INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Equivalence has always been in the center of argument since translation study appeared There exists several points of view on the equivalence of source text and target text in terms of form, meaning, function,…but in general, equivalence needs to be considered seriously and requires to be studied carefully with knowledge and experience from researchers
In translation field, terminology is seen as a challenge for translator to convey the meaning from source language into target language depending on the purpose and the context each terminology is used And that is not exception for translation of Electronics and Electrical Engineering (EEE) terms As a branch of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), vocabulary related to each major is very crucial and paid a lot of attention from translators also teachers to get the equivalent meaning in target language with researching or teaching targets And as a very useful tool for this challenge, dictionary for each field has been developed to assist in transferring meaning and helping language users save time and have a closer look on the terminology
However, the equivalence of these translation versions has not been studied to build up an equivalence system or categorize the equivalent levels for terminology Users can read the word in both source language and target language wondering the conveyed meaning in many circumstances
Therefore, the researcher would like to carry out this thesis research in the hope for standardizing the equivalence system applied for terminology and classifying the translated words into each type of equivalence.
Scope of the study
Due to limitedness of time, experience also knowledge, this paper only covers EEE terminologies in the dictionary book: “An English – Vietnamese Usage Electricity
Dictionary” by Engineer Truong Quang Thien, Quang Hung published in 2004 by
As stated above, the researcher only chooses one book to explore and analyze appeared terminologies.
Aims of the study
To draw out the strategies that may apply to the translation of EEE terminologies
To suggest some implications for translating EEE terminology
Research questions
To reach the aims above, researcher is going to answer this research question:
What strategies are used to translate EEE terminologies in EEE texts?
Organization of the study
The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:
This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason for choosing the topic, scope, aims, and its organization
Theoretical background in the light of which the research matters is discussed in this chapter
The chapter describes the strategies applied to investigate the research matters
This chapter presents analyses and discusses the results that the researcher found out from the collected data It also gives answer to the two research questions
The chapter summarizes the overall study and suggests some forms of further studies on the field.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Terminology
Several linguists, for a long time, raised a question about the definition of terminology regarding to establish its structure and meaning According to Dubuc
(1997), “Terminology originally referred to the technical terms and expressions used in art, a science or a specialized subject.” In another sense, “Terminology took a broader meaning to refer to the investigation of such special or technical terms, it involves the systematic research and identification of the terms specific to a subject and the concepts they present” It has to be differentiated with normal words in daily life or the ordinary conversation when coming to terminology, a word can has a meaning in normal sense but it can be totally different referring to a concept or a phenomenon in scientific field
Moreover, he also defined terminology as a “discipline aimed at systematically identifying specialized terms in the context in which they are used, analyzing the concepts the they present in that context, and creating and standardizing terms if need be, to meet the user‟s need for means of expression.”
The terminologist mentions three types of terminology: simple terms, complex terms and phrase This is one of the ways researchers can apply to record the terminologies and categorize them
Simple terms are one-word units which can be different parts of speech Each represents a single concept in a subject field Architecture (n), to query (v), dedicated (adj) are examples of simple terms in office automation
Complex terms are made up of two or more words Like simple terms, they represent a single concept in a given field and can be different parts of speech Desktop publishing
(n), computer-aided design (n), integrated services digital network (n), user-friendly (adj) are examples of complex terms in office automation Elimination of any word in a complex unit would change the concept: desktop publishing and publishing have quite different meanings, as do user-friendly and friendly
Although phrasal units are never used as main entries by the lexicographer, they hold particular interest for the terminologist, as they constitute turns of phrase characteristically used in a special field Examples of phrases in office automation include to automate office procedures (verbal), in broadcast mode (prepositional)
The main purpose of terms is to name concepts When a concept appears, it is made in a culture, or is transferred to a new culture, it also involves the creation of a new term to name it
Primary and secondary term formation is pulled by different factors:
+ Primary term formation occurs when a newly created concept has to be named while secondary term formation occurs by either the monolingual revision of a given terminology for the purpose of producing a standard document, or a transfer of knowledge to another linguistic community – a process in which the creation of new term in the target language is required
+ Another fundamental difference between the two formation methods lies in the fact that in primary term formation, there is no linguistic precedent although there are rules for forming appropriate terms In contrast, in secondary term formation, there is always the precedent of an already existing term in another language with its own motivation
+ Secondary term formation focuses more on guidelines than primary term formation which are on the basis of patterns of terms and word formation already prevalent in the subject field and natural language in question
Newmark (1981b) states “Neologisms which can be defined as newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire new sense are perhaps the non-literary and professional translator‟ biggest problems.” The main reason that leads to the arrival of neologisms is that new objects and processes are continually created in technology, new ideas and variations on feelings come to the media and new terms from the social sciences, slang, dialect and transferred words come into the main stream of language Newmark (1981b) also proposes twelve types of neologisms according to their structural patterns: single terms and compound terms
Single terms are made up of one word (usually a noun or a verb), and neologisms can be new coinages, eponyms, acronyms… a Single terms which appear in the form of a verb
synchronize (làm cho đồng bộ)
transmit (phát, truyền) One important feature of these terms is that they are not „fixed‟ i.e they can appear either in the form of a verb or a noun at different time in the same text or in the same sentence to avoid repetition Almost all the verbs have their nouns to be used as alternatives:
synchronization (sự làm cho đồng bộ)
transmission (sự phát, truyền) Another important feature of these verbs is that each verb usually goes with (in collocations) one or two certain nouns Examples of verbs and nouns that go together are:
rectify a current (chỉnh lưu dòng điện)
transmit signal/ wave (truyền tín hiêu / sóng)
accelerate a beam (gia tốc chùm tia) b Single terms which appear in the form of a noun The terms which are nouns can be divided into subgroups as the followings:
Terminologies referring to newly created concepts
These rises a need for neologisms to name newly invented objects or processes in technology These neologisms are initially used in the culture where the concepts are invented Later, the concepts are transferred to other cultures, and consequently the original name may be transferred together with the concepts:
These terminologies may be strange to readers at first time using due to the unfamiliarity and requiring them to read and write more to remember Transference is applied when the translator cannot fine the true equivalence of a technical term
Eponyms derived from the names of inventors or discoveries
These are terms that designate objects, processes, laws, theorem, which are labeled after the inventors or discoveries
For example, Morse code (Mã morse) is named after Samuel Morse (1791-1872), the U.S inventor of the first electric telegraph and the Morse code
Zener effect (Hiệu ứng Zenơ)
Some terms are proper names, brand names, trade names and proprietaries of devices, instruments, substance…For example, the term Greenfield is the trademark of a gas-filled tube that has three electrodes and can be switched between an “off” state and an “on” state
Translation theory
Newmark (1995) defined translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” Another definition given by Thomas G Mansella (2005) is that “translation is the rendering of written communication across barriers created by different languages and cultures.”
Obviously, these two concepts mention “rendering” which can be understood as interpret from original language (source language) into another language (target language) It can be seen that in Newmark‟s definition, he focuses on the meaning or the nature of language when it is translated Thomas, in the second explanation, states “culture” together with “language” as barriers of translation In a nutshell, it can be stated that translation is transferring both language and the “soul” of text from one language into another language
Gentzler (1993) says that “a translation should have the same or similar impact and effect on TL readers as the original on SL readers” Therefore, the role of translators is very crucial They have to create the link between countries and countries, cultures and cultures Translators not only transfer the language but also transfer the writer‟s perspective and emotion, and make it natural in target language
In conclusion, in the scope of this paper, translation can be understood as the process of conveying the accurate meaning and the intended effects of writers from source language to targeted language
Newmark distinguishes between translation and translation strategies in the way that “[While] translation methods relate to the whole text, translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language.” Newmark (1981)
Newmark (1988) also points out translation strategies as follow:
1 Transference: it is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text It is also called “emprunt”, “loan word” or “transcription” It is the same as Catford‟s transference which includes transliteration, relating to the conversion of different alphabets like Arabic or Chinese into English Harvey (2000, p 5) also calls this strategy as “transcription”
2 Cultural equivalent: It means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one
The translation uses of these approximate equivalents are limited because they are not accurate, but they can be used in general texts, publicity and propaganda
3 Synonymy: it is a “near TL equivalent” This is the translation procedure used for a SL word where there is lack of clear one-to-one equivalent and the word is not important in the text
4 Naturalization: according to Newmark (1988), this procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word forms) of the TL
5 Recognized TL Translation: Newmark (1988, p 89) suggests that the translators
“should normally use the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term” He believes that in translating it is not good to give translators‟ own titles or a brief explanation and just the accepted term should be used in the translation because changing the term may cause confusions especially in official or serious informative texts
6 Functional equivalent: it is a common procedure which is usually applied to cultural words It requires the use of a cultural free word, sometimes with a new specific term, therefore, it “neutralizes or generalizes the SL word; and sometimes adds a particular thus” (p 83) This procedure is a cultural componential analysis and based on Newmark (1988) is “the most accurate way of translating i.e., deculturalising a cultural word” (p 83) According to Hegedus (2005), neologisms can also be considered in this category since they do not exist even in the SL culture but just belong to the culture of the imaginative world created by the SL author
7 Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the description has to be weighed against function Both description and function are essential elements in the explanation and therefore translation
8 Literal Translation: to Newmark (1988) this procedure is approximately a word- for-word representation of the original word which transfers the primary (isolated, out-of context) meaning of the SL word; however the syntactic structures of the target language are respected
9 Translation Procedure Combinations (couplets etc): Newmark (1988) refers to couplet as “the combination of two translation procedures for one unit” (p 83)
Moreover, triplets and quadruplets combine three or four of the procedures for dealing with a single problem
10 Through – Translation: Newmark (1988, p 84) uses this term for the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds and phrases which is known as “calque” or “loan translation” Also, Vinay and Darbelned (1995, as cited in Venuti, 2000, p 85) define „calque‟ as a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another, but then translates each of its elements literally This translation is supposed to fill in the gaps in contiguous cultures The most typical examples of through- translations are the names of international organizations which consist of universal words which may be transparent for some languages and semantically motivated for some other languages
11 Shifts or transpositions: it involves a “change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth” (Newmark, 1988, p
86) 12 Modulation: this strategy appears when “translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective” (Newmark,
13 Compensation: this strategy is applied when “low of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part” (Newmark, 1988,p.90)
14 Paraphrase: In this strategy, the “meaning of the corpus based translation is explained Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent” (Newmark, 1988, p 91)
Sofer (1991) reaches technical translation by distinguishing it from literary translation “The main division in the translation field is between literary and technical translation” He claims that technical translation is done by a much greater number of practitioners and is an ever growing and expanding field with excellent opportunities In contrast, literal translation covers such areas as fictions, poetry, drama and humanities in general and is done by writers of the same kind in the target language
Newmark (1981) considers this kind of translation as “one of specialized translation; institutional translation, the area of politics, commerce, finance, government ect., is the other”.
Translation of terminology
Newmark (1988, p 150) proposed 12 types of neologisms and goes into the translation of particular instances as follows:
1 New Words: according to Newmark (1988) “old words with new senses tend to be non – cultural and non – technical” Since these words do not normally refer to new objects or processes they are rarely technological They are usually translated
“either by a word that already exists in the TL or by a brief functional or descriptive term” (p 142)
2 Old words with new sense: existing collocations with new senses can be technical or non – technical Newmark (1988) believes that existing collocations with new senses are a translator‟s trap They are usually “normal descriptive terms which suddenly become technical terms” and therefore “their meaning sometimes hides innocently behind a more general of figurative meaning” (p 142) Further, for their translation, based on Newmark (1988) if the concept exists in the TL, a recognized translation or through translation can be used If the concept does not exist like “tug – of – love” of the TL speakers are not yet aware of it, a journalistic descriptive equivalent can be given
3 New Coinages: they can be brand of trade names like “Oxo” or “Bisto” which are usually transferred unless the product is marketed in the TL culture under another name According to Newmark (1988) if the trade name has no cultural or identifying significance “the proper name may be replaced by a functional or generic term” For example, “Revlon” may be translated by different components as
“Revlon”, “Lipstick”, or “Fashionable American” (p.142) Therefore, if they are original, they should be transcribed, and recreated, if they are recently coined and are brand names they should be transcribed, or given their TL brand names
4 Derived Words (including blends): based on Newmark (1988) most neologisms are words derived by analogy from ancient Greek and Latin morphemes with suffixes such as –ismo etc which were naturalized in the appropriate language For example, “Bionomics” has given way to “ecology” and “ergonomics” to
5 Abbreviations: like “Video” and “Uni” Unless they coincide (“prof”) they are written out in the TL (p 145)
6 New Collocations: based on Newmark (1988), in linguistics a collocation is “the habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items” while for a translator it “consists of lexical items that enter mainly into high frequency grammatical structures” (p
212) Collocation has three common types: A) adjective plus noun (e.g heavy labor), B) noun plus noun (eyeball), and C) verb plus object (score a victory)
7 Eponyms: to Newmark (1988), it is any word derived from a proper name like
“Hallidayan” and “Joycean” Whenever they directly refer to the person, they are translated without difficulty But, when they refer to the referent‟s ideas or qualities the translator may need to add some comments
8 Phrasal Words: “new phrasal words are restricted to English‟s facility in converting verbs to nouns” like “work-out” and “knock-on effect” They are translated by their semantic equivalents They are often more economical than their translation and “occupy the peculiarly English register between “informal” and
“colloquial”, whilst their translation are more formal” (p 147)
9 Transferred (new and old referents): newly transferred words keep only one sense of their foreign nationality They are the words their meanings are least dependent on their contexts If they are frequently used, they change or develop additional senses, and can sometimes no longer be translated back straight into their languages of origin Some examples are “Adidas” and “Levi” (p 147)
10 Acronyms (new and old referents): to Newmark (1988), acronyms refers to “the initial letters of words that form a group of words used for denoting an object, institution (like „UNESCO‟) or procedure” (p 200) With regards to the translation, there is either a standard equivalent term or, if it does not exist, a descriptive term
Also, acronyms for institutions and companies‟ names are usually transferred
11 Pseudo-neologisms: when “a generic word stands in for a specific word e.g
“rapports (d‟engrenage) – “gear rations” (Newmark, 1988, p 148).
METHODOLOGY
Design of the study
In this study, qualitative approach is chosen to decide the way of collecting and analyzing data First of all, “qualitative approach is a type of research that focuses on qualities such as words or observations that are difficult” (Glesne‟s, 2011), its aim is to “emphasize understanding the subjects point of view” (Bogdan and Biklen,
2007) On this approach, Stake (2010) is more specific when she writes that “all research requires interpretations Qualitative research relies heavily on interpretive perceptions throughout the planning, data gathering, analysis, and write-up of the study to quantify and lend themselves to interpretation or deconstruction”
Therefore, it can be seen that qualitative research involves visible materials like texts, sound and images which can be collected and analyzed and interpreted through several steps at the same time (Nelson et al.‟s, 1992g) That is the reason why it requires certain competences from researcher to conduct a good qualitative research
The role of qualitative approach is undeniable for helping researcher to understand the issues accurately and comprehensively More important, “it encourages us as investigators to be mindful of who we are and how our perspectives can influence how we interact with others and make sense of the world around us” (Chenail,
2010) In conclusion, the choice of qualitative research is appropriate which determines the choice of subject, sample selection method and data analysis procedure in the study.
Research method
Due to the aim of the study to investigate of strategies applied in translating EEE terminologies in the dictionary from English to Vietnamese, the researcher chose document analysis to be the main data collection method in this study
To be more specific, the dictionary is selected to categorize EEE terminologies into certain groups with the analysis to figure out which strategy is used to transfer these terms Qualitative approach is also used to inspect the document The data for this study is collected through the procedure of critical analyzing, based on Newmark‟s methods.
Procedure of data collection
Data collection procedure was divided into three steps:
Step 1: Collecting English terminologies in the original and Vietnamese equivalents in translated version
Step 2: Classifying collected English terminologies
According to categorized term groups in chapter 2, collected English and Vietnamese terminologies in step 1 are classified into set groups to prepare for answering research questions
Step 3: Classifying Vietnamese equivalents in the translated version
After categorizing in the first step, researcher bases on the framework of translation strategies mentioned in chapter II to conclude to strategies used by translator to render the original Then, the researcher gives the answer to the research question:
What strategies are used to translate EEE terminologies in EEE texts?
The result, then, are recorded for data analysis to figure out the main findings of the study Within the time limitation and scope of this study, this paper is accomplished with samples of translation methods/procedures which are profoundly presented throughout the investigated data Analysis and description of data are demonstrated with cases or example taken from the dictionary.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The common strategies and procedures used in the translation of EEE
4.1.1 Translation of the single terms by literal translation
Group 1: Single terms transferred by literal translation
Newmark (1981b) clarifies literal translation by distinguishing it from word-for- word and one-to-one translation: “Word-for-word translation transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into the translation” This translation is supposed to be effective only for brief simple neutral word (absorb – hấp thụ) Literal translation goes farther than one-to-one translation
It ranges from one word to one word (charge – nạp), group to group (Flying spot scanner – máy quét điểm di động)
As following are some example of applying literal translation to single noun, verb and adjective:
Amplify Khuếch đại tăng lên
De-energize Làm mất năng lượng
Aperiodic Không có tính chu kỳ
4.1.2 Translation of the single terms by transference (the use of loan words)
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
According to the theory of term creation whenever a new concept appear, or is transferred to a new culture, it is necessary to create a target culture term to name it; however the creation of a new term is very challenging and time-consuming
Sometimes, it is almost impossible to create a Vietnamese term that can serve as an exact equivalent to the English term Therefore, it is common in translation using loan words to refer to the new concepts It is necessary to note that the state of
“being a new concept” is temporary, as time passes, the concept itself it not new anymore while the use of loan words last until a proper Vietnamese term is formulated and accepted These are some examples:
These examples show that Vietnamese lacks technical terms for the new concepts
To compensate for this lack, some materials provide a functional-descriptive equivalent as an explanation to clarify the loan word Examples of loan words accompanied by the functional-descriptive equivalents are:
Transistor Tranzito (bộ phận bán dẫn điện để khuếch đại dòng điện hoặc làm việc như bộ rơ le ngắt điện) Triton Triton (phần tử phát xạ gồm có một dương điện tử và hai trung hòa tử) Thyristor Thyristo (linh kiện bán dẫn bốn lớp PNPN có đặc tính chỉnh lưu điều khiển được) Dynode Dinod (đèn cực sinh ra điện tử phụ trong đèn quang điện)
However, in translation, loan word is usually used without its functional-descriptive equivalent because of the functional-descriptive equivalent, which contains many other terms, is cumbersome and complex The functional-descriptive equivalent can, therefore, be used as a source of additional information
Group 3: Terms referring to concepts that are technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
There are many circumstances in which Vietnamese does have a technical term for a specific concept, yet the English is still used instead of the Vietnamese one Here are examples of the co-existence of Vietnamese and loan words for the same concept in the materials
Rotor Rô to Phần chuyển động
Vietnamese term appears to be old-fashioned and inconvenient for those whoc have a basic knowledge; they prefer the more modern, smart and high-class loan word
This difference in preference has led to the situation like: the word collector current is translated into dòng cực góp will turn out to be superfluous and difficult to understand, but co-lếc-tơ will be more familiar However, in some other cases, rotor and stator when being translated as phần chuyển động và phần cố định or rô to and stato bring out the same experience to the readers
To sum up, borrowings in translation of electronic and electrical engineer terms occurs even when SL has equivalent terms, and deciding which of the competing terms to use is dependent on the readership
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
In the field of EEE, terms that are measuring units of physical variables (current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, frequency)… are always transferred into Vietnamese
Volt (V) unit of voltage Vôn (đơn bị đo hiệu điện thế) Newtons (f) (unit of force) New tơn (đơn vị đo lực) Herts (Hz) (unit of frequency) Héc (đơn vị đo tần số) BTU (British Thermal Unit) BTU (đơn vị đo nhiệt lượng) This transference is automatic and offers the translator no choice Usually the translator does not need to explain what physical variable the term refers to and he/she even transfers the symbols of the terms
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
In the field of EEE there are terms denoting objects, methods, laws, codes,…that derive from their inventors, discoveries; in translation proper names are transferred while the common nouns are translated to produce a more understandable version
Zener effect Hiệu ứng Zenơ
Heaviside layer Tầng khí quyển Heaside
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
Many terms are proper names, trademarks, brands or proprietaries of devices, materials, and chemical elements,…in translation, they are usually transferred and coupled with a classifier (generic classifier) that indicate their category, type… to make the translation more understandable
Iconoscope Ống phát hình Iconoscope
Dynatron oscillator Mạch dao động hiệu dynatron The above examples show that although the English terms are not accompanied with words such as: alloy, cable, fluid, tube,… in the TL version, words such as hợp kim, cáp, chất lỏng, đèn,… are added to identify the term and produce a more serviceable translation
These acronyms are created to point out the EEE specialized products, appliances, processes and in organizations These acronyms usually appear without their full forms in English word Their translation versions (abbreviations) are always borrowed into acceptor language The abbreviated terms usually stand for long groups of words, which, in turn, require long equivalents in Vietnamese Therefore, the English abbreviations are used in Vietnamese even though there are Vietnamese words for them:
AM Aptitude modulation (biến điệu biên độ)
FM Frequency modulation(biến điệu tần số)
AC Alternating current (dòng điện xoay chiều)
AFC Automatic frequency control (mạch kiểm soát tần số tự động)
Possible causes and solutions
This final chapter will summarize and evaluate the outcomes of the whole paper by summing up the major findings The limitations of the research will also be pointed out, paving way to several recommendations for further researches
The research was conducted on the English – Vietnamese Usage Electricity Dictionary by Engineer Truong Quang Thien, Quang Hung published in 2004 by Statistics Publisher Based on the criteria to identify technical terms and strategies by Newmak (1981b), the researcher categorized 12 groups of EEE terms with it translation strategies as follow:
Terminology groups Applied strategies Group 1: Single terms Literal translation with one-to-one equivalence
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Transference, which can be coupled with functional-descriptive equivalent if necessary
Group 3: Terms referring to concepts that are technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
Proper names are transferred while the common nouns are translated
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
Group 7: EEE acronyms Transfer, sometimes translated
Group 8: Nominal terms (Noun + Noun Transposition which involves the change
CONCLUSION
This final chapter will summarize and evaluate the outcomes of the whole paper by summing up the major findings The limitations of the research will also be pointed out, paving way to several recommendations for further researches
The research was conducted on the English – Vietnamese Usage Electricity Dictionary by Engineer Truong Quang Thien, Quang Hung published in 2004 by Statistics Publisher Based on the criteria to identify technical terms and strategies by Newmak (1981b), the researcher categorized 12 groups of EEE terms with it translation strategies as follow:
Terminology groups Applied strategies Group 1: Single terms Literal translation with one-to-one equivalence
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Transference, which can be coupled with functional-descriptive equivalent if necessary
Group 3: Terms referring to concepts that are technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
Proper names are transferred while the common nouns are translated
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
Group 7: EEE acronyms Transfer, sometimes translated
Group 8: Nominal terms (Noun + Noun Transposition which involves the change
+ Noun) of word order from SL to TL
Group 9: Semantically complex terms translated
Explaining by a phrase, clause of sentence
Group 10: Terms consisting of Thing +
Omission of the preposition “of”
Group 12: EEE terms Sino-Vietnamese or English loan words
Besides, the causes and the solutions to translators and EEE specialists have been given which include the efficient knowledge of terminology with translators and lacking of English language to specialist with some solutions like training course or self-research they can take to improve their translation skills and enrich their knowledge Moreover, the gap in SL and TL language is also a problem that translator should consider when taking translation assignment To sum up, there are objective and subjective reasons that hinder the effectiveness and development of EEE translation
In spite of the researcher‟s effort, shortcomings are inevitable due to the lack of resources, the difficulty in accessing data and time pressure Some limitations are presented below:
In the first place, the research focused on terminology at word level, excluding sentences with terminology that may be a promising source of data for study
Therefore, research‟s scope needs to be broadened to phrase or sentence level As a result, the research will provide more specific findings and application in larger extent
Secondly, author‟s personal intention or other external factors were not included in this research It would be more valuable and reliable if the researcher had an interview with the translator of this dictionary or other specialists to find out more ways to transfer the terminology in EEE field
The research only dealt with a minor part of the novel Wuthering Heights There is much room left for further and deeper studies related to translating dialect, which the researcher find worth-researching:
- The first one is the influence generated by the context of the text on its terminology translation
- The third one is expanding the scope of forthcoming study to include terminology at above word level The larger amount of data will increase the credibility of the study
The research mentions types of terminology and the procedures/strategies which are literal translation loan word, transposition, transference, omission and sino Vietnamese applied to transfer EEE terminology Each group of terminology is translated by a certain strategy with its own advantages and disadvantages
+ Transposition: this procedure is very beneficial when applying with non- equivalence with word level with several type can eliminate the obstacle with terminology translation Although new transpositions are always created and there is not only one way of transposition, this procedure is still utilized due to the differences of word formation and structures between two languages
+ Loan word: with no doubt, this strategy gives translators a lot of disadvantages with accurate translation without investigating too much on the words‟ meaning and expansion of the vocabulary with a range of borrowing words However, because the form of SL is kept, readers seem to have more difficult to understand and write the terminology and it will be an obstacle if the loan term is not used popularly
+ Sino Vietnamese: Using Sino Vietnamese appears to be similar to Vietnamese readers and popularly used in text or lecture In comparison with loan word, it has more disadvantages creating difficulty for translator to find the translated words instead of borrowing the SL right away The word choice is also one more reason creating the barrier between translator and reader in using Sino Vietnamese because there are many words which are strange to readers
For the advantages and disadvantages mentioned above, there is a need to standardize terminology to unify and increase the accuracy of terminology translation The conflict in transferring specialized word will be limited if these is a formulation of a standard which refers to intention among potential users and translators, specialists to agree on usage
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Adams Retrieved from www.tar.hu/fairy/The%20Translation%20of%20Neologisms%20in%20Two%20 Novels%20of %20Douglas%20Adams
8 Lê Hùng Tiến (2010), “Tương đương di ̣ch thuâ ̣t và tươn g đương trong di ̣ch Anh – Viê ̣t”, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Ngoại ngữ, 26, tr.141-150
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Grossberg, C Nelson, & P A Treichler (Eds.), Cultural studies (pp 1–16)
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Hamel Amsterdam, John Benjamins, Philadelphia
Abscissa Hoành độ trục hoành
Abvolt Đơn vị do điện thế
Breadboard Bảng lắp ráp thí nghiệm
Brine Nước muối làm lạnh
Broadcasting Truyền thanh, truyền hình
Bug Cần bán tự động
Bus Dây dẫn điện mạch
Amplify Khuếch đại tăng lên
De-energize Làm mất năng lượng
Aperiodic Không có tính chu kỳ
Group 2: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in
Group 4: Terms that are international measuring units
Volt (v) unit of voltage Vôn (đơn bị đo hiệu điện thế) Newtons (f) (unit of force) New tơn (đơn vị đo lực) Herts (hz) (unit of frequency) Héc (đơn vị đo tần số) Farad (f) (unit of capacitance) Fara (đơn vị đo điện dung) Ohm (unit of resistance) Ôm (đơn vị đo điện trở) BTU (British Thermal Unit) Đơn vị nhiệt lượng
Group 5: Eponyms that derive from persons
D'arsonval meter Điện kế d'arsonval
Edison effect Hiệu ứng edison
Heaviside layer Tầng khí quyển heaside
Kallitron oscillator Mạch dao động kallitron
Group 6: Eponyms that derive form objects
Dynatron oscillator Mạch dao động hiệu dynatron
Eddy current Dòng điện xoáy dòng foucault (fuco)
Geiger counter tube Ống đếm geiger
Iconoscope Ống phát hình iconoscope
AFC (Automatic frequent control) Mạch kiểm soát tần số tự động
AM (Amplitude modulation) Biến điệu biên độ AVC (Automatic volume control) Bộ tự điểu chỉnh âm lượng
DC (Direct current) Điện một chiều
AC (Alternating current) Điện xoay chiều
DC W V (Direct current working voltage) Điện áp làm việc một chiều
Group 8: Nominal terms (noun + noun + noun)
Air core inductor Cuộn cảm điện lõi rỗng
Automatic tuning system Hệ thống chỉnh tự động Automatic bass compensation Sự bù thanh trầm tự động Beat frequency oscillator Bộ dao động phách Color difference signal Tín hiệu chênh lệch màu Flat compound generator Máy phát điện ổn định
Cross over network Mạch phân đường tiếng
Dry type evaporator Bộ bốc hơi khô
Double side band Dải hai sóng biên
Thermostatic expansion valve Van giãn nở tĩnh nhiệt Energy product curve Đường tích số năng lượng
Flying spot scanner Máy quét điểm di động
Group 9: Nemantically complex terms translated
Blip Vệt sáng trên màn rađa
Capacitor motor Động cơ khởi động bằng tụ điện
Cathode follower Mạch khuếch đại ra âm cực
Chrominance subcarrier Sóng mang phụ chuyển tín hiệu màu
Group 10: Terms consisting of thing + qualifier (noun + of + noun)
Angle of elevation Góc nâng
Coefficient of coupling Hệ số ghép Coefficient of expansion Hệ số giãn nở Kirchhoff's law of voltage Định luật kirchhoff về điện áp
Law of magnetism Định luật từ tính
Lines of force Đường sức
