working together for a

purpose

A system has nine characteristics

A system exists within an environment

A boundary separates a system from its environment

Important System Concepts

Decomposition

The process of breaking down a system into smaller components

Allows the systems analyst to:

Break a system into small, manageable

subsystems

Focus on one area at a time

Concentrate on component pertinent to one

group of users

Build different components at independent times

Important System Concepts

Modularity

Process of dividing a system into modules of

a relatively uniform size

Modules simplify system design

A Modern Approach to Systems

Analysis and Design

Systems Integration

Allows hardware and software from different vendors to work together

Enables procedural language systems to

work with visual programming systems

Visual programming environment uses

client/server model

Data and Processes

Three key components of an information

Derived from data

Organized in a manner that humans can

understand

Data and Processes

Data

Understanding the source and use of data is key to good system design

Various techniques are used to describe data and the

relationship amongst data

Data Flows

Groups of data that move and flow through the system

Include description of sources and destination for each

data flow

Processing Logic

Describe steps that transform data and events that trigger

Approaches to Systems Development

Data are tracked from sources, through

intermediate steps and to final destinations Natural structure of data is not specified

Disadvantage: data files are tied to specific

Approaches to Systems Development

(2)

Data-Oriented Approach

Depicts ideal organization of data,

independent of where and how data are

used

Data model describes kinds of data and

business relationships among the data

Business rules depict how organization

captures and processes the data

Databases and Application

Independence

Database

Shared collection of logically related data

Organized to facilitate capture, storage and retrieval

Role of the Systems Analyst

Study problems and needs of an organization Determine best approach to improving

organization through use of:

Role of the Systems Analyst

Assess options for system

Skills of a Successful Systems

Systems Development Life Cycle

System Development Methodology

Standard process followed in an

Systems Development Life Cycle

Series of steps used to manage the

phases of development for an

information system

Consists of four phases:

Planning and Selection

Analysis

Design

Implementation and Operation

Systems Development Life Cycle

Phases are not necessarily sequential

Each phase has a specific outcome and deliverable

Individual companies use customized life cycle

Phases of the Systems Development

Life Cycle

Systems Planning and Selection

Two Main Activities

Identification of need Investigation and determination of scope

Systems Analysis

Study of current procedures and information systems

Determine requirements Generate alternative designs Compare alternatives

Recommend best alternative

Systems Development Life Cycle

Alternative approaches

Prototyping

Building a scaled-down working version of the system

Advantages:

Users are involved in design

Captures requirements in concrete form

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

Utilizes prototyping to delay producing system design until after user requirements are clear

Joint Application Design (JAD)

Users, Managers and Analysts work together for several days

System requirements are reviewed

Structured meetings

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Systems Planning and Selection

1 In what way are organizations systems?

2 List and explain the different phases in the systems

development life cycle

3 Why is it important to use systems analysis and

design methodologies when building a system? Why not just build the system in whatever way seems to

be “quick and easy”? What value is provided by using

an “engineering” approach?

4 Explain the traditional application-based approach to

systems development How is this different from the data-based approach?

5 What is prototyping?

6 What is JAD? What is Participatory Design?

Chapter 6 Managing the Information Systems Project

planning, execution and closedown

Explain Gantt Charts and Network

Diagrams

Review commercial project

management software packages

Case of Pine Valley Furniture

Managing the Information Systems

Project

Focus of project management

To ensure that information system projects meet customer expectations

Delivered in a timely manner

Meet constraints and requirements

Project Management Process

Project

Planned undertaking of related activities to reach

an objective that has a beginning and an end

Initiating the Project

1 Establish project initiation team

2 Establish relationship with customer

3 Establish project initiation plan

4 Establish management procedures

5 Establish project management

environment and workbook