Rationale of the study
In the globalized world, translation has played an important role and has had remarkable influences on facilitating international exchanges and cooperation in various fields, particularly in information technology Information technology (IT) has been crossing geographical boundaries in serving clients and other industries
In Vietnam, information technology has an indispensable role in the country’s industrialization and modernization Information technology with its superhighway has revolutionized man’s ways of working In the situation of an open market economy with international cooperation and fast-pace development of IT, translation of IT terminologies, therefore, has become an urgent need to exchange information and update modern technology
Being a project assistant in the FPT Corporation, one of the biggest IT corporations in Vietnam, I am fully aware that the translation of IT terms is a difficult job It requires translators to continuously improve knowledge in the
IT field as well as translation skills That is the main inspiration to me to carry out this research
All the things concerned above have offered the researcher an opportunity to conduct a study on “English-Vietnamese translation of compound nouns in information technology Hopefully, the thesis will bring benefits to translators/interpreters, researchers, IT engineers, and those who are interested in the field.
Aims of the study
In brief, the study is aimed at:
Identifying common English compound nouns in information technology and their Vietnamese equivalents;
Analyzing the translation strategies applied to translate these terms.
Research questions
To achieve the above-stated aims, the following research questions are raised:
1 What are English IT compound nouns in some IT documents and their Vietnamese equivalents in the dictionary or on the Internet?
2 What are translation strategies normally applied to translate IT compound nouns from English into Vietnamese?
Scope of the study
The English compound words in information technology are innumerous and diverse in many materials and documents Due to the author’s limited time and experience, it would be impossible for her to cover all compound terms
Moreover, among different types of IT compound words such as compound adjectives compound adverbs and compound verbs, compound nouns are considered to be the largest in number and variety Thus, the study only focuses on the English compound nouns mainly in computer technology section.
Methods of the study
Since the aim of the study is to analyze and pinpoint some common translation strategies used in the translation of English IT compound nouns into Vietnamese, the main method of the study is descriptive Also, some other additional methods have been used, namely analytic, statistical, comparative and contrastive methods
In the research, a number of IT compound nouns in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese are collected, and processed with various activities of sub-group classification, description, analysis, and compare and contrast.
Design of the study
The present thesis is divided into three parts: Introduction, Development and Conclusion
Part A entitled INTRODUCTION, which gives the rationale, aims, research questions, scope, method and design of the study
Part B with the title of DEVELOPMENT, is divided into three chapters:
Chapter 1 reviews theoretical background of the study Some concepts of translation theory such as translation definition, translation methods, translation equivalence and translation procedures have been reviewed The chapter also provides theories of compound words and compound nouns in English
Chapter 2, entitled “The translation of compound nouns in information technology from English into Vietnamese”, investigates typical translation strategies employed in the translation of IT compound nouns from English into Vietnamese Analysis and discussion are made to bring out more insight to those translation patterns and some methods are drawn out for better translation of these terms in the information technology field
Part C, namely CONCLUSION, presents major findings as well as some limitations of the study Suggestions for further study are also included
LITERATURE REVIEW
Translation Theory
The concept of translation has been defined in various ways by different linguists, among which the followings stand out
Let us now start with the definition from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, which says translation is the process of translating words or texts from one language into another
Catford (1965: 20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language)
According to Newmark (1988), translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language
Bell (1991) simply provides the goal of translation as the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent text in a different language retaining, as far as possible, the content of the message and the formal features and functional roles of the original text
Although these definitions have some differences, they still have common features that translation is considered as the conversion from a source language to a target language to find appropriate equivalents
Translation equivalence is considered as a principal concept in Western translation theory As Catford (1965) concludes, “the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding target language equivalents A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence” (p.21)
Translation equivalence is the similarity between a word (or expression) in one language and its translation in another This similarity results from overlapping ranges of reference
In terms of nature of SL text, Sofer (1991) classifies translation into translation of literary works and translation of scientific and technical matters According to him, literal translation covers such areas as fiction, poetry, drama and humanities in general Meanwhile, technical translation covers scientific and technical matters such as books written on science, techniques like books on computers, instruction manuals on TV, washing machine, etc Technical translation is normally done by the one with significant knowledge of linguistics and technical field To define it he writes:
One way of defining technical translation is by asking the question, does the subject being translated required a specialized vocabulary, or is the language non-specialized? If the text being translated includes specialized terms in a given field, then the translation is technical
According to Newmark (1981), “technical translation is one part of specialized translation; institutional translation, the area of politics, commerce, finance, government etc.…is the other” He also gives the following definition:
Technical translation is primarily distinguished from other forms of translation by terminology Its characteristics, its grammatical features merge with other varieties of language Its characteristic format is technical report, but is also includes instructions, manuals, notices, publicity, which put more emphasis on forms of address and use of the second person
According to him, technical translation has three levels: academic, professional, and popular
Technical translation is primary distinguished from other forms of translation by terminology, its characteristics, grammatical features (passive, nominalization, third person, empty verb, present tense) and its technical format (technical report)
In his opinion, the central difficulty in technical translation is usually the new terminology As a result, the very first requirement of translating technical texts or documents is to comprehend and translate technical terminology exactly, which is really a challenging task In order to become a competent technical translator, one of the most important requirements for a translator is to have sufficient linguistic knowledge and background knowledge of a specific field
The translation methods are divided into two main groups called semantic translation and communicative translation (Newmark, 1988) He put these methods in the form of a flattened V diagram that demonstrates the relationship between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL)
Word-for-word translation Adaptation Literal translation Free translation
Faithful translation Idiomatic translation Semantic translation Communicative translation
According to his V diagram, the method of word-for-word translation is the closet with SL and semantic translation is further and closer with the emphasis of TL
Similarly, the adaption method is the one concerns the TL most and the communicative is the method nearest to SL but furthest to TL
Word-for-word translation is demonstrated as interlinear translation in which words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context For this method, the SL word order is preserved
Literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language In literal translation method, lexical words are translated singly, out of context The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalent
Faithful translation attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer It is used when translators want to reproduce precise contextual meaning within the constraints of TL grammatical structures
It transfers cultural words and preserves the grammatical and lexical
Semantic translation is somehow similar to faithful translation However, it takes more account of the aesthetic value of SL text It is more flexible, less dogmatic than faithful translation Semantic translation admits the creative exception and makes some small concession to the readership
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original, in such a way that, both content and language is readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where these do not exist in the original Therefore, the translation product of this method is more flexible, natural and acceptable with the readership
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original It is usually a paraphrase much longer than the original
Adaption is considered as the freest form of translation It is mainly used for plays and poetry in which the themes, characters and plots are usually preserved, the SL converted to the TL culture and text rewritten
Compound nouns in English
One of the most common sources of new words in English is a morphological process named compounding The result of this process is compounds or compound words
Quirk (1972) states that a compound word is a unit consisting of two or more bases
The similar definition is given by Jackson and Amvela that compounds may be defined as stems consisting of more than one root (2000:79)
According to Selkirk (1982:13), “Compounds in English are a type of word structure made of two constituents, each belonging to one of the categories noun, adjective, verb or preposition”
In other words, it can be concluded that a compound word is joining two or more separate words to produce a word with a new meaning
For examples: bed + time => bedtime eye + sight => eyesight black + board => blackboard silk + worm => silkworm
There are a number of ways to classify compounds according to certain criteria such as word class, syntactic, and semantic relationship between the roots
The most accessible way of approaching the study and classification of compound words is to classify them according to the part of speech, as the following list of compounds shows:
Table 1: Classification of compound words according to part of speech
Another possible approach is to classify compounds in terms of the semantic relationship between the compound and its head According to Spencer (1991), compounds are classified into three types: endocentric, exocentric and appositional
Endocentric compounds are compound words containing a head that carries the sematic load of the whole compound, making them semantically transparent A word like blackboard is an endocentric compound word, whose head is board
Exocentric compounds are compound words with no clear head inside them, giving rise to semantic arbitrariness and opaqueness It is thought that the head and underlying semantics lies somewhere outside the compound or is generally absent
For this reason, Exocentric compounds are called as headless compounds “Pick- pocket” is an example of the exocentric that refers to a kind of person not a kind of pick or a kind or pocket However, its meaning or any assumptions about its semantic properties cannot be found from looking at the compound word itself
Appositional compounds are compound words, whose both constituents contribute equally to the meaning of the compound in denoting an entity or property For example, bittersweet refers to a quality, which is both bitter and sweet The two elements seem to modify each other
Compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns A compound noun is one comprising at least two words, which has nouns as head and involves nouns, verbs, or adjectives, prepositions as modifiers However, there are some rare cases where the noun head does not exist The table below will illustrate how other word classes combine to make a compound noun:
Verb (-ing) + Noun swimming pool
Table 2: The formations of compound nouns
The compound noun structure is extremely varied in the types of meaning relations it can indicate A compound noun can be used to indicate what someone does (language teacher), what something is for (waste-paper basket, grindstone), what the qualities of something are (whiteboard), how something works (immersion heater), when something happens (night frost), where something is (doormat) or what something is made of (woodpile)
There are three forms of compound nouns:
Open or spaced that is when there is space between words (tennis shoe)
Hyphenated that is when there is hyphen between words (six-pack)
Closed or solid that is when there is no space or hyphen between words (bedroom)
2.3.2 The distinction between a compound noun and a noun phrases
One of the most problems to deal with compounding is the criteria for distinguishing between a compound and a phrase The problem arises most when it is a compound noun rather than a compound verb or a compound adjective With adjective, for example, tax-exempt is clearly a compound, there is no contrasting syntactic construction where an adjective has a noun (tax) as modifier Similarly, it is unproblematic to distinct between the compound verb “baby-sit” and a construction “baby sit” In general, there are three criteria that we can base on to distinguish a compound noun with a noun phrase: phonological, syntactic, and semantic These criteria are also used to distinguish the other types of compounds and a phrase in general
Phonologically, most compound nouns can be identified as having a main stress on the first element meanwhile a phrase often has stress on the last Consider the following examples:
Syntactically, Jackson (2000) considers the specific syntactic features to make a compound noun different from a noun phrase, namely, word order, interruptibility, modification and inflexibility By word order, he refers to the position of the different elements of a compound in relation to one another Some compounds have ungrammatical or unusual word order in English For example, dry-cleaning, output, or haircut etc
Compound nouns have non-interruptible characteristic, i.e., their constituents are note interrupted by extraneous elements This again confirms the assumption that a compound is indeed a single lexical unit For example, the compound blackbird cannot be inserted extra elements as in the black naught bird which is a noun phrase
By modifications he means the use of other words to modify the meaning of a compound As a compound is a single unit, it can only be modified by other words as a whole but cannot be modified independently each of its constituents
Inflexibility is the use of inflections to present the grammatical function of compound To make the compound noun bottle-neck plural, for example, its constituents cannot be inflected as bottles-necks Instead, bottle-necks must be used
Similarly, we have the other compound nouns in plural as ash-trays, dishwashers, water paper baskets
Semantically, most compounds tend to acquire special meanings like idiom And some authors take this special characteristic as their defining features: “If the meaning of the whole cannot be deduced from the meaning of the elements separately, then we have a compound” (Jesperson 1942:137) Each compound conveys only one concept even though it may consist of more than two stems Take the word tallboy as an example; it does not denote a person, but a piece of furniture, a chest of drawers supported by a low stand Tallboy expresses only one concept whereas a tall boy, a noun phrase, conveys two concepts: a young male person and big in size
Although all the criteria above seem to be convincing, it is insufficient to base on a criterion alone, it is advisable to combine all three criteria to distinguish a compound noun from a noun phrase
2.3.3 Classification of compound noun a According to the meaning
In terms of meaning, a compound noun can be idiomatic or non-idiomatic
An overview of information technology
Information technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate and/or disseminate information
According to Gay and Blades (2005),
Information Technology (IT) is the term used to describe the equipment, hardware and computer programs (software) that allows us to access, present data and information
IT is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise In other words, IT refers to the creation, gathering, processing, storing, protecting, presenting and dissemination of information using hardware, software and telecommunication technology
Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses IT jobs include computer programming, network administration, computer engineering, Web development, technical support, and many other related occupations As the results, information technology has become a part of our everyday lives
3.2 What are the main parts of information technology?
According to Senn (2004), two different parts of IT are computer technology and communication technology
Figure 1: The two main parts of information technology
The first component is computer which is an electronic device or flexible machine that can accept data-raw facts, figures, processes, or manipulates, and convert it into information The computer is programmable, meaning that it all depends upon what program it is using for performing a particular function
Computer can be classified into four different types according to the size, speed and cost The four main types of computers includes Supercomputer, Mainframe computer, Minicomputer and Microcomputer The most powerful and the largest computer is supercomputer which allows multiprocessing and lots of users to access at the same time Supercomputer is normally used for special tasks in aerospace, satellite, chemical, electronics, weather forecasts and nuclear power industries Mainframe computer is designed to meet the needs of large organization with large databases Minicomputer is smaller than a mainframe computer, but big enough to cater a medium sized organization or a small-scale business Microcomputer is designed to meet the needs of an individual and thus is also called as Personal Computers Microcomputers could be PCs or desktops or laptops or even notebooks
The all types of computers mentioned above may different in shapes, sizes and purposes but all of them have certain characteristics in common
Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer or includes anything in the computer that we can touch Hardware can be divided into four main categories They are processor, memory, input and output devices, and storage devices
Software brings life into the computer Software guides the hardware how to do its job by different programs System software and application software are two categories of software
People are a part of the computing process The people are sometimes directly or indirectly involved in the computing process Therefore, the computer works under the control of human and can never be the boss People involved in the computing process can broadly classified into users (end users), power users, and computer professionals
Data includes all the information that can be accepted, processed or stored by a computer This information may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software programs, or others
Procedures are the steps that a user follows to make the computer work, and the steps that the computer follows to accomplish the instructions given by the user
All these elements have to be organized in such a way that each element works smoothly and efficiently, both individually and in coordination with others During the computing process, computers integrate all these five elements
According to Deepak Bharihok (2000), there are seven main features of computers
Speed : A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete The speed of a computer is measured in Mega Hertz (MHz) or Gega Hertz (GHz)
Storage : A computer can store massive amount of data This data can be used and reused for years (unless something goes wrong with the hardware) The storage capacity of a computer is measured in Mega Byte, Gega Byte or Tera Byte
Accuracy : Computers can perform operations and process data with accurate results and no errors The errors in computer are due to human and incorrect data
Versatility : A computer is versatile that means it can perform different types of tasks and be used in various fields such as at schools, universities, hospitals, government organization or at home for entertainment and work purposes
Automation : A computer is an intelligent device and it is capable of functioning automatically, once the process is given to the computer When it is programmed for an activity in advance, it keeps doing it till it finishes, without any human intervention
Diligence : Human beings normally suffer from physical and mental fatigue, so they cannot perform work with the same speed and accuracy Unlike a human, a computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration or fatigue It can work for hours or perform tasks with the same speed and accuracy
Reliability : All the above qualities of computers make them reliable and also make us too dependent on them
The second component is Communication technology or Telecommunication technology, consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over long distances Communication technology refers to all the technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring functions. It contains three sub-parts as following:
Communication: the sending and receiving of data and information over a communications network
Communications Network: a set of locations, or nodes, consisting of hardware, programs, and information linked together as a system that transmits and receives data and information
Data Communication: the transmission of data and information through a communications medium
3.3 What are the main functions of information technology?
Figure 2: The five functions of information technology
Capture: The process of compiling detailed records of activities
Processing: The process of converting, analyzing, computing, and synthesizing all forms of data or information including: Data Processing, Information Processing, Word Processing, Image Processing, Voice Processing
Generation: The process of organizing information into a useful form, whether as numbers, text, sound, or visual image
Storage and Retrieval: Storage is the computer process of retaining information for future use Retrieval is the process by which a computer locates and copies stored data or information for further processing or for transmission to another user
Transmission: The computer process of distributing information over a communications network like Electronic Mail, or E-Mail, Voice Messaging, or Voice Mail.
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter presents the result of the data analysis of common English compound nouns in information technology and the translation strategies applied to translate these compound nouns into Vietnamese The chapter will be divided into three main sections Apart from the chapter introduction, the second and third sections serve to present the findings of data analysis to find the answers to the two research questions Finally, a brief chapter summary will be given
The data involved in the study are taken mainly from three books: “Oxford English for Information Technology” and “Oxford English for Computing”; and Microsoft
English IT compound nouns in some IT documents and their Vietnamese
The three books: “Oxford English for Information Technology” and “Oxford
English for Computing”; and “Microsoft Computer Dictionary” are the main resources for the study’s data Most IT compound nouns presented in this study are largely collected from the three books mentioned above and their Vietnamese meanings or equivalents are found in some dictionaries or searched on the Internet
The development of information technology entails increasing occurrence of terms, especially compound terms to describe new concepts or new objects, which requires that readers have understanding of the formation and structure of compound terms so that they can really get benefit from what they deal with
It is a fact that in compound nouns, the exact relationship between the words depends on the particular expression, but all these expressions have one thing in common: the last word in the chain says what the thing is, while the preceding word or group of words describes the thing, which is termed “classifier” This order is opposite in Vietnamese For example,
Network configuration information => Thông tin cấu hình mạng
A logarithm table => Bảng lô ga rít
All common compound nouns are listed based on their structures in order that readers can easily follow and understand Accordingly, compound nouns can be formed by Noun and Noun, Adjective and Noun, Preposition and Noun or Participle and Noun
2.1 Compound nouns formed by Noun and Noun
The most common structure or formation of a compound noun is noun and noun
The head noun (last noun) tells us about the thing is mentioning and the first noun or group of nouns can tell us what the second noun is made of, what it is for, or what it is part of
No English terms Vietnamese equivalents
1 access charge phí tổn truy cập
2 access code mã truy cập
3 access control kiểm tra truy cập
4 access line tuyến truy cập
5 access lot cửa truy cập
6 access arm cần truy cập
7 access time thời gian truy xuất
8 address bus bus địa chỉ
9 alpha test kiểm tra alpha
11 base address địa chỉ cơ sở
13 beta site vị trí beta
14 bubble memory bộ nhớ bọt
16 boot disk đĩa khởi động
17 bootstrap program chương trình tự khởi động
18 cache memory bộ nhớ đệm
19 character generator bộ tạo ký tự
20 character generator bộ tạo ký tự
22 client-server máy chủ client
23 space character ký tự trắng
24 visual display unit bộ hiển thị
25 sound card Thẻ âm thanh
Table 4: Compound nouns formed by Noun and Noun
2.2 Compound nouns formed by Adjective and Noun
A compound noun including an adjective and a noun is the second popular structure of a compound noun In this case, the preceding adjective modifies the noun to create a compound terms such as binary number (số nhị phân), hierarchical database (cơ sở dữ liệu phân cấp), active window (cửa sổ hiện hành, computer- based training (đào tạo trên máy tính), etc
No English terms Vietnamese equivalents
1 absolute address địa chỉ tuyệt đối
2 active window cửa sổ hoạt động
3 alert box hộp báo động
5 binary code mã nhị phân
8 blind copy bản sao ẩn
10 bold face kiểu chữ in đậm
11 cold boot khởi động nguội (rebooting by pressing the computer's power button)
12 fake code mật mã giả
13 hard copy bản sao cứng
16 logic bomb chương trình phá hủy dữ liệu
17 primary storage bộ lưu trữ sơ cấp
18 shortcut shortcut - phím tắt/phím nóng
20 warm boot khởi động nóng (Rebooting a computer through the menu option or the keystroke combination
21 fixded disk đĩa cố định
22 integramming language mạch tổ hợp
24 operating system hệ điều hành
25 programming language ngôn ngữ lập trình
Table 5: Compound nouns formed by Adjective and Noun
2.3 Compound nouns formed by Preposition/ Adverbs and Verb
No English terms Vietnamese equivalents
1 down time thời gian ngừng
10 plug-in plug-in (một thành phần phần mềm được gắn thêm vào trình duyệt Nestcape Navigator Thành phần gắn thêm này cho phép trình duyệt truy xuất và thực thi các tập tin được nhứng vào trong các tư liệu HTML trong những dạng thức mà bình thường trình duyệt không nhận được chẳng hạn như nhiều tập tin hoạt ảnh, video và âm thanh
Table 6: Compound nouns formed by Preposition and Noun
2.4 Compound nouns formed by Verb and Noun
No English terms Vietnamese equivalents
1 cheat engine phần mềm cheat engine (công cụ….)
2 dropbox ứng dụng dropbox (Ứng dụng lưu trữ và chia sẻ dữ liệu trực tuyến)
3 flash player ứng dụng âm thanh flash player
4 google chrome trình duyệt web google chrome (một trình duyệt web miễn phí được phát triển bới Google, sử dụng nền tảng V8 engine)
5 split cam ứng dụng split cam (ứng dụng nhằm tạo thêm nhiều hiệu ứng độc đáo cho webcam)
Table 7: Compound nouns formed by Verb and Noun
Translation strategies applied to translate IT compound nouns from
By analysing the collected English compound nouns and their Vietnamese equivalents in information technology field, it is recorginized that some of the most popular procedures applied in the translation of these terms are transposition procedure, transference procedure, naturalization procedure or couplets (both transference and naturalization procedure) and communicative method
3.1 Translation of compound nouns by transposition procedure
One of the most common translation strategies applied to translate compound nouns in information technology is Transposition or Shift procedure “Transposition or Shift (NewMark) is the only translation procedure concerned with grammar, and most translators make transpositions intuitively” Using the transposition procedure there will be the changes in the word order from SL to TL and offers translator no choice The compound terms are translated backwards because of the different word order between English and Vietnamese For example, the compound noun
“Absolute address” is formed by an adjective and a noun “Absolute” means “tuyệt đối” and “address” means “địa chỉ” in Vietnamese equivalent And “Absolute address” is translated as “địa chỉ tuyệt đối” It is clear that the order of the words in
TL has been changed In English, the word “absolute” is an adjective and stands before the noun “address”; whereas, the positions of the two words has changed conversely in Vietnamese equivalent By applying this translation procedure, all the words in the term are naturally converted from English into Vietnamese without adding any expression There are lots of English compound nouns in information technology translated by this strategy
No English terms Vietnamese equivalents
1 absolute address địa chỉ tuyệt đối
2 access charge phí tổn truy cập
3 access code mã truy cập
4 access control kiểm tra truy cập
5 access line tuyến truy cập
6 access lot cửa truy cập
7 access arm cần truy cập
8 access time thời gian truy xuất
9 active window cửa sổ hoạt động
10 alert box hộp báo động
11 archive files các tệp tin lưu trữ
12 base address địa chỉ cơ sở
15 character generator bộ tạo ký tự
16 character set tổ hợp ký tự
17 character generator bộ tạo ký tự
18 data exchange format định dạng trao đổi cơ sở dữ liệu
19 graphics file tập tin đồ họa
20 image quality chất lượng hình ảnh
21 network database cơ sở dữ liệu mạng
22 operating system hệ điều hành
23 programming language ngôn ngữ lập trình
24 processing scheme các cơ chế xử lý
25 search enigine công cụ tìm kiếm
Table 8: Translation of compound nouns by transposition procedure
This procedure is considered quite easy since the translator just needs to examine the structure of a compound noun, identifying the head noun and its modifiers or the division between the elements in the group and then change the order of those elements into their corresponding word in Vietnamese Often the translator has no choice but to comply with Vietnamese word order
3.2 Translation of compound nouns by transference procedure (use of loan words)
Newmark (1995:81) states that transference (loan word, transcription) refers to the process of transferring a SL word to a TL word This procedure can be applied to the translator and interpreters because the meanings of words are too complicated and wordy to explain with short phrases
It can be seen that the use of transference procedure in the translation of information technology is becoming increasingly popular with the development of IT field
When there are new concepts appearing in English, but there is no proper equivalent in Vietnamese, transference may be the only choice In the case, the new concepts are borrowed into Vietnamese, called loan-words It is easily accepted by professionals who are used to be using the concepts in their work, but it may sound strange to those who are lack of professional knowledge of the field The translation procedure can be found in the following examples:
No English terms Vietnamese equivalents
1 clip art clipart (a form of electronic graphic art that consists of simple illustrations as opposed to photographic images)
2 blue tooh blue tooh (a wireless technology which allows digital devices to easily transfer files at high speed)
3 backbone backbone (a JavaScript framework used in developing single-page web applications)
4 back-end back-end (everything the users can’t see in the browser, like databases and servers)
5 front-end front-end (everything involved with what the user sees, including design and some languages like HTML and CSS)
7 plug-in plug-in (a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing program, examples for browser plug-in like Adobe Flash Player, QuickTime Player)
10 cheat engine cheat engine (an open source memory scanner/hex editor/debugger for the Windows operating system and is mostly used for cheating in computer games, and is sometimes modified and recompiled to evade detection)
Table 9: Translation of compound nouns by transference procedure
It is easily seen in the translation of IT terms, when a new concept appears and is borrowed into Vietnamese, it is often accompanied with an explanation to clarify the loan words The explanation can be stated right after the loan words, in the form of footnote, at the end of a chapter or at the end of the book to help the readers who may have little understanding or professional knowledge of the field
There are some cases in which Vietnamese does have a technical term for a certain concept, yet the English term is still preferred Thus, both of loan words and Vietnamese equivalents are used for the same concept For example:
No English terms Vietnamese equivalent
1 mainframe mainframe máy tính lớn
2 mutltimedia mutltimedia đa phương tiện
3 e-mail e-mail thư điện tử
5 photoshop photoshop Phần mềm chỉnh sửa ảnh
It is so interesting to find that loan-words are more preferable in the translation of
IT compound nouns or IT texts and documents The translator may assumed that the readers should have some basic knowledge of English and IT field; and the loan- word best conveys the meaning of new concept and the use of loan words sound smarter and high-class Another interesting fact is that loan words appear a lot in the
IT documents, but there are different pronunciations of these words depending on the reader’s proficiency of English As the result, various pronunciations of loan- word in Vietnamese sometimes cause confusion to those who produce the correct pronunciation of those loan-words
Transference procedure is applied in the translation of not only the above compound nouns but also acronyms in information technology Most acronyms are translated by this procedure This transference is automatic and offers the translator no choice
IT acronym is one important part of information technology terms which appears frequently in IT documents IT acronyms can be the name of products, devices, processes, standards and international institutions in the IT field They normally appear without their full forms or explanations and they are borrowed into Vietnamese translation While acronym is considered as a single term, its explanation or full form is taken as a compound term For examples, LAN stands for
Local Area Network – Mạng cục bộ or PC stands for Personal Computer – Máy tính cá nhân An interesting fact is that there are Vietnamese equivalents for these acronyms, they are acknowledged as meaningful units used in their original forms in Vietnamese IT documents Some common IT acronyms are listed in the following table:
No English terms Vietnamese equivalents
1 CPU Central processing unit CPU đơn vị xử lý trung tâm
2 LAN Local area network LAN mạng cục bộ
3 LCD Liquid crystal display LCD màn hình tinh thể lỏng
4 PC Personal computer PC máy tính cá nhân
RAM bộ nhớ truy cập ngẫu nhiên
6 ROM Read-Only Memory ROM bộ nhớ chỉ đọc
UAT kiểm thử chấp nhận người dùng
8 USB Universal Serial Bus USB
9 VPN Virtual Private Network VPN mạng riêng ảo
10 WAN Wide area network WAN mạng diện rộng
Table 10: Translation of IT acronyms by transference procedure
Summary
This chapter is carried out to answer the questions that raised in this study, concerning common English compound nouns in information technology and their Vietnamese equivalents and common translation procedures applied to translate IT compound nouns from English to Vietnamese
The analysis revealed that most English compound nouns in information technology are formed by a noun and a noun, by an adjective and a noun, by a preposition and a noun, or by a participle and a noun
To sum up, translating information technology compound nouns from English into Vietnamese is not really an easy task As the results, in order to render the message or find accurate meaning of the term the translator is required to choose a suitable translation procedure among a number of translation procedures To this end, transposition, transference, naturalization, both transference and naturalization (couplets) procedure and communication method are common choices of the translators in different situations or for different types of compound nouns, though each procedure embodies in itself both advantages and disadvantages
This research is an attempt to study the English-Vietnamese translation of compound nouns in information technology In this part, the major findings of the study are briefly summarized, followed by some limitations of the study and suggestions for further research.
Conclusions
As the fast-pace development of information technology, more and more new concepts especially compound nouns come to life In the analysis part, some common compound nouns are collected and listed according to their structures or combinations After collecting and analyzing the data, this study concludes that
1.1 English compound nouns in information technology in some IT documents and their Vietnamese equivalents in some dictionaries
There are four main combinations of compound nouns in information technology terms The first type of compound noun is Noun and Noun combination for examples: monitor screen (màn hình), source code (mã nguồn) or silicon chip (mạch điện tử silic) In Noun and Noun combination, the head noun tells us about the thing is mentioned and the first noun tells what the second noun is made of, what it is for, or what it is part of It is important for translator or interpreter to pay attention to this feature when translating this type of compound noun The second, compound nouns are formed by Adjective and Noun, for examples: hardware (phần cứng), fixed disk (đĩa cố định) or operating system (hệ điều hành) In the case, the adjective modifies the noun and it can be in primary, present participle, or past participle form The third, compound noun is formed by Verb and Noun for example: split cam (ứng dụng cho webcam), Flash player (chương trình flash player) or Google Chrome (trình duyệt tìm kiếm) The last type is the combination of Preposition and Verb, for example: Outlook (phần mềm Outlook), update (sự cập nhật) or throughput (lưu lượng) This type of compound noun is not much, but it is important to understand and recognize their structure in order to find out the correct and suitable equivalent when translating
1.2 Translation strategies applied to translate IT compound nouns from English into Vietnamese
The main objective of this study is to figure out common translation strategies applied to translate IT compound nouns from English to Vietnamese It is recognized that the translation of compound nouns in information technology field makes use of five strategies
Firstly, transposition or shift is seen to be the most common strategy applied to translate IT compound nouns from English into Vietnamese When applying this strategy, the translator just needs to change word order from English to Vietnamese and translate backwards because of the difference in word order in two languages
Moreover, transposition or shift procedure is usually used in the translation of IT compound nouns combining by an adjective and a noun In English, adjectives are normally put before the nouns, but this order is vice versa in Vietnamese, i.e adjectives always stand behind the nouns It is very clear in the following examples:
“absolute address” as “địa chỉ tuyệt đối”, “black box” - “hộp đen” or “active window” – “cửa sổ hoạt động” In addition to, this strategy is also applied in the translation of compound nouns forming by a noun and a noun, or a verb and a noun
Secondly, transference is adopted when there is a lack of standardized equivalent term in the TL for a new concept in the SL and also when acronyms and eponyms are translated As far as we know, in Vietnam the uses of loan words are more and more popular especially since the middle of the 20th century with the opening economy As the results, lots of English words are borrowed into Vietnamese, especially words which relate to technology Some English words seem to remain unchanged in every language in the world and Vietnamese is no exception So here’s a brief list of some Vietnamese words which have their English origin:
Bluetooth, back-end, front-end, touchpad
Thirdly, translation by transcribing the English compound nouns into Vietnamese pronunciation and morphology is also resorted in translating IT words This is naturalization procedure that helps make translated version sound natural in the TL
(Vietnamese) but still keep the original meaning in the SL (English) such as
Compact disk – đĩa com-pắc/đĩa CD, USB - /u/ s/ bê/
Fourly, couplets which is the combination of both transference and naturalization is also another common strategy applied to translate IT compound nouns
Accordingly, the terms translated by couplets have one component transferred and the other translated into Vietnamese as in the following examples: laser disk – đĩa laze, E-bomb – bom điện tử, minicomputer – máy tính mini and etc
Last but not least, apart from above-mentioned translation procedures, communicative method is also applied to translation IT compound nouns from English into Vietnamese Generally, a communicative translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to particular register of language, tending to under translate, i.e., to use more generic, hold-all terms in difficult passages.
Limitations of the study
Despite considerable devotion of time and efforts, the study cannot avoid some shortcomings which can be noted as follow
The limitation lies in the sources of data Most of English compound nouns in information technology presented in this study are mainly collected from the three books: “Oxford English for Information Technology”, “Oxford English for Computing” and “Microsoft Computer Dictionary (e-book format)” These books are recommended by the researcher’s colleagues in the FPT Corporation who were trained in IT field Therefore, the compound nouns appeared in this study may not be generalized to all English compound nouns in information technology
Also, due to the author’s limited time, this thesis just studies on some common English IT compound nouns and their Vietnamese equivalents which are often met in IT documents The author cannot collect all English compound nouns in information technology and their Vietnamese equivalents except from the main sources Therefore, all comments as well as recommendations for better performance are of high appreciation.
Suggestions for further research
Other researchers who also delve into the English-Vietnamese translation of information technology compound words may further look into the issue from different angles
First of all, apart from compound words, a further study can be extended to the translation of clauses, or sentences or texts in IT from English into Vietnamese
Also, time permitting, researcher can investigate the translation of English compound verbs, compound adjectives or compound adverbs in the information technology into Vietnamese, for example It may reveal some nice outcomes if the researcher can conduct a broader and more comprehensive analysis regarding other types of compound words
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New Delhi, Naraina: Excel Books
3 Boeckner, K., & P Charles, B Oxford English for Computing Oxford
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11 Newmark, P (1988) Approaches to Translation New York: Prentice Hall
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13 Nu, D.T (2005) A study on English compound terms and their Vietnamese equivalents in information technology Unpublished master’s thesis University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Vietnam
12 Eric H.Glendinning & John McEwan, 2002, Oxford English for Information
13 Selkirk, J (n.d.) English Compound Nouns Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics
14 Spencer, A (1991) Morphological Theory Oxford: Blackwell
15 Stuart, C (1998) Translation into the second language New York: Longman
16 Wils, W (1982) The science of Translation - The problems and methods
18 Viet, D D Từ điển Công nghệ thông tin Anh-Anh-Việt Statistical Publishing House
19 Tuan, N.N & Thien, T.V Từ điển Tin học & Công nghệ thông tin Anh-Anh-Việt
Vietnam news agency publishing house
1 absolute address địa chỉ tuyệt đối
2 accelerator board bảng mạch tăng tốc
3 access charge phí tổn truy cập
4 access code mã truy cập
5 access control kiểm tra truy cập
6 access control system hệ thống kiểm tra truy cập
7 access line tuyến truy cập
8 access lot cửa truy cập
9 access arm cần truy cập
10 access time thời gian truy xuất
11 active window cửa sổ hoạt động
12 adapter board bảng thích ứng/điều chỉnh
13 add-in linh kiện bổ sung
14 add-in program chương trình bổ sung
15 add-in system phần mềm bổ sung
16 address bus bus địa chỉ
18 alert box hộp báo động
19 alpha test kiểm tra alpha
21 application program chương trình ứng dụng
22 archive bit bít lưu trữ
23 archive file tập tin lưu trữ
24 assembly language ngôn ngữ kết hợp trong vi tính
25 backbone backbone ( 1 framework dùng trong lập trình xử lý action của người dùng)
27 background imagine ảnh nền/hình nền
28 background processing xử lý nền
31 balance circuit mạch cân bằng
33 base address địa chỉ cơ sở
35 beta site vị trí beta
36 binary code mã nhị phân
39 blind copy bản sao ẩn
41 bold face kiểu chữ in đậm
42 boot disk đĩa khởi động
43 bootstap program chương trình tự khởi động
44 bubble memory bộ nhớ bọt
46 cache memory bộ nhớ đệm
47 caps lock key Phím caps lock
48 card reader bộ đọc thẻ
49 carry digit chữ số nhớ
54 character code mã ký tự
55 character display device thiết bị hiển thị ký tự
56 character generator bộ tạo ký tự
57 character set tổ hợp ký tự
59 cheat engine phần mềm cheat engine
62 client-server máy chủ client
64 Clipart graphics Đồ họa clipart
66 cold boot khởi động nguội (rebooting by pressing the computer's power button)
67 color monitor màn hình màu
68 command language ngôn ngữ lệnh
69 computer aid hỗ trợ bằng máy
70 computer graphics đồ họa máy tính
71 computer instruction code mã lệnh máy tính
72 computer operator thao tác máy tính
73 control area vùng điều khiển
74 control bit Bit điều khiển
75 control character ký tự điều khiển
76 control code mã điều khiển
77 control frame khung điều khiển
78 control key phím điều khiển
79 computer operator thao tác máy tính
80 core memory bộ nhớ lõi
81 CPU CPU/ Bộ vi xử lý
82 cursor movement keys các phím di chuyển con trỏ
83 data analysis phân tích dữ liệu
84 data bank ngân hàng dữ liệu
85 database cơ sở dữ liệu
86 data bus bus dữ liệu
87 data circuit mạch dữ liệu
88 data exchange format định dạng trao đổi cơ sở dữ liệu
90 data-in dữ liệu vào
91 data-link layer tầng liên kết dữ liệu
92 datamart datamart -Một phiên bản thu nhỏ của
Data Warehouse Nó chỉ chứa các thông tin sử dụng cho một nhóm nhất định
93 data-out dữ liệu ra
94 data processing node nút xử lý dữ liệu
95 data sensitive fault lỗi nhạy với dữ liệu
98 descending order thứ tự giảm dần
99 descending sort sự xắp xếp giảm dần
100 desktop computer máy tính để bàn
102 dial up access truy cập quay số
103 digital check séc kỹ thuật số
104 direct call facility Phương tiện gọi trực tiếp
105 direct memory access truy cập bộ nhớ trực tiếp
106 disk address địa chỉ đĩa
108 document format định dạng dữ liệu
110 domain name server máy chủ tên miền
111 domain name system hệ thống tên miền
112 down time thời gian ngừng
113 down time thời gian ngừng
114 dropbox ứng dụng dropbox (ứng dụng lưu trữ và chia sẻ dữ liệu trực tuyến)
115 drop-down menu thực đơn dọc
118 dumb terminal thiết bị đầu cuối không thông minh
120 dynamic environment môi trường động
121 dynamic storage nơi lưu trữ
123 e-mail e-mail/ thư điện tử
124 endpoint node nút điểm cuối
125 equivalence operation phép toán tương đương
126 erasable optical disk đĩa quang học xóa được
127 error control software phần mềm điều khiển sửa lỗi
128 error correction code mã sửa lỗi
130 expended type kiểu chữ mở rộng
131 expert system hệ thống chuyên sâu
132 external hard disk đĩa cứng ngoài
133 external storage sự lưu trữ bên ngoài
134 expansion card card mở rộng
135 expansion slot khe mở rộng
136 failsafe operation thao tác giữ
137 fake code mật giải mã
138 false drop sự quay lại
139 female connector đầu nối/giắc cắm cái
144 file restore sự khôi phục tập tin
145 file virus virut tập tin
147 firmware phần sụn/ vi chương trình
148 fixded disk đĩa cố định
149 flash player ứng dụng âm thanh flash player
152 foot note chú giải cuối cùng
155 frequency band giải tần số
156 freeware phần mềm miễn phí
158 gateway gateway - cổng kết nối Internet cho những mạng lớn
159 GAN (global area network) mạng toàn cầu
160 gigabit gigabit (đơn vị đo dung lượng)
161 gigabyte gigabyte (đơn vị đo dung lượng)
162 graphic card card đồ họa
163 graphics file tập tin đồ họa
164 google chrome trình duyệt web google chrome (một trình duyệt web miễn phí được phát triển bới Google, sử dụng nền tảng V8 engine)
166 hard copy bản sao cứng
168 help-desk hệ hỗ trợ
169 hold signal tín hiệu treo
170 hold mode chế độ treo
171 home button phím home - nút giúp trờ về màn hình giao diện mặc định sau khi khởi động
174 image quality chất lượng hình ảnh
177 installation program chương trình cài đặt
178 integrated circuit mạch tổ hợp
180 internal bus bus nội bộ
181 integramming language mạch tổ hợp
182 IP Address địa chỉ IP
183 jam signal tín hiệu kẹt
184 java script ngôn ngữ Javascript
185 jukebox jukebox - một thiết bị đĩa quang có thể tự động nạp và nhả đĩa
192 LAN (Local Area Network) mạng máy tính cục bộ
195 laser printer máy in laze
196 LCD (liquid-crystal display) màn tinh thể lỏng
197 line printer máy in dòng
199 logic bomb chương trình phá hủy dữ liệu
200 logic circuit mạch lo-gic
201 look-up table bảng tra cứu
202 loop structure cấu trúc vòng lặp
203 loyalty card thẻ khách hàng thường xuyên
208 mail client mail client - một chương trình phần mềm đầu cuối chuyên dụng để nhằm nhận và gởi mail một cách chủ động qua các webmail hay Mail server có hổ trợ các giao thức truyền mail cơ bản
209 mail-merge ứng dụng trộn thư trong Microsoft
210 mail server máy chủ mail
212 male plug bộ nối/ đầu nối
213 master clear xóa hoàn toàn
214 menu bar thanh menu/thanh thực đơn
216 microprocessor bộ vi xử lý
219 mixing desk thiết bị trộn âm thanh
220 Modem (modulator-demodulator) Modem - thiết bị chuyển đổi từ tín hiệu điện thoại sang tín hiệu mạng
226 MS-DOS hệ điều hành MS-DOS
230 multi-user đa người dùng
NetWare Hệ điều hành Netware - hệ điều hành chuyên cho mạng và một bộ các giao thức mạng dùng để nói chuyện với máy khách trên mạng
233 network database cơ sở dữ liệu mạng
234 notepad notepad - 1 ứng dụng ghi chép trong window
235 office application ứng dụng văn phòng
236 operating system hệ điều hành
239 parity bit bít chẵn lẻ
240 packet-switching bộ chuyển đổi
241 pen-based computer máy tính dùng bút
242 personal computer máy tính cá nhân
243 photoshop phần mềm chỉnh sửa ảnh
244 plasma display màn hình plasma
245 plug-in plug-in (một thành phần phần mềm được gắn thêm vào trình duyệt Nestcape Navigator Thành phần gắn thêm này cho phép trình duyệt truy xuất và thực thi các tập tin được nhứng vào trong các tư liệu HTML trong những dạng thức mà bình thường trình duyệt không nhận được chẳng hạn như nhiều tập tin hoạt ảnh, video và âm thanh
246 pop-up menu trình đơn bật lên
248 primary storage bộ lưu trữ sơ cấp
249 print screen phím chụp màn hình
250 private key khóa bảo mật
251 processing scheme các cơ chế xử lý
252 programming language ngôn ngữ lập trình
253 random access truy cập ngẫu nhiên
254 (RAM) Random Access Memory bộ nhớ truy cập ngẫu nhiên
256 ROM) Read-only Memory bộ nhớ chỉ đọc
257 real storage bộ nhớ thực
258 relative address địa chỉ tương đối
259 relative command lệnh tương đối
260 round-off function hàm làm tron
261 Random- truy cập ngẫu nhiên
262 root Directory danh bạ gốc
264 search enigine công cụ tìm kiếm
265 secondary storage bộ nhớ thứ cấp
266 semiconductor memory bộ nhớ bán dẫn
269 shareware phần mềm chia sẻ
270 shell script tập lệnh kiểu shell
272 shortcut shortcut - phím tắt/phím nóng
274 silicon chip mạch điện tử silic
276 sigma memory bộ nhớ sigma
277 site map bản đồ site
279 sound card card âm thanh
281 source program chương trình nguồn
282 space character ký tự trắng
283 splitcam ứng dụng splitcam (ứng dụng nhằm tạo thêm nhiều hiệu ứng độc đáo cho webcam)
285 status bar thanh trạng thái
287 start menu thanh khởi động - 1 thành tố giao diện trong window
289 stop signal tín hiệu dừng
290 storage device thiết bị lưu trữ
291 superset tập lớn/ tập cha
293 sub-program chương trình con/nhỏ
296 system board bảng hệ thống
297 system bus bus hệ thống - đường truyền liên kết giữa CPU - RAM - VGA
298 system program chương trình hệ thống
299 system tray khay hệ thống
300 tape driver ổ băng, cơ cấu dẫn động băng
303 telecomputing xử lý thông tin từ xa
304 time-frame khung thời gian
307 token bus network mạng thanh góp token
308 token ring network mạng vòng token
309 tooltip chú giải công cụ
310 touch screen màn hình tiếp xúc
320 utility program chương trình tiện ích
321 unauthorized access truy cập không được phép
322 vector graphics đồ họa vectơ
323 vector processor bộ xử lý vectơ
324 video monitor bộ hiển thị video
325 visual display unit bộ hiển thị
326 virtual address địa chỉ ảo
327 volatile storage bộ nhớ khả biến
329 warm boot khởi động nóng (Rebooting a computer through the menu option or the keystroke combination
330 WAN (wide area network) mạng diện rộng
331 web browser trình duyệt web
333 web address địa chỉ web
334 web developer lập trình web
337 web portal cổng thông tin điện tử
338 web site vị trí web
339 wildcard ký tự đại diện
342 write-back cache bộ nhớ đệm ghi sau
343 write-through cache bộ nhớ đệm ghi hoàn toàn
No Acronym Full form Vietnamese Equivalent
Subscriber Line đường dây thuê bao số bất đối xứng
2 CD Compact Disc Đĩa quang
3 CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-Only
CD -ROM - loại đĩa quang chứa dữ liệu chỉ đọc
4 CPU Central Processing Unit Bộ vi xử lý
5 DES Data Encryption standard Chuẩn mã hóa dữ liệu
6 DOS Disk Operating System Hệ điều hành Dos
7 DSL Digital Subscriber Line Kênh thuê bao số
8 DVD Digital Versatile Disc định dạng lưu trữ đĩa quang
9 DVD-ROM Digital Versatile Disc Read-
Only Memory định dạng lưu trữ video nhưng chỉ ghi
10 FAQ Frequently Asked Questions Các câu hỏi thường gặp
11 GAN Global Area Network Mạng toàn cầu
12 GPS Global Positioning System Hệ thống định vị toán cầu
HTML - là một ngôn ngữ để tạo ra giao diện của 1 website
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP - Giao thức truyền tải siêu văn bản- là giao thức client/server dùng cho World Wide Web
15 IC Integrated circuit Vi mạch
16 I/O In put/Out put Đầu vào/Đầu ra
17 IP Internet Protocol Giao thức IP - giao thức liên mạng
Standardization Tổ chức tiêu chuẩn hóa quốc tế
19 IT Information Technology Công nghệ thông tin
Group Định dạng JPEG - một trong những phương pháp nén ảnh hiệu quả, có tỷ lệ nén ảnh tới vài chục lần
21 Kbps Kilobits Per Second đơn vị chỉ tốc độ download - kilobit
22 KBps KiloBytes per second đơn vị chỉ tốc độ download - kilobite
23 LAN Local Area Network Mạng cục bộ
24 LCD Liquid Crystal Display Màn hình tinh thể lỏng
25 LED Light-Emitting Diode Đi-ốt phát quang
26 Linux Hệ điều hành Linux
Chuẩn MPEG - tiêu chuẩn cho việc truyền tải âm thanh và video
28 NOC Network Operations Center Trung tâm điều hành mạng
29 PC Personal Computer Máy tính cá nhân
30 PDF Portable Document Format dạng thức tài liệu khả chuyển
31 PPP Point-to-point Protocol Giao thức PPP
32 RAM Random Access Memory Bộ nhớ truy cập ngẫu nhiên
33 ROM Read-Only Memory Bộ nhớ chỉ đọc
34 SMS Short Message Service Dịch vụ tin nhắn ngắn
SQL Structured Query Language ngôn ngữ truy vấn mang tính cấu trúc, một loại ngôn ngữ máy tính phổ biến để tạo, sửa, và lấy dữ liệu từ một hệ quản trị cơ sở dữ liệu quan hệ
36 STP Spanning Tree Protocol Giao thức STP
Giao thức điều khiển truyền dẫn/giao thức Internet
38 UAT User Acceptance Testing Kiểm thử chấp nhận người dùng
