LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ consideration of existing rainwater harvesting system and its enhancement using membrane filtration and UV irradiation

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV-IRRADIATION MASTER'S THESIS Environmental Engineering Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV-IRRADIATION MAJOR: Environmental Engineering CODE: Experimental RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Principal Supervisor: Professor Jun Nakajima Co-Supervisor: Professor Naoyuki Kamiko Hanoi, 2019 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my two brilliant supervisors, my main supervisor, Professor Jun Nakajima and my co-supervisor, Professor Naoyuki Kamiko To Professor Jun Nakajima: Thank you for accepting me as your student and helping me to find out my interest in studies of rainwater treatment Thank you for your outstanding guidance, continuous inspiration and support in my two-year research I appreciate the in depth discussions which have sharpened my thought process and shown me how to transform my mistakes into skills To Professor Naoyuki Kamiko: Thank you for all the instructive advices and valuable knowledges you have provided me during my research work as well as my internship in Ritsumeikan University, Japan I am truly grateful to have such a fulfilling experience working with you, which contributes no small part to my achievements I am indebted to my mentor, Professor Jun Nakajima: Thank you for being a good mentor and for guiding me on the right path as well as providing me with the necessary materials and knowledges to work with my project Moreover, your creative ideas about the projects have impressed and inspired me a lot To be honest, you are not only my respectable supervisor but also my beloved grandfather In addition, I highly appreciate Professor Hiroyuki Katajama, Associate Professor Kasuga Ikuro, Doctor Nguyen Thi An Hang, Mrs Nguyen Phuong Thao and Mrs Dinh Dieu Anh for their patience in guiding and assisting me through my Master course I would also like to extend my appreciativeness to my fellow lab mates who have been working with me and sharing their experience and knowledge to me Thank you for all the joy, laughter and friendships to help me get over the stress of after-hours work and make my research much easier In addition, I would like to send my special thanks to LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com my classmate, Mr To Hoang Nguyen for his supports in my experiments and writing as well Eventually, I would like to thank my beloved family and friends for their deep love and support that enables me to concentrate on my pursuits Without their encouragement, this work cannot be done LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONTENT Chapter Introduction and objective 1.1 Background 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Structure of the thesis Chapter Literature review 2.1 Introduction of rooftop rainwater harvesting 2.1.1 Definition and history 2.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using rainwater harvesting 11 2.1.3 Components of rooftop rainwater harvesting system 12 2.2 Quality of harvested rainwater 16 2.2.1 Factors affecting rooftop harvested rainwater quality 16 2.2.2 Physico-chemical quality of rooftop harvested rainwater 16 2.2.3 Trace organics 19 2.2.4 Microbial quality of rainwater harvesting systems 20 2.2.5 Case study in Vietnam 24 2.3 Rainwater treatment and disinfection methods 26 2.3.1 Membrane filtration 27 2.3.2 Chemical disinfection 28 2.3.3 UV irradiation 29 Chapter Methodology 31 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 3.1 Web survey of rainwater harvesting manuals in the world 31 3.2 Questionnaire survey of rainwater harvesting situations and people’s attitude 31 3.3 Examination of rainwater purification in a typical existing RWH 32 3.3.1 Sampling area 32 3.3.2 Commercial filter containing RO in combination with UV lamp 34 3.3.3 UV submersible germicidal System 36 3.3.4 Measurement of physicochemical quality 37 3.3.5 Measurement of microbiological quality 38 Chapter Results and discussion 40 4.1 Web survey of rainwater harvesting manuals in the world 40 4.1.1 Purpose of using rainwater 40 4.1.2 Structure and materials for rainwater catchment roof 41 4.1.3 Design and material for gutter 43 4.1.4 Installation type and material for storage tank 44 4.1.5 Disinfection methods 46 4.1.6 Number of explanation contents 47 4.2 Questionnaire survey of rainwater harvesting situations and people’s attitude 48 4.2.1 Overlook of current situation in the area of study 49 4.2.2 Willingness to use our introduced rainwater treatment systems 52 4.3 Examination of rainwater purification in a typical existing RWH 54 4.3.1 Rainwater quality 54 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4.3.2 Combination system of RO purifier and UV sterilizer 56 Physicochemical properties 56 Microbiological properties 58 4.3.3 Chapter Submerged UV lamp 59 Conclusion 61 References 62 Appendix I 71 Appendix II 76 LIST OF FIGURE Page Figure 2.1 A cistern in Yerabatan Sarayi, Istanbul in Turkey Figure 2.2 A common RWH system 13 Figure 2.3 Floating ball first flush diverter 15 Figure 2.4 Working mechanism of reverse osmosis filter 28 Figure 3.1 Sampling location of questionnair survey (Google Maps, 2019) 32 Figure 3.2 Pictures of the pilot of rainwater harvesting system (a: Catchment roof, b: Storage tank) 33 Figure 3.3 Design of DEWX RO AQUAPRO Serise AP-60 supplied by DEWX Vietnam 34 Figure 3.4 Sampling scheme of the examination of RO purifier in combination with UV lamp 36 Figure 3.5 Examination system of submerged UV sterilizer 37 Figure 4.1 Purpose of using rainwater (a: Total;b: Developing countries, c: Developed countries) 41 Figure 4.2 Different structure of roof 41 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 4.3 Materias for roof (a: Total; b: Developing countries; c: Developed countries) 42 Figure 4.4 Shapes of gutter 43 Figure 4.5 Material for gutter (a: Total; b: Developing countries; c: Developed countries) 44 Figure 4.6 Type of tank ( a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) 45 Figure 4.7 Materials for tank (a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) 45 Figure 4.8 Disinfection methods(a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) 46 Figure 4.9 Histogram of number of contents in a manual 47 Figure 4.10 Number of family member 49 Figure 4.11 Types of water used 49 Figure 4.12 Percentage of families use each type of water 50 Figure 4.13 Monthly water bill 51 Figure 4.14 Purpose of using rainwater 52 Figure 4.15 Types of water treatment 52 Figure 4.16 Willingness of residential people to use the introduced water treatement system( a: RO (4.000.000 VND); b: UV lamp (700.000VND); c: combine system (RO+UV)) 53 Figure 4.17 Microoganism concentration in Raw water (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli) 56 Figure 4.18 pH change through the system 57 Figure 4.19 Conductivity change through the system……………………………… 57 Figure 4.20 Dissolved oxygen change through the system; Figure 4.21 Turbidity change through the system 57 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 4.22 Change in microoganism concentration through the system (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli 58 Figure 4.23 Change in microoganism concentration vesus time interval (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli) 59 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1.1 Heavy metal concentration in tap water districts in Hanoi Table 2.1 Concentration of E.coli in storage tanks of roof-harvested rainwater (adapted from K Hamilton et al, 2018) 21 Table 2.2 Chemical and microbiological characteristic of harvested rainwater before and after treatment 24 Table 3.1 Components of DEWX RO AQUAPRO Serise AP-60 supplied by DEWX Vietnam 34 Table 4.1 Quality of rainwater in storage tank 54 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Kwaadsteniet, M., Dobrowsky, P., van Deventer, A., Khan, W and Cloete, T (2013) Domestic Rainwater Harvesting: Microbial and Chemical Water Quality and Point-of-Use Treatment Systems Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(7) De Silva, C., Weatherhead, E., Knox, J and Rodriguez-Diaz, J (2007) Predicting the impacts of climate change—A case study of paddy irrigation water requirements in Sri Lanka Agricultural Water Management, 93(1-2), pp.19-29 Dinrifo, R., Babatunde, S., Bankole, Y and Demu, Q (2019) Physico-chemical properties of rain water collected from some industrial areas of Lagos State, Nigeria European Journal of Scientific Research, (3), pp.383-390 Dobrowsky, P., van Deventer, A., De Kwaadsteniet, M., Ndlovu, T., Khan, S., Cloete, T and Khan, W (2014) Prevalence of Virulence Genes Associated with Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Domestically Harvested Rainwater during Low- and High-Rainfall Periods Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(5), pp.1633-1638 Förster, J (1996) Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and regulation of treatment and local infiltration Water Science and Technology, 33(6), pp.39-48 Förster, J (1999) Variability of roof runoff quality Water Science and Technology, 39(5), pp.137-144 Gessler, A and Sparks, W (1963) Composition comprising aggregate, rubber and a steam-cracked petroleum resin US3093601A Ghanayem, M and Box, P (n.d.) Environmental Considerations With Respect to Rainwater Harvesting 64 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Google Maps (2019) Location: Yên Nghĩa [online] Available at: https://www.google.com/maps/place Gould, J and Nissen-Petersen, E (1999) Rainwater catchment systems for domestic supply London: Intermediate Technology Gromaire, M., Chebbo, G and Constant, A (2002) Impact of zinc roofing on urban runoff pollutant loads: the case of Paris Water Science and Technology, 45(7), pp.113-122 Gupta, R and Agrawal, R (2015) Rainwater harvesting in Ancient Times and its Sustainable Modern techniques Montpellier: ICID 2015 Hadong.hanoi.gov.vn (2013) Vị trí địa lý điều kiện tự nhiên quận Hà Đông [online] Available at: http://hadong.hanoi.gov.vn/portal/Pages/vi-tri-dia-ly-vadieu-kien-tu-nhien.aspx Hamilton, K., Ahmed, W., Palmer, A., Sidhu, J., Hodgers, L., Toze, S and Haas, C (2016) Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks Environmental Research, 150, pp.320-327 Hamilton, K., Ahmed, W., Palmer, A., Smith, K., Toze, S and Haas, C (2017) Seasonal Assessment of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens in RoofHarvested Rainwater Tanks Environmental Science & Technology, 51(3), pp.1742-1753 Hamilton, K., Reyneke, B., Waso, M., Clements, T., Ndlovu, T., Khan, W., DiGiovanni, K., Rakestraw, E., Montalto, F., Haas, C and Ahmed, W (2019) A global review of the microbiological quality and potential health risks associated with roof-harvested rainwater tanks npj Clean Water, 2(1) 65 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Harb, R (2015) Assessing the potential of rainwater harvesting system at the Middle East Technical University–Northern Cyprus campus Middle East Technical University Library Hasse, R (1989) Rainwater reservoirs above ground structures for roof catchment Vieweg, p.102 p.: fig., tab Horak, H., Chynoweth, J., Myers, W., Davis, J., Fendorf, S and Boehm, A (2010) Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea Journal of Water and Health, 8(1), pp.126-138 Islam, M., Chou, F., Kabir, M and Liaw, C (2010) Rainwater: A Potential Alternative Source for Scarce Safe Drinking and Arsenic Contaminated Water in Bangladesh Water Resources Management, 24(14), pp.3987-4008 Islam, M., Sakakibara, H., Karim, M., Sekine, M and Mahmud, Z (2011) Bacteriological assessment of drinking water supply options in coastal areas of Bangladesh Journal of Water and Health, 9(2), pp.415-428 Jordan, F., Seaman, R., Riley, J and Yoklic, M (2008) Effective removal of microbial contamination from harvested rainwater using a simple point of use filtration and UV-disinfection device Urban Water Journal, 5(3), pp.209-218 Junge, C and Werby, R (1958) The Concentration of Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Sulfate in Rain Water Over the United States Journal of Meteorology, 15(5), pp.417-425 Kaushik, R., Balasubramanian, R and Dunstan, H (2014) Microbial Quality and Phylogenetic Diversity of Fresh Rainwater and Tropical Freshwater Reservoir PLoS ONE, 9(6), p.e100737 66 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Kirs, M., Moravcik, P., Gyawali, P., Hamilton, K., Kisand, V., Gurr, I., Shuler, C and Ahmed, W (2017) Rainwater harvesting in American Samoa: current practices and indicative health risks Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(13), pp.12384-12392 Lee, J., Bak, G and Han, M (2012) Quality of roof-harvested rainwater – Comparison of different roofing materials Environmental Pollution, 162, pp.422-429 Lee, J., Yang, J., Han, M and Choi, J (2010) Comparison of the microbiological and chemical characterization of harvested rainwater and reservoir water as alternative water resources Science of The Total Environment, 408(4), pp.896-905 Lee, M., Kim, M., Kim, Y and Han, M (2017) Consideration of rainwater quality parameters for drinking purposes: A case study in rural Vietnam Journal of Environmental Management, 200, pp.400-406 Leong, J., Chong, M., Poh, P., Hermawan, A and Talei, A (2017) Longitudinal assessment of rainwater quality under tropical climatic conditions in enabling effective rainwater harvesting and reuse schemes Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, pp.64-75 Lévesque, B., Pereg, D., Watkinson, E., Maguire, J., Bissonnette, L., Gingras, S., Rouja, P., Bergeron, M and Dewailly, É (2008) Assessment of microbiological quality of drinking water from household tanks in Bermuda Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 54(6), pp.495-500 Martinson, B and Thomas, T (2009) Quantifying the first-flush phenomenon: effects of first-flush on water yield and quality In: 14th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference 67 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Meera, V and Ahammed, M (2006) Water quality of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems: a review Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 55(4), pp.257-268 Montero Alvarez, A., Estévez Alvarez, J and Padilla Alvarez, R (2007) Heavy metal analysis of rainwaters: A comparison of TXRF and ASV analytical capabilities Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 273(2), pp.427433 Mosley, L (2005) Water Quality of Rainwater Harvesting Systems SOPAC Miscellaneous Report, 579 National Technical Regulation on Domestic water quality.QCVN 02 : 2009/BYT National Technical Regulation on Drinking water quality.QCVN 01 : 2009/BYT Nguyen, V., Bang, S., Viet, P and Kim, K (2009) Contamination of groundwater and risk assessment for arsenic exposure in Ha Nam province, Vietnam Environment International, 35(3), pp.466-472 Oludare H, A and Olufunmilayo O., O (2014) Micro-pollutants in urban residential roof runoff: Environmental and health implications IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8(2), pp.55-63 Oram, B (2014) Drinking Water Treatment with UV Irradiation [online] Waterresearch.net Available at: https://www.water-research.net/index.php/water- treatment/water-disinfection/uv-disinfection Patel, U., Patel, V., Balya, M and Rajgor, H (2014) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting (RRWH) At SPSV Campus, Visnagar: Gujarat-A Case Study International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 03(04), pp.821-825 68 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Penkett, S., R Jones, B and Eggleton, A (1979) A study of SO2 oxidation in stored rainwater samples Atmospheric Environment (1967), 13(1), pp.139-147 Pinfold, J., Horan, N., Wirojanagud, W and Mara, D (1993) The bacteriological quality of rainjar water in rural northeast Thailand Water Research, 27(2), pp.297302 Rattonetti, A (1974) Determination of soluble cadmium, lead, silver, and indium in rain water and stream water with the use of flameless atomic absorption Analytical Chemistry, 46(6), pp.739-742 Rotoplas (2018) How Old Is Rainwater Harvesting? A History of Human Innovation Rotoplas [online] Available at: http://rotoplasusa.com/old-rainwater-harvestinghistory-human-innovation Sarikonda, S (2010) Analysis and quality monitoring of roof-harvested rainwater: Potable water supply in developing areas Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Sazakli, E., Alexopoulos, A and Leotsinidis, M (2007) Rainwater harvesting, quality assessment and utilization in Kefalonia Island, Greece Water Research, 41(9), pp.2039-2047 Separationprocesses.com Disadvantages (n.d.) Membrane Filtration [online] - Advantages Available and at: http://www.separationprocesses.com/Membrane/MT_Chp05f.htm Separationprocesses.com (n.d.) Reverse Osmosis - Advantages and Disadvantages [online] Available at: http://www.separationprocesses.com/Membrane/MT_ChpRO-9.htm 69 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Simmons, G., Hope, V., Lewis, G., Whitmore, J and Gao, W (2001) Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand Water Research, 35(6), pp.1518-1524 Song, J., Han, M., Kim, T and Song, J (2009) Rainwater harvesting as a sustainable water supply option in Banda Aceh Desalination, 248(1-3), pp.233-240 Thomas, P and Greene, G (1993) Rainwater Quality from Different Roof Catchments Water Science and Technology, 28(3-5), pp.291-299 Villholth, K and Rajasooriyar, L (2010) Groundwater Resources and Management Challenges in Sri Lanka–an Overview Water Resources Management, 24(8), pp.1489-1513 Waso, M., Ndlovu, T., Dobrowsky, P., Khan, S and Khan, W (2016) Presence of microbial and chemical source tracking markers in roof-harvested rainwater and catchment systems for the detection of fecal contamination Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(17), pp.16987-17001 World Health Organization, WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, and Sanitation Monitoring Programme Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2015 update and MDG assessment World Health Organization, 2015 WHO (World Health Organization) "Guidelines for drinking water quality." Geneva: WHO (2011) World Water Assessment Programme (2003) Water for People, Water for Life The United Nations World Water Development Report Geneva Yaziz, M., Gunting, H., Sapari, N and Ghazali, A (1989) Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments Water Research, 23(6), pp.761-765 70 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com APPENDIX I LIST OF MANUAL COLLECTED ON WEBSITES Group of Countries/Areas Manual title countries Developing countries Lesotho Pacific Rainwater Harvesting System manual Island A manual for participatory training in rainwater Countries harvesting Bangladesh Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic consumption in Bangladesh Karnataka Manual on rooftop rainwater harvesting systems in School Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Trainers’ Manual Malaysia A Guide To Rainwater Harvesting in Malaysia Maldives Guidelines and Manual for 71 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Rain Water Harvesting in Maldives Mexico HARVESTING A healthy future Shirlanka Manual for Operation and Maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting System in Schools in Sri Lanka Thailand Harvesting the rain , a construction manual for cement rainwater Jars and Tanks Rainwater Collection and Storage in Thailand: Design, Practices and operation Vietnam Rainwater Harvesting Guidebook for the Mekong Delta Yemen Manual for Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Republic of Yemen Developed Brazil Rainwater Harvesting in Buildings in Brazil: a 72 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com countries literature review Canada City of Guelph: Residential Rainwater Harvesting Design and installation best practices manual US Guidance toward a Sustainable Water Future Literature Review and Case Studies Literature Review and Case Studies Cisterns To Collect Non-Potable Water For Domestic use Water Quality of Rooftop Runoff: Implications for Residential Water Harvesting Systems C-7 Rainwater Harvesting 73 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Rainwater Harvesting: Guidance for Homeowners New York State Rainwater Harvesting Guide 2015 Rainwater Harvesting 101 Sanfrancisco rainwater harvesting system for non-potable residental use Rainwater Harvesting manual for Southwest Texas A and M Rainwater harvesting: system plaining The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting 74 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com water harvesting guidance manual Virginia rainwater harvesting manual Virginia rainwater harvesting manual Rainwater harvesting manual for home owner WATER HARVESTING – OUR AGE OLD TRADITION Guidance on the use of rainwater tanks 75 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com APPENDIX II QUESTIONNAIR Personal information Name: Address: Number of family members: House area: Question 1: What type of water are your family using? Supplied water Ground water Rainwater Question 2: Monthly water bill of your family Less than 50.000 VNĐ 50.000 VNĐ to 100.000 VNĐ 100.000 VNĐ to 200.000 VNĐ More than 200.000 VNĐ Question 3: If your family is using rainwater, please kindly answer the following questions: Size of storage tank: 76 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Purpose of using rainwater: Potable Both potable and non-potable Non-potable Question 4: Which is your family’s water treatment method? No Commercial filter including RO UV lamp Other Question 5: How much did your family pay for water treatment? Question 6: Are you willing to pay 4.000.000 VNĐ for a commercial filter system? Yes No Question 7: Are you willing to pay 700.000 VNĐ for an UV lamp for treamtment? Yes No Question 8: Are you willing to pay 4.700.000 VNĐ for a combined system between commercial filter including RO and UV lamp? 77 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Yes No 78 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV- IRRADIATION MAJOR: Environmental Engineering... Introduction of rooftop rainwater harvesting 2.1.1 Definition and history 2.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using rainwater harvesting 11 2.1.3 Components of rooftop rainwater harvesting. .. Introduction of rooftop rainwater harvesting 2.1.1 Definition and history Definition The concept of ? ?Rainwater harvesting? ?? simply involves all those techniques of collection and storage rainwater