Luận văn thạc sĩ VNU ULIS a translation quality assessment of the vietnamese version of part 7 nightmare in the nover twilight using j houses model

1 UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES -***- LÊ MỸ HẠNH Post-graduate Course: 16 A TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE VIETNAMESE VERSION OF PART “NIGHTMARE” IN THE NOVEL “TWILIGHT” USING J.HOUSE’S MODEL (ĐÁNH GIÁ CHẤT LƯỢNG BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT PHẦN “CƠN ÁC MỘNG” TRONG CUỐN TIỂU THUYẾT “CHẠNG VẠNG” ÁP DỤNG MƠ HÌNH CỦA J.HOUSE) MA MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi, 2010 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES -***- LÊ MỸ HẠNH Post-graduate Course: 16 A TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE VIETNAMESE VERSION OF PART “NIGHTMARE” IN THE NOVEL “TWILIGHT” USING J.HOUSE’S MODEL (ĐÁNH GIÁ CHẤT LƯỢNG BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT PHẦN “CƠN ÁC MỘNG” TRONG CUỐN TIỂU THUYẾT “CHẠNG VẠNG” ÁP DỤNG MƠ HÌNH CỦA J.HOUSE) MA MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor : Assoc Prof Dr Lê Hùng Tiến Hanoi, 2010 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLES OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Pages Declaration…………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgment…………………………………………………… ii Abstract……………………………………………………………… iii List of Abbreviations………………………………………………… vi INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the study………………………………………… Scope and objectives of the study …………………………… Research methodology………………………………………… Organization of the study……………………………………… Chapter – LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Translation theory…………………………………………… 1.1.1 What is translation? 1.1.2 Translation procedures, strategies and methods……… 1.1.3 Translation equivalence ……………………… …… 1.1.4 Cultural factor in translation………………………… 1.1.5 Text types…………………………………………… 10 1.1.6 Two types of translation……………………………… 12 1.2 Literary Translation………………………………………… 13 1.2.1 General characteristics of Literary Language……… 13 1.2.2 Problems of literary translation ……………………… 14 1.3 Views and models for translation quality assessment……… 16 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Chapter – APPLICATION OF HOUSE’S MODEL FOR TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT 21 2.1.Overview of the model ……………………………………… 21 2.2 Summary of the original text‘s content ……………………… 23 2.3 Analysis of the original text based on J House‘s model…… 23 2.3.1 Features of the Source Text in the light of Halliday‘s functional grammar………………………………………… 23 2.3.2 Analysis of Source Text based on House‘s model…… 26 Chapter – DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 33 3.1 Source Text and Translation Text comparison and statement of quality………………………………………………………… 33 3.2 Implications for literary translation………………………… 38 CONCLUSIONS 40 REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX I - III LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ST – Source Text TT – Translation Text SL – Source Language TL – Target Language SLT – Source Language Text TLT – Target Language Text TQA - Translation Quality Assessment LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study In the process of globalization, English, in Vietnam, becomes more and more important In fact, there are more and more documents need to be translated such as economic contracts, laws, politics, literature, ect Therefore, the need for translation between languages is greater than ever before However, the number of good translators or interpreters, especially in literature such as Duc Hieu, Thai Ba Tan, Thuy Toan, are limited There is a fact that there have been many literary translations so far such as Harry Porter, The last leaf, Twilight, ect But how much quality of the translations still draws much discussion Thus, it is extremely necessary to evaluate the translations, especially literary translations Translation theorists have their own founded criteria for translation quality assessment Among them is Julian House, a German linguist, with a model for assessing translation quality From the researcher‘s point of view, J.House‘s model is a good one which can be used to assess literary translation quality, specifically the chapter ―Cơn ác mộng‖ excerpting from the novel Chạng Vạng by Tinh Thuy (translated from chapter ―Nightmare‖ of the novel Twilight - a young-adult vampire romance novel written by Stephenie Meyer) Scope and Objectives of the study  Scope and Objectives: ―Twilight‖ - a wildly popular series for young adults - is a novel consisting of twenty four chapters However, this study will only focus on analyzing chapter ―Nightmare‖ Accordingly, it aims to analyze ST and TT under House‘s model to discover how much quality of the translation text, find out some problems of literary translation, and put forward some suggestions for this field of translation When reading the Literature Review it is easy to see that there are different views and models on translation quality assessment (TQA) Among them, yet, J House‘s model which is based on pragmatic theories of Language Use sounds the most proper to be applied in LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 10 assessing literary translation, specifically chapter ―Nightmare‖ excerpting from the novel ―Twilight‖ Research methodology  Research Questions The study aims at finding answers to the two following questions:  - How much is the quality of Translation Text according to House‘s model ? - What are problems and implications for literary translation? Subjects of the study The subjects of this study are English and Vietnamese literary texts, J House‘s model on translation quality assessment, M A K Halliday‘s functional grammar  Research method of the study Qualitative analysis is employed to study individual texts closely Moreover, since the study is a descriptive-analytical one, descriptive and comparative techniques are used to evaluate the translation text Specifically, data for this research is collected through the procedure of critical analyzing The analysis is based on J House‘s model Under House‘s model, the analysis and comparison of ST and TT are carried out in two sections: Dimensions of Language User and Dimensions of Language Use In Language User, three situational dimensions which refer to the features marking the provenance of a text producer are introduced including Geographical origin, Social class, and Time In Language Use, five situational dimensions such as Medium, Participation, Social relationship, Social attitude, and Province are applied for the analysis and comparison Also, on each of the dimensions, the researcher analyses the texts on three aspects: syntactic, lexical, textual means Organization of the study The first chapter of the study will be literature review in which some related concepts of translation theory and some typical models of translation quality assessment are discussed In the second chapter, the research will introduce an overview of the original text‘s content, and J House‘s model applied to analyze the ST LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 11 In order to exemplify and demonstrate this TQA model, in the third chapter, the researcher will apply J House‘s model to analyze and compare English source text and its Vietnamese translation text CHAPTER – LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter discusses the theoretical background of the study which firstly explores some related concepts, and then some typical models of translation quality assessment 1.1 Translation theory 1.1.1 What is translation? There have been many different definitions of translation so far From the researcher‘s point of view, however, following definitions should be taken into consideration: - Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language (Peter Newmark, 1988) - Translation deals with the signs and attempts to preserve semiotic, as well other pragmatic and communicative, properties which signs display (Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, 1990) - Translation is the replacement of a text in the source language by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the target language (J.House, 1977) - Translation is to produce in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence to the message of the source language, first in meaning and second in style (Nida, 1975) - Translation means the replacement of a text in one language (Source Language) by an equivalent in another language (Target language) (Cartford, 1965) The five definitions of Peter Newmark, Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, J.House, Nida, and Carford are expressed in different ways However, they all share the same essence of translation which lies in the preservation of semantic, pragmatic, and textual aspects of meaning across two different languages 1.1.2 Translation procedures, strategies and methods LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 12 As far as we know, translation is not a facial job There is no problem to translate from a source language to a target language if language is just a classification for a set of general or universal concepts But translation covers not only word for word translation but also many other factors The concepts of one language may differ radically from those of another This is because each language articulates or organizes the word in different way The bigger the gap between the SL and the TL gets, the more difficult the process of transfer will be The difference between the two languages and the difference in cultures makes the process of translating a real challenge Therefore, the translator is required to be thoroughly aware of translation procedures, strategies and methods Translation methods Concerning translation methods, there are many different classifications Basing on Peter Newmark‘s classifications, however, there are eight methods in translating which are divided into two main groups called semantic translation and communicative translation They are put in the form of a flattened V diagram as follows: SL emphasis TL emphasis Word-for-word translation Adaption Literal translation Faithful translation Semantic translation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation Source: V diagram of translation method (P.Newmark, 1988:45) a Word-for-word translation: The source language word is translated into another language by their most common meanings, which can also be out of context at times, especially in idioms and proverbs b Literal translation: A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language It is a case when the grammatical constructions of the source language are translated to their nearest target language but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context (P.Newmark, 1988:46) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 13 c Faithful translation: This translation method means not putting in too much that isn't there; trying to maintain a respectable degree of similarity of tone and form; and hoping that the impression made on the reader in the receiving language resembles as closely as possible the impression made on the reader in the original language In other words, the translation interprets the exact contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the grammatical structures of the target language d Semantic translation: According to the definition of semantic translation on website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_translation, Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation to another representation Semantic translation takes advantage of semantics that associate meaning with individual data elements in one dictionary to create an equivalent meaning in a second system Actually, Semantic translation refers to that type of translation which takes into account the aesthetic value of the source language text e Adaptation: This method refers to a type of translation which is used mainly for plays and poems The text is rewritten considering the source language culture which is converted to the target language culture where the characters, themes, plots are usually preserved f Free translation: A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text It may or may not closely follow the form or organization of the original According to P Newmark, free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original g Idiomatic translation: : It translates the message of the original text but tends to distort the original meaning at times by preferring colloquialisms and idioms h Communicative translation: This method displays the exact contextual meaning of the original text in a manner where both content and language are easily acceptable and comprehensible to the readers Among all above-mentioned translation methods, semantic and communicative translation are the two most common ones which are often used in literary translation by the translator P Newmark stated that a semantic translation is written at the author‘s linguistic level and used for ―expressive‖ texts, a communicative translation at the readership‘s and used for ―informative‖ and ―vocative‖ texts LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 40 The function of the written text which consists of an ideational and an interpersonal component may be summed up in the following way: it is (a) to tell about a story between a vampire and a girl and (b) to entertain by giving a young-adult vampire-romance novel The text‘s ideational functional component is not marked on any of the situational dimensions; nevertheless, it is implicitly present in that the text, of course, informs the addressees about certain events taking place in the text The interpersonal component is marked on two dimensions of the language user and on all five dimensions of language use The individual dimensions operate in the following way: On the dimension Medium, the ―written to be read‖ mode, especially the logical structure of the text revealing advance-planning for a certain effect supports the interpersonal component of the textual function On Participation, the fact that the addresser (author) inserts questions and commands supports the interpersonal functional component Moreover, the interspersion of dialogues in the text which provides for constant alternation of the characters and their continuous interaction, also filters into the interpersonal functional component because in the dialogue form, interest centers necessarily upon the dialogue participants as human beings On the dimension Social role relationship, the researcher recognizes that the relationship between characters in the text is one of great intimacy This relationship also acts in support of the interpersonal functional component in that its linguistic manifestations enhance the text‘s ―fictional‖ features The addresser also tries to exercise her position as a story-teller which is manifest in the frequent use of the first person singular personal pronoun ―I‖ This dimension also clearly operates in support of the interpersonal functional component The casual-intimate style level on Social Attitude also supports the same functional component by enhancing the text‘s intimately personal and emotive quality The interspersion of consultative style elements supports the functional component as well On Province, the use of the past simple tense or use of a narrative frame to direct the characters (readers) to the story also seems to act in support of the interpersonal functional component LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 41 CHAPTER – DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 3.1 Source Text and Translation Text comparison and statement of quality The following are mismatches of the TT in comparison with the ST The mismatches are established on the basis of situational dimensions suggested in House‘s model a Medium: Syntactic: TT uses and adds some contact and comment parentheses which not appear in ST: ―(Ấy tập trung vào lời ca bỏ tai phần kèn trống đinh tai nhức óc)‖ (pp 185) or ―(Khơng điên lên mất!)‖ (pp 193) This kind of use and addition in TT, to some extent, supports the translator‘s aim in explaining and clarifying the situation which is considered not to be necessary in ST If conjunction ―and‖ in ST is used to express additive or co-ordinative relationships between two words, or phrases or clauses, in TT ―and‖ sometimes refers to consequential relationships: ―Throughout the vast shadowy world of ghosts and demons there is no figure so terrible, no figure so dreaded and abhorred, yet dight with such fearful fascination, as the vampire… ‖ (pp 133) – ―Trong giới bóng đêm rộng lớn, nơi tồn linh hồn vất vưởng lũ ma quỷ xấu xa, khơng có nhân vật đáng sợ, khơng có nhân vật khủng khiếp khiến người ta kinh tởm, lại mang ma lực quyến rũ macà-rồng…‖ (pp 190); or ―Many of the stories involved bodiless spirits and warnings against improper burials‖ (pp 134) – ― Tuy nhiên, bên cạnh đó, cịn có nhiều truyện kể oan hồn khơng thể siêu để cảnh báo việc chôn cất không phong thủy‖ (pp 191) This mismatch between the ST and TT causes the change in pragmatic meaning Textual: LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 42 TT breaks through the logical structure of ST, i.e., Subject + Verb + Direct verb: ―I recognized the green light of the forest I could hear the waves crashing against the rocks somewhere nearby‖ (pp 130) – ―Nơi ấy, khu rừng mờ mờ thứ ánh sáng màu xanh lục Vẫn tiếng sóng rì rào vỗ vào bờ đá khơng xa‖ (pp 185), or ―I could feel the braid in my hair, an uncomfortable ridge along the back of my skull‖ (pp 131) – ―Hình sau đầu tơi cịn sợi dây tết vướng víu cách khó chịu‖ (pp 187), or ―I tried to be happy that Mike had asked her out to dinner — I really was relieved that he finally seemed to be catching on — but my enthusiasm sounded false in my own ears She rescheduled our shopping trip for tomorrow night‖ (pp 146) – ―Hoàn toàn bất ngờ, cố thể với cô bạn vui nghe tin tốt lành Quả thật tơi có cảm thấy nhẹ nhõm đơi chút, cuối Mike hiểu ra…nhưng chưa kịp hưởng trọn khuây khỏa, lại phải đón nhận tin ―sét đánh‖: chuyến mua sắm Port Angeles dời lại vào tối mai‖ (pp 210), or ―Charlie called out a goodbye, and I heard the cruiser pull away from the house‖ (pp 141) – ―Có tiếng bố chào tạm biệt cất lên cửa, lúc với tiếng động xe tuần tra lúc xa dần‖ (pp 203) The mismatch can be regarded as a cultural difference in the two languages in which TT tends to use a direct expression and ST is in favour of a long and figurative style The two different styles are also shown through choice of clauses Simple sentences in ST are sometimes switched to complex ones: ―I opened my eyes to a familiar place‖ (pp 130) – ―Mở chồng đơi mắt, tơi nhận nơi quen thuộc‖ (pp 185), or ―My head spun around in answerless circles‖ (pp 139) – ―Và thế, đầu óc tơi quay cuồng với suy nghĩ khơng đâu vào đâu, chẳng ra‖(pp 198) Some phrases or sentences are added with a view to clarifying the situation and the character‘s emotions For example when the translator wants to emphasize the character‘s standstill: ―I was gripped in a sudden agony of despair as I considered that alternative‖ (pp 138) – ―Nghĩ đến đây…bất giác tơi cảm thấy bị rơi xuống vực sâu tất nỗi tuyệt vọng đau khổ khơn cùng, khơng có lối sao….‖ (pp 198) , or the character‘s fear ―But Jacob let go of my hand and yelped, suddenly shaking, falling to the dim forest floor He twitched on the ground as I watched in horror‖ (pp 130) – ―Bất chợt, Jacob buông tay ra, cậu bé tru lên tiếng kêu hoang dại, toàn thân bắt đầu run rẩy, lúc nhanh, dội đến độ cậu bé ngã lăn đất, tay chân cái, co rút lại….Tơi chứng kiến cảnh mà mặt trắng bệch khơng cịn hột máu…Tơi q khiếp đảm‖ (pp 186) The circumstance of the text is also clarified when the translator adds more LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 43 expressions to the TT: ―Wrapped in a towel, I crossed back to my room‖ (pp 132) – ―Sau làm xong thứ, quấn vội khăn bôn, lạch bạch trở phòng‖ (pp 188), or ―I ate slowly, chewing each bite with care‖ (pp 132) – ―Tôi ăn cáh từ tốn, nhai muỗng ngũ cốc thật kỹ trước nuốt vào bụng Cứ thế, muỗng, muỗng đưa lên miệng tơi tơ vơi dần, vơi dần hết nhẵn‖ (pp 189) b Social role relationship Lexical: The consistent use of personal name ―Charlie‖ through the TT is translated ―bố‖ in the ST: ―Charlie was finishing breakfast when I came downstairs, and he picked up on my mood immediately‖ (pp 141) – ―Khi bước xuống lầu, bố ăn sáng xong, bố nhìn tơi nhận nét mặt tươi vui cô gái‖ (pp 202), or ―"Charlie?" I asked‖ (pp 148) – ―Bố, có phải bố khơng?‖ (pp 213), or ―I watched TV with Charlie after dinner, for something to do‖ (pp 149) – ―Dùng xong bữa tối, ngồi xem tivi với bố, có làm cho vơi bớt đầu óc thơi tơi thích thú gi‖ (pp 214) The translator also uses phrase ―chúng tôi‖ for the proper name ―Charlie‖ in TT: ―Outside in Charlie's small, square yard, I folded the quilt in half and laid it out of the reach of the trees' shadows on the thick lawn that would always be slightly wet, no matter how long the sun shone‖ (pp 146) – ―Khoảng sân phía sau nhà chúng tơi bé xíu xuông vức, gấp mền lại làm hai, đảo mắt tìm chỗ ngồi thuận tiện‖ (pp 210) Obviously, the use of Vietnamese version ―bố‖ in stead of proper name ―Charlie‖ as in ST brings a closer relationship between the daughter and the father Whereas the fact that the addresser (author) remains proper name ―Charlie‖ through the TT evokes a rather distant relationship between these two characters, apart from three situations where ―Dad‖ is used in stead of ―Charlie‖: ―Sorry, Dad, dinner's not ready yet — I fell asleep outside‖ (pp 148), or ―Dad, I said during a commercial‖(pp 149), or ―No, Dad, but I'm helping them find dresses — you know, giving them constructive criticism‖ (pp 149) c Social Attitude The consultative style level of ST is violated when the translator adds more abundant words to TT making the text more intimate This may be interpreted as the translator‘s attempt LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 44 to create a natural narrative and a typically Vietnamese writing style in which some spoken phrases, illocutions or idioms are used The mismatch is illustrated in the following instances: - ―When the results came up, there was a lot to sift through — everything from movies and TV shows to role-playing games, underground metal, and gothic cosmetic companies‖ (pp 132) ―Và kết mớ kiện dài ngoằng sớ táo quân chứa đựng tất liên quan đến Ma-cà-rồng, từ phim ảnh, chương trình tivi, trị chơi sắm vai nọ, đường ray bí mật lịng đất, cơng ty mỹ phẩm nữa‖ (pp 189) - ―If there is in this world a well-attested account, it is that of the vampires‖ (pp 133) ―Trên đời này, có nhân vật khiến cho người ta phải lao tâm khổ tứ tìm hiểu nhiều để chứng minh có tồn tại, ma-cà-rồng‖ (pp 190) - ―I decided to go get myself a bowl of cereal while I waited‖ (pp 132) ―Trong lúc phải chờ đợi khiến phát bực lên này, định bỏ làm tô ngũ cốc cho…hạ hỏa‖ (pp 189) - ―When I saw Jessica in Trig, she was bubbling with enthusiasm‖ (pp 144) ―Gặp lại Jessica lớp lượng giác học, bất ngờ thấy cô ta tỏ vui tết‖ (pp 207) d Province ST mainly uses the past simple tense which is proper to narrative fiction However, due to specific characteristics of Vietnamese language, the tense marker is not manifested in TT, apart from several sentences in which the past simple tense is expressed with the word ―đã‖: ―My modem was sadly outdated‖ (pp 132) – ―Bộ biến hồn tơi lỗi thời rồi‖ (pp 188), or ―I slept dreamlessly that night, exhausted from beginning my day so early, and sleeping so poorly the night before‖ (pp 141) – ―Đêm ấy, ngủ say, khơng mộng mị gì, có lẽ từ sớm tinh mơ, tinh thần không thoải mái, cịn đêm trước nữa, tơi chẳng ngủ lấy giấc cho hồn‖ (pp 201) Besides, apart from conversations, a number of phrases with quotation marks are added in TT which are hardly found in ST: ―lóc bóc‖ (pp 194),―cái ghế bất đắc dĩ‖ (pp 195), ―lên cơn‖ (pp 200), ―cuỗm mất‖ (pp 203), ―quyền hạn‖ (pp 205), ―chụp ếch‖, ―bài kinh‖, ―nâng niu‖ (pp 209), ―sét đánh‖ (pp 210), ―nóng bừng‖ (pp 210) In some part, the translator adds some reiterative adjectives with rhetorical purposes: ―There were many I didn't know, and others I couldn't be sure about because they were so covered in green parasites‖ (pp 136) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 45 – ―Lúc ấy, có nhiều tơi khơng biết tên, có tơi khơng biết tên chúng lắm, thân chúng phủ đầy loại tầm gửi độ xanh tươi mơn mởn‖ (pp 194), or ―The forest was deep green and far too much like the scene in last night's dream to allow for peace of mind‖ (pp 136) – ―Khu rừng xanh ngăn ngắt, xanh đến nao lòng giống hệt khung cảnh giấc mơ đêm tôi‖ (pp 195) The addition of phrases with quotation marks and reiterative adjectives in TT evokes the translator‘s intention in creating a rhetorical and ―fictional‖ style  Overtly Erroneous Errors TT consists of some breaches that should be taken into consideration Firstly, TT fails to manifest the correct implication of ST in the sentence: ―I was too uncomfortable to get anywhere near sleep, though‖ (pp 131) – ―Trong lòng tràn đầy nỗi bực bội nên không muốn rời giường lấy nửa bước‖ (pp 187) The structure ―too + Adjective + to Verb‖ is not transferred correctly Moreover, the word ―sleep‖ is translated in a wrong way Basing on the sentence structure and the sentence implication, the translation should be ―Trong lòng tràn đầy nỗi bực bội ngủ được‖ Also, conjunction ―so‖ and the phrase accompanying with it in ST is switched wrongly in TT: ―We'll leave right after school, so we can get back early‖ (pp 149) – ―Sau học tụi liền, nên muộn‖ (pp 214) This sentence is a complex clause which implies a purpose but not a cause-effect meaning Thus, it would be more exact if the translation version is: ―Sau học tụi liền, để chúng nhà sớm‖ Secondly, there is a mismatch of the denotative meaning of ST and TT items to be subclassified as wrong selections The two following sentences are outstanding examples: ―Only in the sun‖ (pp 143)– ―Do nắng đấy‖ (pp 205), or ―no need to sound smug‖ (pp 143) – ―Tự mãn vốn tính xấu‖ (pp 205) The translation is off the track The first phrase is only a preposition phrase explaining the case in which the character‘s hair gets red This phrase does not refer to a cause Therefore, it should be simply translated as ―Chỉ ánh nắng thôi‖ The second phrase does not hint a valuation or assessment Thus, the translator should not use the phrase ―tính xấu‖ for the original phrase ―no need‖ In this case, ―không cần thiết phải tỏ tự mãn‖ would have been a much better choice  Statement of function LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 46 In the light of the situational dimensions, ST and TT has been compared to find out mismatches Specifically, the comparison has been made on the dimensions of Medium, Social role relationship, Social attitude, and Province On the dimension Medium, the mismatch derives from the addition of some contact and comment parentheses which not appear in ST creating an unnecessarily wordy expression Furthermore, the misinterpreting the conjunction ―and‖, and breaking through the logical structure of ST ―Subject + Verb + Direct verb‖ create a breach between ST and TT This, of course, affects the strength of the interpersonal functional components With respect to dimension Social role relationship, the use of Vietnamese version ―bố‖ in stead of personal name ―Charlie‖ through the text as in ST brings a closer relationship between the daughter and the father Whereas the fact that the addresser (author) remains personal name ―Charlie‖ through TT evokes a rather distant relationship between these two characters However, this mismatch is acceptable because of the difference between the two cultures In other word, the mismatch on this dimension does not affect ideational components but, to some extent, violates the interpersonal functional components The next mismatch between ST and TT is found on the dimension Social attitude In this case, the consultative style level of ST is violated when the translator adds more abundant words to TT making the text more intimate Even though the little difference in style has no much negative effect on ST‘s pragmatic meaning, it detracts from the interpersonal functional components of the text‘s function On the dimension Province, the fact that TT uses hardly any past simple tense marker and addition of phrases with quotation marks and reiterative adjectives with a view to creating a rhetorical and ―fictional‖ style partly affect the interpersonal functional components The overtly erroneous errors also detract from the interpersonal functional component However, when analyzing and comparing ST and TT it is necessary to base on the concept of a ‗cultural filter‖ which is a means of capturing socio-cultural differences in expectation norms and stylistic conventions between source and target linguistic-cultural communities (J.House, 2001) Thus, in the light of ―cultural filter‖, the TT, in general, can convey both ideational and interpersonal features of the ST 3.2 Implications for literary translation LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 47 With all problems of literary translation mentioned in chapter 1, and from the analysis and comparison of the source and translation texts, the researcher would like to put forward some implications for literary translation as follows: Firstly, it is necessary for the translator to entirely master the ST‘s writing style so that he/she can have a proper selection of lexical items and expressions as well This will help the translator assure the effect of the translation on its readers as the same as the source text Secondly, understanding and achieving the faithfulness of the addresser‘s intention is vital tasks for the translator not only in literary translation but also in other types of translation Thus, the translator is required to spend time reading the ST carefully and make sure to observe all the following requirements: - The translator's interpretation should be identical with the sender's intention (interpretation) - The translator should verbalize the sender's intention in such a way that the target text is able to achieve the same function in the target culture as that which the source text achieved in the source culture (text function) - The target receiver should understand the text world of the translation in the same way as the source receivers understood the text world of the original (cultural distance) - The effect the translation has on its readers should be the same as the one the source text has or had on its readers (text effect) Finally, the translator should know how to treat the cultural aspects implicit in ST and find the most appropriate techniques to convey these aspects in TT successfully The cultural implications for translation may take several forms ranging from lexical content and syntax to ideologies and ways of life in a given culture The translator also has to decide on the importance given to certain cultural aspects and to what extent it is necessary or desirable to translate them into the TL LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 48 CONCLUSION The study has introduced and applied Juliane House‘s model - one of the most famous model in translation quality assessment to analyze, compare and evaluate the translation quality of chapter ―Nightmare‖ in the novel ―Twilight‖ by Stephenie Meyer Before doing the heart of the study – assessing the quality of the translation text, some related concepts such as translation‘s definition, procedures, strategies and methods, equivalence are introduced Furthermore, chapter also discusses about text types, overt and covert translation, as well as some cultural factors in translation In addition, due to the ST is a kind of literature, the researcher attempts to give an overview on literary translation in which general characteristics of literary language and some problems of literary translation are put forward Chapter is the place where the ST is introduced and analyzed under J House‘s model The analysis is done basing on eight situational dimensions in which syntactic, lexical, and textual means are applied However, some features of the Source Text are also explored in the light of Halliday‘s functional grammar Coming to the last chapter – chapter 3, the source text and translation text are compared whereby some mismatches are found In addition, the researcher attempts to put forward three implications for translation in general, and for literary translation in particular As far as we know, literature consists of many forms such as poetry, prose, drama, etc Among them, a narrative prose is chosen to analyze and compare with its translation text, but poetry is also an interesting area that needs more exploration The researcher believes that assessment of a poem quality translation would be a good topic for a further research LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 49 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 50 REFERENCES Baker, Mona (1992) In Other Words: a Coursebook on Translation, London: Routledge Catford J.C (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay on Applied Linguistics, London: Oxford University Press Forster, L ―Introduction‖, in Aspects of Translation London: Secker and Warburg Hatim B & Mason, I (1990) Discourse and the Translator, London: Longman House J (1977) A Model for Translation Quality Assessment Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen House J (1997) Translation Quality Assessment: Linguistic Description versus Social Evaluation, retrieved from http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2001/v46/n2/003141ar.pdf House, J (2001) Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Revisited, Gunter Narr, Tubingen Koller, W (1979) Equivalence in Translation Theory in Readings in Translation Theory (eds) Chesterman Finland: Layman Kirjipaino Oy Lefevere, Andre (1990) Translation, History and Culture New York: Routedge 10 Lefevere, Andre (1992) Translating, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame London: Routledge 11 Munday J (2001) Introducing Translation Studies, Routledge, London and New York 12 Newmark P (1981) Approaches to Translation Oxford: Pergamon 13 Newmark P (1988) A textbook of translation New York/London: Prentice Hall 14 Nida, Eugene A (1964) Towards a Science of Translating, Leiden: E J Brill LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 51 15 Nida, Eugene A and C.R.Taber (1969 / 1982) The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: E J Brill 16 Nord, C (1997) Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained Manchester: St Jerome 17 Savory T (1957) Readings in translation theories, New York: Macmillian 18 Reiss, K.1977 Text types and translation assessment in Readings in Translation Theory (eds) Chesterman Finland: Layman Kirjipaino Oy 19 Steiner E & Yallop C (2001) Text Translation Computational Processing, New York: Mouton de Gruyter 20 Yule, George (1988) The Study of Language Cambridge University Press 21 Zilahy S P ―Quality in Translation‖ in Quality in Translation New York: Macmillian 22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(novel) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 52 APPENDIX Following are some typical examples extracted from the source text Features of the Source Text in the light of Halliday’s functional grammar  Transitivity - ―And then Edward stepped out from the trees, his skin faintly glowing, his eyes black and dangerous He held up one hand and beckoned me to come to him.‖, or ―I turned onto my side and ripped the rubber band out, quickly combing through the plaits with my fingers I pulled the pillow back ‖ (pp 131) - ―And I knew that if I found the ocean (pp 130) I should have known, but where else was there to go? (pp 136) / All I knew was due to Charlie pointing them out to me form the cruiser window in earlier days pp (136) / I knew it was recent (pp 136) / I knew someone could walk by on the path (pp 137 - ―I could feel the braid in my hair (pp 131) / I felt overwhelming embarrassment (pp 135) / I couldn't feel the right kind of fear (pp 140)‖ - ―think‖ in: ―Um, Wednesday, I think (pp 143) / I don't think that would be the best idea (pp 144) / I think that would hurt Jessica's feelings (pp 144)‖ - ―I hated using the Internet here (pp 132) / I hated being put on the spot (pp 144) ‖, or ―It sounded like Mike (pp 142)‖ / He was so delighted to see me / I heard the cruiser pull away from the house (pp 141)‖ - There was a basketball game on that he was excited about (pp 129) - About this last there was only one brief sentence (pp 134) - There was a thin ribbon of a trail that led through the forest here (pp 136) - There was an impenetrably thick glass wall between us in the one class where we were forced together (pp 138) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 53 - There were a few Trig problems I wasn't sure I had right (pp 142)  Mood - ―The rest of the site was an alphabetized listing of all different myths of vampires held throughout the world‖ (pp 133), or ―A few drops of moisture trickled down from the canopy above me‖ (pp 136)  Theme - Once in my room, I locked the door (pp 129) - With another sigh, I turned to my computer (pp 132) - Finally the screen was finished (pp 133) - Throughout the vast shadowy world of ghosts and demons there is no figure so terrible (pp 133) - Here in the trees it was much easier to believe the absurdities that embarrassed me indoors (pp 136) - And I knew that if I found the ocean… (pp 130) - But he was gone (pp 130) - And so the day was quiet, productive (pp 140) - Well, we could go to dinner or something (pp 143) - So I gave her a maybe (pp 145) Analysis of Source Text basing on House’s model - (Declarative): "Well, we could go to dinner or something… and I could work on it later." He smiled at me hopefully "Mike…" I hated being put on the spot "I don't think that would be the best idea." (pp 144) - (Interogative): "Great day, isn't it?" "My kind of day," I agreed (pp 143) -(Imparative): "Run, Bella, you have to run!" he whispered, terrified "This way, Bella!" I recognized Mike's voice calling out of the gloomy heart of the trees, but I couldn't see him (pp 130) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 54 - "This way, Bella!" I recognized Mike's voice calling out of the gloomy heart of the trees, but I couldn't see him "Why?" I asked, still pulling against Jacob's grasp, desperate now to find the sun (pp 130) - He hit his forehead with the heel of his hand "Oh yeah — that's due Thursday, right?" "Um, Wednesday, I think." (pp 143) - "Jessica Stanley?‖ he asked "And Angela Weber.‖ I sighed as I gave him the details He was confused "But you're not going to the dance, right?‖ "No, Dad, but I'm helping them find dresses — you know, giving them constructive criticism."‖I wouldn't have to explain this to a woman "Well, okay." He seemed to realize that he was out of his depth with the girlie stuff "It's a school night, though.‖ "We'll leave right after school, so we can get back early You'll be okay for dinner, right? "Bells, I fed myself for seventeen years before you got here,‖ he reminded me "I don't know how you survived," I muttered, then added more clearly, "I'll leave some things for cold-cut sandwiches in the fridge, okay? Right on top.‖ (pp 149) - To cancel our plans, to go back to ignoring him as far as I was able To pretend there was an impenetrably thick glass wall between us in the one class where we were forced together To tell him to leave me alone — and mean it this time (pp 138) - Not here, alone in the darkening forest Not while the rain made it dim as twilight under the canopy and pattered like footsteps across the matted earthen floor (pp 139) LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... the translation - A translation should read as a contemporary of the original - A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com... have the translation proof-read by native speakers of the target language A translation must satisfy readers as native speakers of the target language It means they can interpret the translation. .. comparison of the translation with the original An evaluation of the translation: in the translation? ??s terms and in the critic‘s terms LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 27