Rationale of the studies
Nowadays, online newspapers have indisputably become one of the most useful and convenient source of information Along with the spread of internet, online news is increasingly popular due to the availability and convenience they provide With internet and computer, the readers have a chance to get a great deal of diverse online newspapers Political news is always the hot area of information that attracts readers‟ attention Due to the fact that news are posted and updated simultaneously to assure the accurate of the news, especially the news related to politics Such news need to express the truth They are also governed by the state power for the political purposes Therefore, the writers have to use some kinds of pragmatic devices that implicatures are the most common one To reach to the understanding between the writer and the receivers or readers, using implicatures as a useful linguistic resource is a useful way Realizing the importance and significant of implicatures in newspaper article, this study is carried out to investigate the use of implicature in transferring the information to in the language of Vietnamese and English newspaper articles.
Research questions
Based on the background and the focus of the research, the writer proposed three questions for this study, those are:
1) What are the conversational maxims that are violated in the Vietnamese electronic newspaper articles on Vietnam- China island disputes to generate conversational implicatures?
2) What are the conversational maxims that are violated in the English electronic newspaper articles on Vietnam- China island disputes to generate conversational implicatures?
3) What are the similarities and differences on adopting conversational maxim violation to generate conversational implicatures between English and Vietnamese electronic newspaper articles on Vietnam - China island disputes?
The study deals with the exploitation of conversational implicatures in the Vietnamese and English political newspaper articles Therefore, the study is aimed specifically:
- To identify the conversational implicatures which are generated and the conversational maxims which are violated in the political Vietnamese electronic newspaper article on Vietnam- China island disputes
- To identify the conversational implicature which are generated and the conversational maxims which are violated in the political English electronic newspaper article on Vietnam- China island disputes
- To compare the similarity and differences of adopting implicatures in English and Vietnamese electronic newspapers on Vietnam - China island disputes
The study focuses on analyzing political articles in the press, not on television or radio or any other media The Vietnam-China island disputes lasted from a long time before However, due to the limit of time, this research is only concerned with the main events in the time from 2011 to 2014 The newspapers selected are doisongphapluat.com, vietnamnet.vn, vnexpress.net, dantri.com and three other English popular and reputed ones - cnn.com, reuters.com and bbc.com Those newspapers are chosen for the reason that they update and announce the official information from the government Moreover, they are the voice of the national law with high reliability and accuracy Therefore, the data collected are reliable to all readers
The study is an attempt to carry out an analysis of English and Vietnamese newspaper articles on some of the most important events of Vietnam-China island disputes in terms of implicatures Specially, it focuses on how implicatures is formed to convey the information about the island disputes between the two countries The research applies the theory of implicatures and cooperative principle which are proposed by Grice to identify the forming process of conversational implicatures
The study used descriptive qualitative approach and content analysis as the research design One can undertake qualitative in a natural phenomena where the writer works as the primary instrument of data collection that compiles words, analyzes then inductively, concerns with the meaning of participants, and describes an expressive language processes (Creswell, 1998) In this case, the writer collected the whole data related to sentences in electronic newspaper articles For a further description of the methods of the study, see chapter 3
This study consists of three main parts: Introduction, Development and Conclusion
Part A: Introduction presents the rationale, scope, aims and methods of the study Part B: Development: in this part, three chapters are present
Chapter 1: Literature Review deals with the theoretical framework relevant to the topic
Chapter 2: Methods and Procedure gives detailed description of data collection method and analysis procedure
Chapter 3: Results and Discussion of the results constitutes the main part of the study This part represents the results from the analysis on the utilization on conversational implicatures in the English and Vietnamese newspaper articles and discusses the findings
Part C: Conclusion and Suggestion summarizes the findings of the study with regard to the results of conversational implicature investigated some limitations, implications and suggestions for further research
PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
Up to now, there are some definitions of implicatures proposed by scholars and linguists Amongst them was Grice, who may be said to introduce the term of first time in his William James lectures in 1967 He defined implicatures as “a notion which is not explicitly stated but inferable from the conventional meaning of some linguistic unit in an utterance and taken to be communicated” According to Thomas (1995), Grice‟s theory is “an attempt at explaining how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant, from the level of what you expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.” To help the readers understand implicatures more, he gave an example of implicatures as stated below:
“We must remember your telephone bill”, she said, hinting that Louis has talked long enough “Good bye”, said Louis ringing off It takes the rich to remind one of the bills, she though
In the example, we can see that when the speaker utters the words “We must remember your telephone bill”, she is implying that she wants to close the conversation It is necessary to distinguish between implying and inferring, or implicature and inference Implicatures are generated intentionally by the speaker and may be understood by the hearer whereas inference is produced by the hearer deducing something from evidence
Levinson (1983:97) mentions that the projection of the concept of implicatures in recent work in pragmatics is due to a number of sources First, implicatures stand as a paradigmatic example of the nature and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena Second, implicatures provide some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually said, i.e more than what is literally expressed by the conventional senses of the linguistic expression uttered
Therefore, in the conversation, the speaker and the hearer co-operate with each other, in other words, they follow the cooperative principles that Grice has described in term of four categories of special cases, which is called “Maxims”
These maxims can briefly be characterized in modified forms below:
1) Maxim of Quantity: Be brief Make your contribution as informative as required and no more
2) Maxim of Quality: Be true Do not say what you believe to be false and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
3) Maxim of Relation: Be relevant
4) Maxim of Manner: Be clear Avoid obscurity and ambiguity
It is suggested that the inferences arise based on the observation of four mentioned conversation maxims With the implicatures in which speakers deliberately choose to flout one of the maxims, we call them flouting implicatures
Thomas (1995:58) stated “To imply is to hint, suggest or convey some meaning indirectly by means of language” (Thomas 1995: 58) He indicates that Grice distinguishes between two kinds of implicatures: conversational implicatures and conventional implicatures
Conventional implicatures which convey the same extra meaning regardless of context and is always lexicalized Conventional implicatures are carried by a restricted number of words: but, even, therefore, yet
Grice gives the following convincing examples:
He is poor but honest
This is an utterance stating that honesty appears contrary to expectations in relation to financial under privileges
John is an Englishman therefore he is brave
And this is an utterance which triggers entailment built on the argumentative of reaching a conclusion based on a set of premises:
Premise 1: All Englishmen are brave
Premise 2: John is an Englishman, Conclusion: John is brave
Conversational implicatures, which convey different meanings according to different contexts, i.e are calculated afresh each time the Speaker and the Hearer interacts Take the following example:
A: Is that scotch over there?
A‟s utterance is literally a request for information (on the nature of the liquor), yet B interprets it as a request for a drink Nothing in the literal meaning of A‟s utterance could lead B to that interpretation, which can only be derived by means of conversational implicature
Faced with a speaker‟s non-observance of a maxim, a competent hearer will draw one of several possible conclusions: a) The speaker is openly „opting out‟ from the operation of the maxim and is unwilling to abide by the CP b) The speaker is deliberately and secretly subverting the maxim and the CP, usually for some self-serving purpose This constitutes an instance of maxim violation c) The speaker means to observe the CP, but fails to fulfill a particular maxim through ineptitude For example, he may ineptly use words too technical for the audience and occasion, thus inadvertently non-observing the Maxim of Manner
This is an instance of maxim infringement d) The speaker presumably means to observe the CP, and yet s/he is blatantly not observing a maxim; if he is not inept, s/he must mean something additional to what s/he is saying
For example, when asked what she thinks of a new restaurant, a woman who replied: „They have handsome carpets.‟ would appear to be flouting the first Maxim of Quality If there is no reason that she means not to be observing the CP and that she is not inept either, then her remark must mean something other than what it literally asserts - for example, that the food they serve is not the best in town When non-observance of a maxim is deliberate and intended to be recognized as deliberate, this is a case of Maxim Flouting (Hancher, 1978)
Scope of the study
The study focuses on analyzing political articles in the press, not on television or radio or any other media The Vietnam-China island disputes lasted from a long time before However, due to the limit of time, this research is only concerned with the main events in the time from 2011 to 2014 The newspapers selected are doisongphapluat.com, vietnamnet.vn, vnexpress.net, dantri.com and three other English popular and reputed ones - cnn.com, reuters.com and bbc.com Those newspapers are chosen for the reason that they update and announce the official information from the government Moreover, they are the voice of the national law with high reliability and accuracy Therefore, the data collected are reliable to all readers.
Methods of the study
The study is an attempt to carry out an analysis of English and Vietnamese newspaper articles on some of the most important events of Vietnam-China island disputes in terms of implicatures Specially, it focuses on how implicatures is formed to convey the information about the island disputes between the two countries The research applies the theory of implicatures and cooperative principle which are proposed by Grice to identify the forming process of conversational implicatures
The study used descriptive qualitative approach and content analysis as the research design One can undertake qualitative in a natural phenomena where the writer works as the primary instrument of data collection that compiles words, analyzes then inductively, concerns with the meaning of participants, and describes an expressive language processes (Creswell, 1998) In this case, the writer collected the whole data related to sentences in electronic newspaper articles For a further description of the methods of the study, see chapter 3.
Organization of the study
This study consists of three main parts: Introduction, Development and Conclusion
Part A: Introduction presents the rationale, scope, aims and methods of the study Part B: Development: in this part, three chapters are present
Chapter 1: Literature Review deals with the theoretical framework relevant to the topic
Chapter 2: Methods and Procedure gives detailed description of data collection method and analysis procedure
Chapter 3: Results and Discussion of the results constitutes the main part of the study This part represents the results from the analysis on the utilization on conversational implicatures in the English and Vietnamese newspaper articles and discusses the findings
Part C: Conclusion and Suggestion summarizes the findings of the study with regard to the results of conversational implicature investigated some limitations, implications and suggestions for further research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theories on conversational implicature
Up to now, there are some definitions of implicatures proposed by scholars and linguists Amongst them was Grice, who may be said to introduce the term of first time in his William James lectures in 1967 He defined implicatures as “a notion which is not explicitly stated but inferable from the conventional meaning of some linguistic unit in an utterance and taken to be communicated” According to Thomas (1995), Grice‟s theory is “an attempt at explaining how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant, from the level of what you expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.” To help the readers understand implicatures more, he gave an example of implicatures as stated below:
“We must remember your telephone bill”, she said, hinting that Louis has talked long enough “Good bye”, said Louis ringing off It takes the rich to remind one of the bills, she though
In the example, we can see that when the speaker utters the words “We must remember your telephone bill”, she is implying that she wants to close the conversation It is necessary to distinguish between implying and inferring, or implicature and inference Implicatures are generated intentionally by the speaker and may be understood by the hearer whereas inference is produced by the hearer deducing something from evidence
Levinson (1983:97) mentions that the projection of the concept of implicatures in recent work in pragmatics is due to a number of sources First, implicatures stand as a paradigmatic example of the nature and power of pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena Second, implicatures provide some explicit account of how it is possible to mean more than what is actually said, i.e more than what is literally expressed by the conventional senses of the linguistic expression uttered
Therefore, in the conversation, the speaker and the hearer co-operate with each other, in other words, they follow the cooperative principles that Grice has described in term of four categories of special cases, which is called “Maxims”
These maxims can briefly be characterized in modified forms below:
1) Maxim of Quantity: Be brief Make your contribution as informative as required and no more
2) Maxim of Quality: Be true Do not say what you believe to be false and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
3) Maxim of Relation: Be relevant
4) Maxim of Manner: Be clear Avoid obscurity and ambiguity
It is suggested that the inferences arise based on the observation of four mentioned conversation maxims With the implicatures in which speakers deliberately choose to flout one of the maxims, we call them flouting implicatures
Thomas (1995:58) stated “To imply is to hint, suggest or convey some meaning indirectly by means of language” (Thomas 1995: 58) He indicates that Grice distinguishes between two kinds of implicatures: conversational implicatures and conventional implicatures
Conventional implicatures which convey the same extra meaning regardless of context and is always lexicalized Conventional implicatures are carried by a restricted number of words: but, even, therefore, yet
Grice gives the following convincing examples:
He is poor but honest
This is an utterance stating that honesty appears contrary to expectations in relation to financial under privileges
John is an Englishman therefore he is brave
And this is an utterance which triggers entailment built on the argumentative of reaching a conclusion based on a set of premises:
Premise 1: All Englishmen are brave
Premise 2: John is an Englishman, Conclusion: John is brave
Conversational implicatures, which convey different meanings according to different contexts, i.e are calculated afresh each time the Speaker and the Hearer interacts Take the following example:
A: Is that scotch over there?
A‟s utterance is literally a request for information (on the nature of the liquor), yet B interprets it as a request for a drink Nothing in the literal meaning of A‟s utterance could lead B to that interpretation, which can only be derived by means of conversational implicature
Faced with a speaker‟s non-observance of a maxim, a competent hearer will draw one of several possible conclusions: a) The speaker is openly „opting out‟ from the operation of the maxim and is unwilling to abide by the CP b) The speaker is deliberately and secretly subverting the maxim and the CP, usually for some self-serving purpose This constitutes an instance of maxim violation c) The speaker means to observe the CP, but fails to fulfill a particular maxim through ineptitude For example, he may ineptly use words too technical for the audience and occasion, thus inadvertently non-observing the Maxim of Manner
This is an instance of maxim infringement d) The speaker presumably means to observe the CP, and yet s/he is blatantly not observing a maxim; if he is not inept, s/he must mean something additional to what s/he is saying
For example, when asked what she thinks of a new restaurant, a woman who replied: „They have handsome carpets.‟ would appear to be flouting the first Maxim of Quality If there is no reason that she means not to be observing the CP and that she is not inept either, then her remark must mean something other than what it literally asserts - for example, that the food they serve is not the best in town When non-observance of a maxim is deliberate and intended to be recognized as deliberate, this is a case of Maxim Flouting (Hancher, 1978)
Paradoxically enough, more often than not, people fail to observe the maxims, be it deliberately or accidentally There are five major ways of failing to observe a maxim: flouting, violating, infringing, opting out and suspending
Violation is defined as the unostentatious or „quiet‟ non-observance of a maxim A speaker who violates a maxim „will be liable to mislead‟ (Grice, 1975:
Violating a maxim is quite the opposite of flouting a maxim Violating a maxim rather prevents or at least discourages the Hearer from seeking for implicatures and rather encourages their taking utterances at face value These following examples were cited from Arif Suryo Priyatmojo; in his article namely Indonesia Political Language (page 4-6)
Violation of the Maxim of Quantity
Politicians often violate this maxim by giving too much information as the following political language discourses
“Of course, we will discuss over some topics,” (Megawati, Jakarta post 30 April 2009)
This utterance does not give sufficient information since there is no information that readers can get from it
Violation of the Maxim of Quality
"The electricity crisis is a consequence of the rapid growth, but I think that's not a valid excuse” (Kalla, Jakarta Post, 28 April 2009)
The utterance does not give sufficient information because the first and the second clause are not related The second clause did not support the first clause for he was not quite sure about his information It is posibble that he was lack of evidence
Violation of the maxim of relation
“Golkar has been providing high quality entertainment in every general election since the reform era,” (Jeffri Winter, The Jakarta Post 29 April 2009)
The utterance violates the maxim of relevance because the addresser didn‟t give the relevant information The utterance also failed to address the goal of the utterances The readers were confused in analyzing it because it didn‟t have any relation with the topic discussed.
Review of related study
Conversational implicatures (C.I) is a type of indirect communication, first described by the English language philosopher Herberb Paul Grice He proposes that in a normal conversation, speakers and listeners share a cooperative principle When a speaker appears not to follow the maxims, he implies a function different the literal meaning of form The speakers assume that the hearers know that their words should not be taken at face value and that they can infer the implicit meaning In the electronic newspapers and other political editors, conversational implicatures are used to get the understanding between the writer and the readers By using CI, the writer can express their own viewpoint as well as their feeling on the discussed issues Grice‟ theory has been the foundation of many studies about implicatures in linguistics In a study of Wakhana Putri namely An analysis of implicatures as found in transcript of interview between Barack Obama and Hisyam Melhem from Al-Arabiya TV, the author has found that, implicatures may mostly occur in political conversations and speeches In addition, most of political utterances imply meaning Politicians tend to break the rules of cooperative principles and create conversational implicatures As in an interview, the politician may perform interestingly in front of the audience and the interviewer because he or she wants to catch the people‟s interest about what he or she talks In this study, by studying the implicatures used in the interview of the two presidents, the author assumed that during the process of interview Hisyam Melhem as the interviewer expects the needed response from Obama It fulfils the cooperative principle The result of analysis shows that Obama violates all of the maxims and this causes the occurrence of implicature and precisely, he violates Grice‟s cooperative principle Moreover, Obama‟s reasons using implicature during the interview is that he wants to show the power of the United State However, the statements are bias to one side only
Nevertheless, he wants to be careful with what he says in commending the point of view about the track between Palestinians and Israeli
The multidimensionality of political discourse has attracted a great deal of attention from discourse analysis Studies vary from the role of evasion in political talk (Harris, 1991), the relationship between politics, the government, and the media (Fairclough, 1998, 2000; van Dijk, 1998), ideology and political discourse (Hudson, 1978), political language in general (Wodak, 1989) have all been given some attention In addition, many studies take CDA‟s perspective to analyze textual data made by different political leaders from different political background, ages, gender, etc, in order to undertake a detailed investigation of the way political speakers negotiate and maintain face work, show their national power when interacting with each other in such contexts In the studies about political discourse in diplomatic relationship such as speeches of president Obama (Jurai), political press conferences (Aditi, 2006, Critical discourse analysis and political press conference), political editors (Hussain), political interviews (Dr Eba‟, Analyzing Political Discourse: Towards a Pragmatic Approach), researchers found that politicians mostly rely on pragmatic strategies to grapple with the conflict between being uncooperative and truthful It is apparent that political discourse revolves around being manipulative and hedgy, giving less information about the truth of things A politician actually hides himself behind these skills so as not to attach himself to any kind of commitment
He may use certain pragmatic skills to attack other rival politician's face in order to improve his; or simply to simulate the feelings of the population and get them to believe in him or drive them to follow his beliefs According to Wodak (2007:
203) such pragmatic devices as implicatures can be analyzed in their multiple functions in political discourse where they frequently serve certain goals
The applying implicatures in political text has proved a fact that there is a strict relationship between language, political ideology and power relations
Aditi‟s study gave a closer look at diplomatic talk to communicate political differences in a positive way to smooth out socio-political and ideological discrepancies that often divide prominent political figures Taking a critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, this article analyses textual data from press conferences involving the former Chinese President Jiang Zemin and the
US President George W Bush, who come from different ideological backgrounds, also sharing differences in other dimensions such as age, experience, economic status, socio-political influence and political objectives
The findings reveal three major themes: positivity for the reinforcement of mutual trust, respect and progress; influence and power for subtle persuasion; and evasion to hedge or avoid responses to probing and inconvenient questions from the media
Mostly, the studies on politics collect data from politician speeches, interviews, conferences and on different media channels This work uses internet newspapers as a source of information The articles are collected from popular and reputed electronic newspapers From the studying, the writer targets on exploiting the use of conversational implicatures in the studied articles The study hopes to draw out the reasons how and why implicatures are used so often in political texts The analyzing process focuses on the utilization of conversational implicatures, the features and hidden ideology of each newspaper on the events of Vietnam - China island disputes.
Review of Vietnam - China island disputes in the period of time from 2011
The East Sea is a semi-enclosed sea in the Pacific Ocean, covering an area of over 3.5 million sq km It is bordered by nine coastal countries, namely Vietnam, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia and Singapore It is abundant in natural resources, especially oil, gas and marine resources Recently, data suggest that the sea has huge reserves of natural hydrate
The sea is the second busiest maritime route in the world after the Mediterranean route, with 150 - 200 large-tonnage ships passing through its waters every day Imports and exports essential for such major economies as China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, depend largely on this shipping route Militarily, the East Sea is where naval fleets from many countries both inside and outside the region operate
All these factors have led to an inevitable and obvious situation that in the East Sea the interests of many countries are closely intertwined at different levels Peace and stability in the East Sea directly affect peace and stability in the region and the world China‟s recent aggressive acts in the East Sea has pushed escalation of tensions in the area and sparked concern that the area is becoming a flashpoint with global consequences
The Hoang Sa (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagos consist of a series of tiny coral reefs and banks in the middle of the East Sea At present, these two archipelagos are at the center of complicated disputes between several countries bordering the East Sea The dispute between Vietnam and China is a dispute over territory and sovereignty over these two islands China‟s claims on U-shaped line were the first case mentioned China claims by far the largest portion of territory - an area defined by the so-called "nine-dash line" which stretches hundreds of miles south and east from its most southerly province of
Hainan In the next step, China did illegal and aggressive acts in the East Sea
After implementing the closed door policy for a long time, this country began eyeing and encroaching into the East Sea The process has happened as in the table below:
Table 1.2 Vietnam - China island dispute timeline
1909 China began to occupy Hoang Sa (Paracel) Archipelago This nation continued its unruly hostility by drawing the U-shaped line in
1946, which covers around 80 percent of the East Sea However until May 2009 this line was public as China occupied eastern islands in Hoang Sa Archipelago and Ba Binh Island in Truong Sa (Spratly) Archipelago
1956 The People‟s Republic of China occupied the eastern part of Hoang
Sa while Taiwan held Ba Binh Island in Truong Sa
Two years later, the whole globe shocked with the official claim of China on its sovereignty over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa
1974 The western part of Hoang Sa was seized by China Some other islands in Truong Sa were gradually occupied in 1988, remarkably Vanh Khan Island of Truong Sa in 1995
1992 China stipulated unreasonable that the East Sea belongs to the territorial waters of its Hainan province
1999 Vietnam and related countries have strongly protested China‟s groundless and illegal U-shape line map when this map officially submitted to the United Nations China claims sovereignty over the whole Hoang Sa Archipelago Hoang Sa and the adjacent waters were considered as its natural territory It also claims sovereignty over the entire Truong Sa Archipelago and its adjacent waters, but admits to have disputes
2011 China has been taking more aggressive and provoking acts in the
East Sea, including encroaching Vietnam‟s territories and cut the cables of Vietnam‟s sea surveillance and oil exploration ships named Viking 2 and Binh Minh 2 This country also issued ban on fishing in the East Sea, covering the traditional fishing ground of Vietnam
6- 2012 The information about China‟s establishment of the so-called
"Sansha" city, which includes the island district of Truong Sa (Spratly) of Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam and the Hoang Sa (Paracels) island district of Da Nang, Vietnam was released China announced the opening of international bids for 9 oil and gas lot within Vietnam‟s exclusive economic zone and Vietnam‟s continental shelf
8/2012 China again opened international bid for the oil and gas block
65/12, seriously violating Vietnam's sovereignty over the Paracel Islands The nine oil and gas lots that the CNOOC opened international bids for are entirely in the exclusive economic zone of
200 nautical miles and the continental shelf of Vietnam
10/2012 China held a flag raising ceremony to mark its National Day on Phu
Lam Island in the Hoang Sa archipelago the Chinese navy‟s Nanhai Fleet held an exercise in the waters of the Hoang Sa archipelago and five days later, China set up a meteorological station in the so-called Sansha City
11/2012 China published a map of "Sansha," which includes the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos and the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Vietnam
3/2013 While Vietnam's Binh Minh 02 ship was conducting normal seismic exploration in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Vietnam, two Chinese fishing vessels deliberately obstructed and cut the ship‟s cable, regardless of the warning signal of functional forces of Vietnam
5/ 2014 China deployed the mobile HD-981 drilling rig in the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Vietnam The drilling rig is escorted by many ships of the coast guard, the naval and fishery surveillance forces of China Chinese ships attacked vessels of the law enforcement forces of Vietnam in Vietnam‟s waters They also rammed fishing ships of Vietnam These acts have been strongly objected by Vietnam and the international community
This study focuses on the events in the period of time from 2011 to 2015
In fact, this is the significant period in the timeline of arguments For this reason, the witer decided to study all the events related to Vietnam- China island disputes in this period of time.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Data collection methods
In conducting this research, the researcher employs the descriptive qualitative method and content analysis The researcher focuses on the activities such as collecting data, classifying, analyzing, and drawing the conclusion
Sutrisno Hadi (1983:30) states about descriptive method as a type of research, which only collects, analyzes, and concludes the data without concluding them commonly Meanwhile, qualitative method is a research procedure, which produces descriptive data in the form of written or oral words of people and behavior, which can be observed (Bogdan & Taylor, in Moleong (2006: 5).The research design was content analysis dealt with written texts According to Ary et al (2002) content analysis deals with analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its own context such as public records and textbooks
This study based on some following criteria for data selection:
First, news discourse is chosen specifically for analysis, thereby, television news and radio news are not in the investigation The data are collected from official, reliable, popular and high-quality electronic newspaper They are included phapluatdoisong.com, dantri.com, nld.com.vn, vietnamnet.vn, vnexpress.net, reuter.com, cnn.com, bbc.com Such newspaper as phapluatdoisong.com, vietnamnet.vn are either the official daily newspapers in Vietnam or the voice of Vietnamese law and political power of Vietnam‟s government Whereas, reuter.com, cnn.com are trustworthy international newspaper with high global edition published in 180 countries
Second, all chosen articles from the newspapers have to contain conversational maxim violation to generate implicature
Third, researcher focuses merely on the articles related to the important events in the Vietnam-China island disputes in the period of time from 2011 -
Forth, researcher must sort out the sentences or phrases hold conversational implicatures and put them in the context The researchers should extract some neighbouring sentences if possible.
Data source
The sources of the data in this study are the articles covered the Vietnam- China island disputes in both Vietnamese and English On this issue, there are such a considerable number of articles written in these electronic newspapers
However, with the aim of the study to investigate the conversational implicatures, the study examines 60 articles which are believed to contain implicatures on the major events of Vietnam - China Island disputes focuses on the certain period of time from 2012 to 2015
The frequency of the articles about Vietnam - China island disputes in the four newspapers are different To assure an exactly finding for the similarity and differences of Vietnamese and English newspaper articles, the number of chosen articles are equal with 30 articles for each language
Population is all of individuals to whom the facts which being got will be generalized (Hadi, 1983) The population of this research was conversational implicature found in the articles related to the subject of the study There are a lot of sentences that conversationally imply a meaning to the readers found in every article However, the researcher chooses them in random The number of conversational implicates chosen in the whole 60 articles in both language was
60, so the population was 60 The samples of this research are all the conversational implicatures in the investigated articles
No Article Date of publishing Source
1 Tam Sa :”Trung Quốc đưa đảo nhỏ vào cuồng vọng lớn”
July 26 th 2012 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi- su/tam-sa-trung-quoc-dem-dao- nho-vao-cuong-vong-lon- 82186.html
2 Canh bài giàn khoan nước sâu của Trung Quốc
August 30 th 2012 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi- su/canh-bai-gian-khoan-nuoc-sau- cua-tq-86750.html
3 Trung Quốc hung hăng, Việt Nam sẽ đáp trả
May 7 th 2014 http://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-trong- nuoc/trung-quoc-hung-hang-viet- nam-se-dap-tra-
4 Trung Quốc xâm phạm chủ quyền, lòng dân sôi sục
May 8 th 2014 http://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-trong- nuoc/trung-quoc-xam-pham-chu- quyen-long-dan-soi-suc-
5 Đáp lời Asean, Trung Quốc vẫn khẳng định chủ quyền
July 21 st 2012 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi- su/dap-loi-asean-tq-van-khang- dinh-chu-quyen-bien-dong- 81585.html
6 Trung Quốc lại ngang ngược phá cáp khảo sát của Việt Nam
June 9 th 2011 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi- su/trung-quoc-lai-ngang-nguoc- pha-cap-khao-sat-cua-viet-nam- 24951.html
7 Trung Quốc cắt cáp thăm dò dầu khí của Việt Nam
May 27 th 2011 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the- gioi/trung-quoc-pha-cap-tau-tham- do-cua-viet-nam-2197200.html
8 Việt Nam phản đối March 3 rd 2011 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-
Trung Quốc tập trận ở Trường Sa su/viet-nam-phan-doi-trung-quoc- tap-tran-o-truong-sa-11189.html
9 Cắt cáp dầu khí của Việt Nam, Trung Quốc nói là bình thường
May 29 th 2011 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi- su/cat-cap-dau-khi-viet-nam- trung-quoc-noi-la-binh-thuong- 23121.html
10 Việt Nam phản đối Trung Quốc làm đứt cáp tàu Bình Minh 02
December 4 th 2012 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the- gioi/viet-nam-phan-doi-trung- quoc-lam-dut-cap-tau-binh-minh- 02-2397712.html
11 VN thông báo với thế giới mối đe dọa
May 25 th 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/vn- thong-bao-voi-the-gioi-moi-de- doa-tq-177318.html
12 Giàn khoan Hải Dương-981 - toan tính và hệ quả trên Biển Đông
June 11 th 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna m/gian-khoan-hai-duong-981- toan-tinh-va-he-qua-tren-bien- dong-180321.html
13 Trung Quốc đã tính sai chiến lược
June 15 th 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna m/trung-quoc-da-tinh-sai-chien- luoc-180938.html
14 75 ngày giàn khoan phi pháp trong vùng biển VN
July 17 th 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/75- ngay-gian-khoan-phi-phap-trong- vung-bien-vn-186427.html
15 Trung Quốc di chuyển giàn khoan Hải Dương 981 đến vị trí mới ở Biển Đông
May 17 th 2015 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the- gioi/trung-quoc-di-chuyen-gian- khoan-hai-duong-981-den-vi-tri- moi-o-bien-dong-3219641.html
16 Không có chuyện June 27 2014 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi- tàu Việt Nam đâm tàu Trung Quốc su/khong-co-chuyen-tau-viet-nam- dam-tau-trung-quoc-3009808.html
17 Truyền thông Trung Quốc đang bôi đen Việt Nam
July 26 th 2012 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi- su/truyen-thong-trung-quoc-dang- boi-den-viet-nam-2237851.html
18 Nội bộ Trung Quốc tranh cãi về vụ kiện 'đường lưỡi bò'
2015 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the- gioi/phan-tich/noi-bo-trung-quoc- tranh-cai-ve-vu-kien-duong-luoi- bo-3330034.html
19 Hãy mừng vì Trung Quốc không làm rõ đường lưỡi bò!
June 19 th 2013 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna m/hay-mung-vi-trung-quoc- khong-lam-ro-duong-luoi-bo- 127572.html
20 Sự tích “đường lưỡi bò” hoang đường của TQ
June 30 th 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna m/su-tich-duong-luoi-bo-hoang- duong-cua-tq-183429.html
21 5 kịch bản cho biển Đông
July 3 rd 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna m/5-kich-ban-cho-bien-dong- 183965.html
22 “Gác tranh chấp, cùng phát triển” ở Biển Đông có khả thi?
June 13 th 2013 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna m/gac-tranh-chap-cung-phat-trien- o-bien-dong-co-kha-thi-
23 Năm 2013: Trung Quốc lại khuấy động Biển Đông
2013 http://www.doisongphapluat.com/t in-tuc/the-gioi/nam-2013-trung- quoc-1ai-khuay-dong-bien-dong- a15533.html
24 Biển Đông, Hoa Đông - vùng nóng
2013 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi- su/bien-dong-hoa-dong-vung-
25 “ Ân họa” từ cảnh sát biển Tung Quốc
August 14 th 2013 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/an- hoa-tu-canh-sat-bien-tq- 135464.html
26 Âm mưu biển Đông của TQ:
Nguồn lợi ngoài dầu khí
May 23 rd 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/kinh- doanh/am-muu-bien-dong-cua-tq- nguon-loi-ngoai-dau-khi-
27 Trung Quốc đang đốt cháy hòa bình ở biển Đông
28 Biển Đông: Có âm mưu ngầm phá hoại, khiêu khích!
May 15 th 2014 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/tuanvietna m/bien-dong-co-am-muu-ngam- pha-hoai-khieu-khich-175482.html
29 Trung Quốc dùng chiến lược “ nghìn vết cắt” ở Biển Đông
July 23 rd 2012 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/tq- dung-chien-luoc-nghin-vet-cat-o- bien-dong-81653.html
30 Phản đối Trung Quốc lập HĐND Tam Sa
July 22 nd 2012 http://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/the- gioi/phan-doi-trung-quoc-bau-hoi- dong-nhan-dan-tam-sa-
31 Vietnam and China ships 'collide in South China Sea
May 7 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-27293314
32 Vietnam condemns China's sea claims as "serious
December 4 th 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- china-sea- idUSBRE8B303M20121204 violation"
33 Wrecks, rats and roaches standoff in the South China Sea
June 6st 2014 http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/
2014/07/world/south-china-sea- dispute/
34 A dangerous dance: China, Vietnam posture in the South China Sea
June 2 nd 2014 http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/28/ world/asia/vietnam-china-dispute- mckirdy/
35 Chinese ships reach Vietnam to extract thousands of citizens after deadly attacks
May 19 th 2014 http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/19/ world/asia/vietnam-china-tensions/
36 Chinese oil rig moved away from disputed waters off Vietnam
July 16 th 2014 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- china-vietnam-rig- idUSKBN0FL00Y20140716
37 China frees Vietnamese fishermen held on Paracel Islands
April 21 2012 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-17796451
38 Analysis: China's nine-dashed line in South China Sea
May 25 th 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- china-sea-boundary- idUSBRE84O07520120525
39 Vietnam builds military muscle to face China
2015 http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk- vietnam-china-conflict-insight- idUKKBN0U004820151218
40 China and Vietnam sign agreement to cool sea dispute
October 11 th 2011 http://www.reuters.com/article/chi na-vietnam- idUSL3E7LB4D420111011
41 China says interests outweigh differences with Vietnam
2014 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- china-vietnam-idUSKCN11J00X
42 South China Sea tensions rise as Vietnam says China rammed ships
May 7th 2014 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- china-seas-fishermen- idUSBREA4603C20140507
43 China, ASEAN agree on plans to solve South China Sea dispute
July 21 st 2011 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WOR
LD/asiapcf/07/21/china.sea.conflic t/
44 China oil rig to keep drilling in waters disputed with Vietnam
August 25 th 2015 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- southchinasea-china-vietnam- idUSKCN0QU0UG20150825
45 China moves controversial oil rig back towards Vietnam coast
June 26 th 2015 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- southchinasea-china-vietnam- idUSKBN0P60X320150626
46 South China Sea Boils: China Sends Oil Rig Near Vietnam Again
47 China-Vietnam May 16 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- tensions: Beijing vows to continue drilling asia-27434945
May 16 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-china-27435898
49 China warns Vietnam over stand-off in South China Sea
May 8 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-27332723
50 Shift as Vietnam marks South China Sea battle
January 15 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-25709833
51 Video shows Vietnam fishing boat sink after collision with Chinese vessel
June 5 th 2014 http://www.reuters.com/article/us- southchinasea-vietnam- idUSKBN0EG0X020140605
52 Vietnam boat sinks after collision with Chinese vessel
May 27 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-27583564
53 Vietnam-China tensions: Why protests are not just jingoism
May 16 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-27435612
54 China ships evacuate Vietnam workers after protests
May 19 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-27467450
May 14 th 2014 http://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-27403851
56 Vietnam buys submarine- launched land attack missiles to deter China
April 30 th 2015 http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk- vietnam-military- idUKKBN0NL0B220150430
57 Boats and brinksmanship up close in the South China Sea
June 6 th 2014 http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/05/ world/asia/vietnam-paracel- reporters-diary/
58 Chinese ships reach Vietnam to extract thousands of citizens after deadly attacks
May 19 th 2014 http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/19/ world/asia/vietnam-china-tensions/
59 Vietnamese crew speaks out about ship sinking incident in disputed waters
June 2 nd 2014 http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/02/ world/asia/da-nang-sunken- fishing-boat/
60 Chinese dilemmas in the South China Sea
June 23 rd 2011 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINI
Data analysis procedure
There were also some stages on how to analyze the data, Miles and Huberman (1994) reveal three current flows of data analysis, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification Data reduction is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming data that exists in the real transcriptions Data display is organized information including the final conclusion Conclusion drawing is meant to state a temporal result of the study
In this step, the writer reread the whole articles from the newspaper found
The writer only focused on the sentences which violate the conversational maxims
Therefore, the writer reduced the data which do not violate the conversational maxims since the data would give no contribution and result to implicature analysis
The writer then classified these sentences based on the type of conversational maxim that being violated, the type of conversational implicature The data will be classified based on the type of conversational maxim that being violated as follows:
"Những gì mà các cơ quan liên quan của Trung Quốc đã làm là các hoạt động giám sát và thực thi luật pháp hoàn toàn bình thường ở khu vực biển thuộc thẩm quyền tài phán của Trung Quốc”
"Our life here is hard sometimes because we are far from our families,"
Hilbert Bigania, a 30-year-old sergeant, said "We can't communicate with them, and we're in the middle of the ocean That's our everyday life here We can't do anything."
Their life is really tough
Relevance The rig movement comes weeks Vietnam is going to before Vietnam's top leader, Nguyen Phu Trong, is expected to visit the United States, in the first boost a strategic tie to The US as a allies and supporter In a chance this move can falter China
Manner "In these seas, China's ships were in a defensive mode who was it who took the initiative for the clash? Who was it who created tension on the scene? This is very clear," Hong said
Vietnam deserved to be blamed but China.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Comparison between English and Vietnamese electronic newspaper articles
The third problem in this research is the comparison between English and Vietnamese electronic newspapers on the generating conversational implicature and conversational maxim violation To give the adequate comparison, the writer based on the findings and the results From the analyzing presented in 3.1 and 3.2, we can see the similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English electronic articles in adopting conversational implicaures Remarkably, the two types of magazines share many common points and little difference The writer compared table 3.1 and 3.2 in table 3.3 below for the readers to better follow
Maxim violation Number of sentences and percentage
English articles Vietnamese articles Maxim of quality
The writer summarized in five main similar points between two types of article in adopting violating conversational maxim to generate conversational implicature as follow
Firstly, Vietnamese and English electronic magazine articles have a relatively similar process of violating conversational to generate conversational impplicature As stated in the tables 3.1 and 3.2, four maxims all exposed to be violated by the same process such as the violation of maxim quality by providing untrue information, using metaphor and hyperbole, the violation of maxim quantity by providing more or less information, maxim relevance is violated by saying irrelevant information, and maxim manner by obscured, vague language
Secondly, in both type of electronic magazines articles, the maxim of quality obtains a majority proportion of the four maxim violation The reason may be for that the electronic magazine articles related to the issue Vietnam- China island dispute are mostly the reports of governmental officials, politicians‟ speeches, announcements or events from Vietnam, China and other countries Therefore, the language in these articles not only obtains the characteristics of journalist but also of politic discourse In the analyzing process, the writer found that the maxim of quality was exploited more often than the others The maxim was usually exploited by giving “inappropriate” information In this violation, the politicians, governmental officials and authors of the articles very often did not intend to mislead the readers but they did it because of their political reasons Politicians and journalists often violated this maxim to fulfill the maxim of quantity In the political field, however, there was a clash between the maxim of quantity and the maxim of quality Maxim of quality was exploited to obey the maxim of quantity; the politicians did not want to reveal his political decision but he tried to provide information for the given questions The violation of the quality maxim may be employed to intimidate the opposition groups
As showed from the two table 3.1 and 3.2, the proportion of the quality maxim violation overweighs other maxim in both English and Vietnamese electronic newspaper with the proportion standing at about 66,67% (20 cases) in Vietnamese articles and 70% (21 cases) in English articles One more common thing is that all the sentences that provide untrue information are commentary from Chinese political officer both in Vietnamese and English This indicates an untruthful, disloyal attitude of these officers to the mass media and readers For the illegal benefit and national ambition, they can tell lie to the whole world
Thirdly, the violation of the maxim relevance and manner holds the smallest proportion in both types of articles with just 6,67% (2 cases in Vietnamese) and
3,33% ( only 1 case in English) and 10% (3 cases in both languages) in sequence
The reason can be inferred that all the political officers and authors of the articles are affected by the journalism and politics language and ideology Therefore, most of them can avoid violating these maxims by focusing into the main topic and not using obscured and vague language So that, the populace can understand easily and their viewpoints are not misunderstood In addition, this can increase the objectiveness and reliability of the article itself
Fourthly, one interesting fact is that Vietnamese and English articles has the relatively number of cases violating the maxim of quantity with the exactly proportion of the two sub types (1 case provides less information, 4 cases provide more information‟s and 5 cases in total counting for 16, 67% of 30 cases for Vietnamese, for English, these number is alternately 1 for less information, 3 for more information and 4 in total counting for 13, 33%) Moreover, the reason of violating the maxim in these cases seems to be the same The writer and the speaker provide general information to avoid answering the questions or the discuss topic directly, and provide more information to emphasize their implications to the readers
Last but not least, the point that calls attention of the interested readers at very first sight is the outstanding proportion of cases which use metaphor to generate conversational implicature in both Vietnamese and English articles The number is 11 cases for each type (22 cases in all data) In fact, metaphor is used mostly to expose more deeply what the speaker or writers want to convey to the readers Therefore, the commentary or sentences using metaphor has a relatively personal orientation in some way By that, the readers can get insight to the standpoint of the politician on the discussed topics In addition, using metaphor in the magazine article notoriously gets eye-catching effect which is very effective in journalism language
These are the five main similarities that the writer can figure out from the studying process The following part will discuss the differences between Vietnamese and English magazine articles on adopting conversational implicatures
It is said that the study showed very little difference between English and Vietnamese articles However, in the processing of analyzing data, the writer recognized some distinction between the two studied subjects which occurs for the reason of political views of the political officers and authors of the articles The writer then finds out the difference in the purpose and content of cases breaking the maxim quantity by giving more information In Vietnamese articles, the reason is emphasizing the loss and damage from Chinese boats‟ attack on sea, stressing on the spirit of national unity and determination to protect national territory such as in datum 23, 24, 25 From that, readers are able to realize the unruly, irrational and irresponsibility of China in this absurdity island disputes In another hand, in English article, the journalist from Western countries extracted from Chinese‟s officer speech that violate the quantity maxim which mostly blame Vietnamese side for making provocation such as in datum 53, 54, 55 This exposed an unreasonable attitude, turning white to black from Chinese side The difference in applying the maxim quantity violation is made for the difference in the political viewpoint between the two countries
Summary of findings
In this part, the writer presents the findings in short words According to Grice, the occurrence of conversational implicatures is caused by the result of violating maxim In this study, four conversational maxims were all violated with the same process in which the speakers/ writers violate the maxim of quality when telling lie, exaggerating and using metaphor Some speakers and writers violate the maxim of quantity by providing too general and more information than needed In addition, the speaker and writer breaks maxim of manner as giving the commentary or speech with vague or confusing language Journalists and politicians in the studied articles violate maxim of relevance as leading readers to something out of the discuss topics They may give hints such like previous event and general fact that is not relevance with the subject of talks at that time of speaking Also, they violate the maxim of manner by using obscured and vague language to convey their idea which makes the readers misunderstand
After the direct analyzing data process, the researcher figured out many remarkable similarity between Vietnamese and English newspaper articles on adopting conversational implicatures to convey idea In both types of electronic newspaper articles, the frequency of quality maxim violation is prominant with over two third of all data Especially, the writer found out a new finding that most of politicians and journalist are likely to use metaphor, hyperbole as effective pragmatic device to make the speech and article title more attractive and eye- catching Probably, this method is useful to increase the view rate for these electronic newspapers To politicians, using these figures of speech is able to impress their attitude and political view point or even advocate their illegal, wrongful action in front of public media
After all, the researcher concluded that in indirect communication such as in political electronic magazine articles, the speaker (politician)/ writer (journalist) often violate conversational maxim The main aspect of indirect communication is not in located in the form or conventional rule that being applied, but it is more tend to the efficiency of communication such how speaker‟s utterance or writer‟s commentary and intended meaning can be conveyed successfully to the addressee or the participant convey intended meaning the addressee in effective way such like implicature Implicature is just like a bridge that connects what sentences that being written and what is in speaker/ writer‟s mind
The research also proves the results of the previous studies in the same research problem Obviously, journalism and political language have certain influence on the adopting conversational implicature in term of ideology which reflects on the reliability and reality of the article From this research, the author believes that electronic magazines play an important role in politics and community because the voice disseminates fast, powerful and directly builds political awareness of human being
Moreover, the writer has detected a new point which contributed to this research field It is conversational implicaures which not only adopted effectively in oral communication but also in written communication Up to now, just a few studies have focus in written text such as in advertisement logo, novel and legalism text This study shows that even the indirect communication, conversational implicatures and Gricean maxims work effectively in conveying meaning of communicated message
Implicatures is the one of effective way to conveying message because the speaker/ writer does not need to give long statement to express the speaker‟s idea or thought The speaker/ writer needs to give little statement which contains the hints which correlate with certain aspect of situation and reader‟s knowledge So the reader can extract the implied meaning which reflects the idea of the speaker/ writer.
Implications
Conversational implicatures and Grice‟s theory on Cooperative principle are not only significant in communication but also in other fields of language
Obviously, apprehending the theory of cooperative principle, we can deal with the understanding of the utterance meaning to make the conversation contribution such as it is required By this way, all conversations will be effective, meaningful and successful even written text That the study proves that, the journalists or any other writers and speakers should be cooperative to generate the meaningful and informative texts, speeches, talks or interviews
In second language teaching, to help students to infer the communicative intention more smoothly, English teachers should intentionally and explicitly teach them about relevant theory such as the cooperative principle By that way, the students can infer the meaning of any speeches and texts based on the maxim violation Well understanding the meaning of a conversation certainly builds better language skills for students
Besides, the results of this study guide any language learners to focus on the writing styles of different fields of life and society Specially, journalism and politics use the two most complex and colorful language which also require attentiveness, accuracy and distinction Using justifiable pragmatic devices such as metaphor, hyperbole in writing is an effective way to attract readers‟ attention in journalism and politic language.
Limitations of the study
In the studying process, the writer has encountered many difficulties in collecting and analyzing data Therefore, at the end the study still has some limitations as stated below
Firstly, the results of the study are lack of significance The P-value of data analysis got from Chi-square test is 0, 94883 One of the reasons is that the data range is quite small (60 articles in total) Thus, the results will not be actually accurate and general
Secondly, the writer of the study got the difficulty in the analyzing process as a young and lack-knowledge on the research method and even in the studied political issue which is an abstract and complex subject itself Thus, some of the commentary and judgment in the study are inevitably subjective.
Suggestions
The writer expects this research can enrich the reader‟s knowledge about the concept of conversational implicatures After the studying, the author found that everything around us can become the subject of research Language of newspapers and media is one thing familiar around us which both has a function of informing, entertaining and has become a very attracted subject of linguistic researchers up to now The writer also hope to inspire the readers who will become the next researchers will be able to apply the theory of conversational implicatures in different object like newspaper, TV show, advertisement, debate and many others
In addition, the next researcher can improve in term of implicature study by using different theory such as the theory of relevance
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Sentence(s) Violated maxim ( Ql/ Qt/ Mn/
1 "Những gì mà các cơ quan liên quan của Trung Quốc đã làm là các hoạt động giám sát và thực thi luật pháp hoàn toàn bình thường ở khu vực biển thuộc thẩm quyền tài phán của Trung Quốc”
All actions from China side are legally
2 Một tuyên bố trên trang web của
Bộ Ngoại giao Trung Quốc nhấn mạnh, vấn đề chính ở Biển Đông là tranh chấp chủ quyền với “quần đảo Nam Sa” - cách Trung Quốc gọi quần đảo Trường Sa của Việt Nam - và các đảo lân cận, và Trung Quốc "có những lý lẽ đầy đủ về lịch sử cũng như pháp lý cho chủ quyền" ở đây
China who attacks their water sovereignty
3 Tuy nhiên trong cuộc họp báo chiều 26/3, phát ngôn viên ngoại giao Trung Quốc Hồng Lỗi nói rằng việc tàu Trung Quốc có hành động với tàu Việt Nam là chuyện "cần thiết và hợp pháp"
In this issue, Vietnam is the initiative accent who carried out the attack-actions to China boat
Vnexpres s Ông Hồng từ chối xác nhận việc tàu Trung Quốc nổ súng, và cũng không thừa nhận thiệt hại gây ra cho tàu cá của ngư dân Việt Nam
4 Giám đốc Học viện nghiên cứu Biển Đông nhiều lần nhấn mạnh
“Trung Quốc luôn theo đuổi con đường phát triển một cách hòa bình, không bao giờ tìm kiếm đối đầu và kêu gọi các nước có tuyên bố chủ quyền khác giải quyết tranh chấp thông qua đàm phán”
China loves the peace of the world
5 Hai bên hài lòng trước sự phát triển của quan hệ hai Đảng trong những năm qua, nhất trí làm sâu sắc thêm hợp tác giữa hai Đảng, thúc đẩy cơ chế giao lưu hợp tác giữa hai Ban Đối ngoại và Ban Tuyên giáo, Tuyên truyền của hai Đảng vận hành thuận lợi, tăng cường hợp tác trong lĩnh vực đào tạo cán bộ Đảng và Nhà nước
Vietnam and China are good brothers
6 Hoạt động trên nằm trong chuỗi các hoạt động leo thang xâm lấn của Trung Quốc ở Biển Đông trong những năm gần đây
China is causing more and more provocative actions on the East sea for the hegegative desire
7 Qua theo dõi, tôi thấy tiếng nói của cộng đồng học giả có quan điểm "bồ câu" ít có ảnh hưởng đối với dư luận Trung Quốc
Most of Chinese people are not
8 Trung Quốc đẩy mạnh chiến thuật
“tằm ăn dâu” trên Biển Đông
China is mighty to occupy
Vietnam‟s islands step by step
9 "Bắp cải" Biển Đông Quality
The East sea is a sweet pie for China
10 'Ẩn họa' từ cảnh sát biển TQ Quality
China has a desire to occupy other islands of weak countries in the area
11 Trung Quốc dọa 'mạnh tay' với tàu láng giềng ở Biển Đông
China will use force to others countries in the East sea
12 Chĩa mũi dùi vào Việt Nam sẽ cho cả thế giới và khu vực biết sự kiên định Đường lưỡi bò dù có phải bỏ qua các quan hệ ý thức hệ hay tình cảm "môi hở răng lạnh."
To China, the economic benefit and power are much bigger than the brothership and neighborship
13 Vị trí của giàn khoan Hải Dương-
981 nằm hoàn toàn trong vùng đặc quyền kinh tế, thềm lục địa
China exposed clearly its desire to occupy the
Vnexpres s.net của Việt Nam Nhưng đây cũng là vị trí khá nhạy cảm mà Trung Quốc đã cố tình lựa chọn để thực hiện chiến thuật “bắn một mũi tên trúng nhiều đích” water territory of Vietnam
14 Tuần trước, tỉnh Hải Nam của
Trung Quốc công bố một luật lệ mới cho phép các tàu chấp pháp của họ quyền tiếp cận và lục soát các tàu thuyền mà họ cho là vi phạm vùng nước trên Biển Đông
Quy định này được giới phân tích cho là sẽ đổ thêm dầu vào lửa vốn đã căng thẳng ở khu vực này
This new law of China seriously affects to the interests and maritime sovereignty of the related countries in the East sea island area
15 Canh bài giàn khoan nước sâu của TQ
This oil-rig operation in the Truong Sa island is a strategy of China to invade the water territory of other involved countries
16 TQ dùng chiến lược 'nghìn vết cắt' ở Biển Đông
Beijing kills its opponents by applying this campaign
17 “: Nếu làm theo kiểu của TQ thì bất cứ quốc gia nào cũng có thể
China is such a greedy and
“nuốt” biển của quốc gia khác chỉ bằng cách trưng ra tấm bản đồ do mình vẽ” và kết luận: “ Chúng ta (TQ - TG) đang tự cột đá vào chân mình mà không biết” ambitioned country
18 Trung Quốc xâm phạm chủ quyền, lòng dân sôi sục
China caused a big protest wave to the
19 Trung Quốc đang đốt cháy hòa bình ở biển Đông
China's actions are making escalating tensions on the East sea issue
20 Không chỉ "tìm đường ra biển", một trong những mục tiêu lâu dài của Trung Quốc là "đốt cháy"
Biển Đông chuẩn bị cho cơn khát năng lượng vốn đã rập rình từ lâu
China is unruly in the actions on the East sea disputes
21 Xin được hỏi về khả năng VN sử dụng các hành động pháp lý Liệu
VN sẽ tham gia vụ kiện của Philippines hay là VN sẽ đưa một vụ kiện riêng của mình? Khi nào việc này sẽ diễn ra?
- Chúng tôi sẽ bảo vệ vùng biển của mình và sẽ sử dụng mọi biện pháp phù hợp với luật pháp
I do not want to disclose the secret national information in front of the media
Vietnamn et.vn quốc tế, bao gồm Công ước Liên hợp quốc về Luật Biển
22 Chủ tịch nước Trương Tấn
Sang cũng khẳng định VN không chấp nhận bất cứ ai, bất cứ nước nào, dù mạnh đến đâu, bắt phải nhượng bộ chủ quyền, lãnh thổ thiêng liêng của Tổ quốc
Vietnam has strong will and mightiness to against China in this war
23 Kịch bản thứ hai, Trung Quốc đồng ý để các toà án quốc tế giải quyết tranh chấp Biển Đông Do sự yếu kém của Trung Quốc trong chứng cứ lịch sử và pháp lý về chủ quyền, do hành động sử dụng vũ lực năm 1974 và 1988 để chiếm đóng các đảo, đá ở Hoàng Sa-Trường Sa của Việt Nam, và do chưa hội đủ điều kiện thuận lợi cho nguyên tắc “quieta non movere”, Trung Quốc phản đối luật hoá hay quốc tế hóa vấn đề biển Đông, kiên trì với chủ trương
“đàm phán song phương”, “gác tranh chấp, cùng khai thác” Hơn ai hết, Trung Quốc hiểu rõ rằng họ mất nhiều hơn được khi phải đối diện với các toà án quốc tế
There are the weakness and disadvantages of China‟s side in the East Sea issue in front of the international media
24 Từ ngày 2 đến 7-5, TQ thường xuyên sử dụng 2-3 tàu kèm 1 tàu
Rude China has hiden ambition to
Việt Nam để ngăn cản, tông húc và phun nước áp lực cao làm hư hại 8 tàu kiểm ngư Việt Nam đang thực thi pháp luật trên biển
Có tàu kiểm ngư bị tàu hải cảnh tông, húc đẩy nhiều lần (tàu kiểm ngư số hiệu KN 762 bị tông, húc đẩy 9 lần vào các ngày 2, 3, 4 và 5-5) information) Vietnam