Total Crop Management for Greenhouse Production with an emphasis on Integrated Pest Management and Nutrient Management Bulletin 363 Revised 2016 Total Crop Management for Greenhouse Production with an.
Bulletin 363 Revised 2016 Total Crop Management for Greenhouse Production with an emphasis on Integrated Pest Management and Nutrient Management Bulletin 363 Revised 2016 Total Crop Management for Greenhouse Production with an emphasis on Integrated Pest Management and Nutrient Management This publication is a joint effort of the University of Maryland, Virginia Tech and North Carolinia State University and their specialists in various environmental ields Integrated Pest Management for Commercial Horticulture University of Maryland Extension http://extension.umd.edu/ipm The University of Maryland, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources programs are open to all and will not discriminate against anyone because of race, age, sex, color, sexual orientation, physical or mental disability, religion, ancestry, or national origin, marital status, genetic information, or political afiliation, or gender identity and expression Authors and Publication Coordinators: Stanton A Gill, Extension Specialist Central Maryland Research and Education Center 301-596-9413, sgill@umd.edu Debby Smith-Fiola, Consultant, Landscape IPM landscapeipm@hotmail.com Co-Authors: Karen Rane, Plant Pathologist Plant Diagnostic Lab, College Park 301-405-1611, rane@umd.edu Andrew Ristvey, Extension Specialist Wye Research and Education Center 410-827-8056, aristvey@umd.edu Chuck Schuster, Extension Educator University of Maryland Extension 301-590-2807, cfs@umd.edu Joyce Latimer, Extension Specialist Virginia Tech 540-231-7906, jlatime@vt.edu Not Pictured Gerald Brust, IPM Vegetable Specialist Central Maryland Research and Education Center 301-627-8440 Brian Whipker, Extension Specialist North Carolina State University 919-515-5374, brian_whipker@ncsu.edu Kate Everts, Vegetable Plant Pathologist Lower Eastern Shore Research and Education Center 410-742-8780, keverts@umd.edu Formatting, Editing, and Image Management: Will Healy, Research and Technical Services Manager Ball Horticultural Company (630) 231-3500, whealy@ballhort.com Suzanne Klick, Technician University of Maryland Extension Megan McConnell, Lab Technician Plant Diagnostic Lab, College Park, MD ii Preface This manual is designed for use by growers, greenhouse managers, and Extension educators involved with the loriculture industry Our goal with this manual is to help greenhouse growers produce the highest-quality plants with minimal loss This publication is based on the extensive experience of Maryland greenhouse growers, independent Total Plant Management and Integrated Pest Management (TPM/ IPM) scouts, and faculty and specialists of the University of Maryland Extension It is our intent that this manual serve as a valuable tool for improved management of greenhouse crops We have created charts for easy access to information and text for more in-depth information on key subjects Disclaimer Mention of trade names and products is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation of, or discrimination against, similar products not mentioned Printed in 2016 by University of Maryland Extension, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland College Park All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, manual, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of University of Maryland Extension The phone number for University of Maryland Extension is (301) 596-9413 Although this manual contains research-based information, and the contributors and publisher have used their best efforts in preparing this manual, the publisher and contributors offer no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the use of this manual Manual users maintain complete responsibility for the accurate use and appropriate application of the information in this manual for their intended purpose(s) In no event shall the publisher or contributors be held responsible or liable for any indirect, direct, incidental, or consequential damages or loss of proits or any other commercial damage whatsoever resulting from or related to the use or misuse of this manual Electronic copies of this manual are available on-line at http://extension.umd.edu/ipm/commercial-horticulture-publications To purchase paper copies of this manual contact 301-596-9413 or go to the website for an order form iii Table of Contents Part 1: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Greenhouse Operations Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Integrated Pest Management: Scouting Overview Integrated Pest Management: Monitoring Crops for Key Problems Screening Out Insect Pests Disinfecting a Greenhouse: Keeping Diseases and Insects in Check Pesticide Application Equipment: Selection and Calibration 13 25 29 31 Part 2: Insect and Mite Management Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Insecticide and Miticide Classes Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests Biopesticides and Reduced-risk Pesticides Understanding Insect Growth Regulators Impact of Selected Pesticides on Bees Insecticides Registered for Greenhouse Ornamentals Insect Control for Greenhouse Vegetable Product and Herbs 37 41 61 75 79 83 229 Part 3: Disease, Weed, and Algae Management Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Managing Plant Diseases Weed and Algae Control in Commercial Greenhouses 241 299 Part 4: Cultural, Water, and Fertility Management Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Plant Growth Regulators for Floricultural Crops Water Supply, Irrigation, and Management Too Wet or Too Dry? Precision Irrigation for Nursery and Greenhouse Crops Fertility Management Fertilizer Injection or Fertigation Care and Calibration of Injector Pumps 307 335 343 345 355 369 375 Part 5: Greenhouse Structures and Environment Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Greenhouse Selection and Placement Greenhouse Growing Environment: Temperature and Humidity Greenhouse Systems Maintenance Greenhouse Substrates 381 385 397 401 Part 6: Appendix Appendix A Selected Resources Appendix B Conversion Factors Appendix C Images of Insects, Diseases, Abiotic Problems, and Weeds v 415 418 420 List of Tables Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 6.1 Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 7.3 Table 7.4 Table 7.5 Table 7.6 Table 7.7 Table 7.8 Table 7.9 Table 7.10 Table 8.1 Table 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 10.1 Table 11.1 Table 11.2 Table 11.3 Table 11.4 Table 11.5 Table 11.6 Table 11.7 Table 11.8 Table 11.9 Table 11.10 Table 11.11 Table 11.12 Table 11.13 Table 12.1 Table 13.1 Table 13.2 Table 13.3 Table 13.4 Table 13.5 Table 13.6 Table 13.7 Table 13.8 Table 13.9 Table 13.10 Table 13.11 Table 13.12 Pest Problems And Indicator Plants Samples of Greenhouse IPM Crop Information Collection Forms Key Pests and Cultural Requirements of Greenhouse Ornamental Crops Key Pests of Vegetable Transplants Grown in the Greenhouse Monitoring Pests In The Greenhouse Optimum Spray Drop Sizes For Various Targets Theoretical Spray Coverage Mode of Action (MoA) Classiication of Insecticides and Miticides Compatibility of Pesticides and Biological Control Biological Control of Aphids Biological Control of Caterpillars Biological Control of Fungus Gnats and Shore Flies Biological Control of Mealybugs Biological Control of Broad and Cyclamen Mites Biological Control of Spider Mites Biological Control of Scale Insects Biological Control of Thrips Biological Control of Whitelies Biopesticides, Reduced-risk Pesticides and Their Uses Product Names and Distributors of Commonly Found IGRs for Greenhouse Use Insect Growth Regulators And The Pests They Control Alternatives to Neonicotinoids Insecticides for Aphid Control Insecticides for Caterpillar Control Nematicides for Foliar Nematode Control Insecticides for Fungus Gnat Control Insecticides for Leafminer Control Insecticides for Mealybug Control Miticides for Tarsonemid Mite Control Miticides for Spider Mite Control Insecticides for Scale Control Insecticides for Shore Fly Control Pesticides for Slug Control Insecticides for Thrips Control Insecticides for Whitely Control Insecticides for Greenhouse Vegetable Production Products for Managing Bacterial Diseases Fungicides for Managing Botrytis Blight Fungicides for Managing Downy Mildew Fungicides for Managing Fungal Leaf Spots Fungicides for Managing Fusarium Root Rot Fungicides for Managing Powdery Mildew Fungicides for Managing Phytophthora Foliar Blight Fungicides for Managing Pythium and Phytophthora Root and Crown Rots Fungicides for Managing Rhizoctonia Root and Crown Rot Fungicides for Managing Rusts Fungicides for Managing Sclerotinia Blight and Crown Rot Fungicides for Managing Thielaviopsis Root Rot vi 10 14 19 22 31 32 38 43 49 50 52 53 54 54 55 58 60 64 75 76 81 85 102 115 117 129 142 157 163 176 188 193 197 213 230 244 247 253 258 264 268 274 278 281 285 289 292 Table 13.13 Table 14.1 Table 14.2 Table 15.1 Table 15.2 Table 15.3 Table 15.4 Table 17.1 Table 17.2 Table 19.1 Table 19.2 Table 19.3 Table 19.4 Table 19.5 Table 19.6 Table 21.1 Table 25.1 Table 25.2 Fungicides and Bactericides for Greenhouse Vegetable Production Herbicides Labeled for Use in Controlling Weeds in Greenhouses Algae Control With Chemicals Plant Growth Regulators Used To Reduce Plant Height Other Plant Growth Regulators Used In Production of Floricultural Crops Growth Regulators for Floricultural Crops in Greenhouses Dilution Table for Amount of Formulated Produce per Gallon of Solution Five Soil Moisture Levels Optimum Soil Moisture Levels During Plug Production Formulas, Molecular Masses, and Compositions of Common Macro Fertilizers Formulas, Molecular Masses, and Compositions of Common Micro Fertilizers Commercially Available Fertilizers That Either Acidify or Increase Substrate pH Based on Potential Acidity or Basicity Suggested Rates for Fertilizing Different Crop Types (ppm N) Injection Ratios And Nitrogen Concentration For Constant Feeding Suggestions and Precautions for Controlled Release Fertilizer Use Maintenance Schedule for Injector System Effects Of pH On Nutrient Availability In Soilless Substrates Intrepreting Electrical Conductivity Values From Different Methods 295 300 303 320 323 325 334 343 344 359 360 361 363 364 367 376 405 409 List of Figures Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 16.1 Figure 18.1 Figure 18.2 Figure 18.3 Figure 19.1 Figure 19.2 Figure 19.3 Figure 20.1 Figure 20.2 Figure 20.3 Figure 21.1 Figure 21.2 Figure 21.3 Figure 23.1 Figure 23.2a Figure 23.2b Figure 23.3 Figure 23.4 Figure 23.5a Figure 23.5b Figure 23.6 Figure 25.1 Figure 25.2 Evaporative Cooling Pad Manometers Resistance Curve Air Movement With Screening Ventilation Air Flow Irrigation Filters A Schematic of a Farm-scale WSN for Precision Irrigation Scheduling Different Data Collection Scenarios Typical Container Moisure Dynamics Before and After Irrigation Events Law Of The Minimum Principle Concentration Ranges of Several Nutrients Found In Plant Leaves Effects of pH on Nutrient Availability in Soilless Organic Substrates Using Proportioners For Fertilizer Applications Venturi Injection Positive Displacement Proportioner Parts of an Injector Concentrate Filter An EC Meter Greenhouse Heating HAF Fans (2) HAF Fans (4) Greenhouse Ventilation Mechanical Greenhouse Ventilation Winter Moisture Control Greenhouse Air Exchange Control Sensors Substrate, Irrigation and Fertilizer Triangle Suggested Substrate pH Ranges For Greenhouse Crops vii 25 25 26 26 27 339 347 349 350 355 356 357 370 371 372 375 376 377 387 389 389 390 391 393 394 394 401 406 Part Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Greenhouse Operations Chapter Integrated Pest Management: Scouting Overview Chapter Integrated Pest Management: Monitoring Crops for Key Problems Chapter Screening Out Insect Pests Chapter Disinfecting a Greenhouse: Keeping Diseases and Insects in Check Chapter Pesticide Application Equipment: Selection and Calibration Variegated fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, butterly Photo: Suzanne Klick Variegated fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, larva Photo: Suzanne Klick Heavy infestation of fungus gnats on yellow cards Photo: Stanton Gill Yellowstriped armyworm on mum Photo: Suzanne Klick Fungus gnat larva feeding on pansy at base of stem Photo: Suzanne Klick Fungus gnat damage on poinsettia cutting Photo: Suzanne Klick 426 Shorely adult Photo: Suzanne Klick Leafminer damage on gerbera Photo: Suzanne Klick Leafminer damage on cabbage Photo: Shannon Wadkins Blotch leafminer damage on mum Photo: Suzanne Klick Blotch leafminer larva found in mum leaf mine Photo: Suzanne Klick Broad mite damage on sweet potato vine Photo: Suzanne Klick 427 Heavy webbing on mum from spider mites Photo: Shannon Wadkins Stippling damage on calla lily from spider mites Photo: Suzanne Klick Twospotted spider mites and eggs Photo: Shannon Wadkins Mealybugs in cryptic areas of New Guinea impatiens Photo: Suzanne Klick Mealybug on heliconia Photo: Suzanne Klick Longtailed mealybug on palm Photo: Suzanne Klick 428 Brown soft scale Photo: Suzanne Klick Cactus scale on Opuntia dillenii Photo: Suzanne Klick Hemispherical scale on palm Photo: Suzanne Klick Fern scale on staghorn fern Photo: Suzanne Klick Slug damage on dahlia Photo: Suzanne Klick Slug on bottom of pot Photo: Suzanne Klick 429 Streaking from thrips feeding on gerbera daisy Photo: Shannon Wadkins Western lower thrips in gloxinia lower Photo: Suzanne Klick Female western lower thrips Photo: Stanton Gill Echinothrips damage on New Guinea impatiens Photo: Suzanne Klick Echinothrips Photo: Suzanne Klick Cuban laurel thrips Photo: Shannon Wadkins 430 Whitely infestation on sunlower Photo: Suzanne Klick Greenhouse whitely, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Photo: Shannon Wadkins Greenhouse whitely, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Photo: Suzanne Klick Greenhouse whitely, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Photo: Suzanne Klick Pupal stage of Bemesia tabaci whitely Photo: Suzanne Klick Bemesia tabaci whitely on poinsettia leaf Photo: Suzanne Klick 431 Alternaria on zinnia Photo: Suzanne Klick Stunting/mottling from Angelonia lower break virus Photo: Suzanne Klick Bacterial leaf spot on zinnia Photo: Suzanne Klick Bacterial blight on gerbera foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Botrytis on geranium lower Photo: Suzanne Klick Botrytis on geranium foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick 432 Geranium leaf infected with Botrytis Photo: Suzanne Klick Botrytis elliptica leaf spot on lily Photo: Suzanne Klick Black root rot, Thielaviopsis sp., on petunia Photo: Stanton Gill Black root rot, Thielaviopsis sp., infecting petunia Photo: Suzanne Klick Downy mildew infecting basil Photo: David Clement Downy mildew spores on underside of basil leaf Photo: David Clement 433 Downy mildew causing poor growth on coleus Photo: Suzanne Klick Downy mildew on upperside of coleus foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Downy mildew on underside of coleus foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Japanese anemone infested with foliar nematodes Photo: Suzanne Klick Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) on orchid Photo: Suzanne Klick New Guinea impatiens infected with INSV Photo: Karen Rane 434 Garden impatiens infected with INSV Photo: Suzanne Klick New Guinea impatiens infected with Myrothecium Photo: Ethel Dutky Uneven stem growth from poinsettia scab infection Photo: Stanton Gill Poinsettia scab infection on poinsettia leaves Photo: Stanton Gill Heavy powdery mildew infection on sedum foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick White powdery mildew spores on gerbera leaves Photo: Suzanne Klick 435 Powdery mildew on zinnia foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Pseudomonas sp infection on celosia Photo: Suzanne Klick Pseudomonas sp infection on tomato Photo: Suzanne Klick Wilting poinsettia plant due to Pythium root rot Photo: Suzanne Klick Close-up of poinsettia roots infected with Pythium Photo: Suzanne Klick Pythium root rot on salvia plugs Photo: Suzanne Klick 436 Vinca stem damaged by Rhizoctonia Photo: Suzanne Klick Webbing at base of lisianthus caused by Rhizoctonia Photo: Stanton Gill Chrysanthemum white rust on topside of foliage Photo: Karen Rane Chrysanthemum white rust on bottom of foliage Photo: Karen Rane Rust spores on the underside of a snapdragon leaf Photo: Suzanne Klick Yellowing/spotting caused by rust on snapdragon Photo: David Clement 437 Tobacco mosaic virus symptoms on petunia Photo: Karen Rane Tobacco mosaic virus symptoms on calibrachoa Photo: Karen Rane White mold infecting plants in hanging basket Photo: Suzanne Klick Pepper foliage infected with Xanthomonas Photo: Suzanne Klick Cold damage on Aglaonema foliage Photo: Shannon Wadkins Cold damage on petunia in hanging basket Photo: Shannon Wadkins 438 Oedema on primrose foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Oedema on geranium leaves Photo: Suzanne Klick Iron chlorosis on pansy Photo: Suzanne Klick Spray damage on poinsettia foliage Photo: Suzanne Klick Iron/manganese toxicity on geranium due to low pH Photo: Suzanne Klick Bird’s nest fungus in pot Photo: Suzanne Klick 439 Moss growing in pot Photo: Suzanne Klick Spurge that germinated in pot of begonias Photo: Suzanne Klick Groundsel under benches harboring aphids Photo: Suzanne Klick Groundsel that has gone to seed Photo: Suzanne Klick Weeds, with insect damage, under bench Photo: Suzanne Klick Oxalis, a common greenhouse weed, in lower Photo: Suzanne Klick 440 ... kurstaki Preclude TR, (fenoxycarb) Distance, Fulcrum (pyriproxyfen) Endeavor (pymetrozine) Aria (lonicamid) Ovation SC (clofentezine) Hexygon DF (hexythiazox) TetraSan (etoxazole) Beethoven TR Gnatrol... butoxide/PBO) Mavrik Aqualow (tau-luvalinate) TriStar (acetamiprid) *Discus (cyluthrin+ imidacloprid) Lada, Bounty, Mallet, mantra, marathon (imidacloprid) Safari (dinotefuran) Flagship (thiamethoxam)... (fenbutatin oxide) Chlorfenapyr Pylon, Pylon TR (chlorfenapyr) Benzoylureas Adept, Dimilin SC (dilubenzuron) Pedestal (novaluron) Talus (buprofezin) Citation (cyromazine) Intrepid Shuttle O (acequinocyl)