properties of bricks and masonry of historical buildings as a background for safe renovation measures

5 0 0
properties of bricks and masonry of historical buildings as a background for safe renovation measures

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Thông tin tài liệu

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 – 123 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV´&21(&7 2FWREHU5LJD/DWYLD 3URSHUWLHVRIEULFNVDQGPDVRQU\RIKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJVDVD EDFNJURXQGIRUVDIHUHQRYDWLRQPHDVXUHV (GLWH.DPHQGHUH /LQGD*UDYD.ULVWDSV=YDLJ]QLWLV$JULV.DPHQGHUV$QGUD%OXPEHUJD Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Azenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV–1048, Latvia $EVWUDFW 7KLVDUWLFOHLVWKHILUVWDSSURDFKRIUHVHDUFKDLPHGWRUHFRJQL]HKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVDQGWKHLUSURSHUWLHVDQDO\]LQJVDIH DQGHIIHFWLYHUHQRYDWLRQPHDVXUHVWRGHFUHDVHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQIRUKHDWLQJRIEXLOGLQJVEXLOWEHIRUH%ULFNVDPSOHVWDNHQ IURPKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJVZHUHWHVWHGWRDVVHVVWKHLUFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKVROXEOHVDOWFRQWHQWDQGZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKH H[WHUQDOZDOOKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWZDVGHWHUPLQHGDQGWKHPRLVWXUHOHYHOLQPDVRQU\ZDVVHWLQWZRGLIIHUHQWFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQV ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI5LJD7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHRI(QHUJ\6\VWHPVDQG(QYLURQPHQW Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment Keywords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mail address:(GLWH.DPHQGHUH#UWXOY 1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.032 120 Edite Kamendere et al / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 –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± IURPFOD\EULFNVDQGDUH H[SRVHGWRWKHVDPHFOLPDWHFRQGLWLRQVDQGSROOXWLRQ7KHDYHUDJHRXWVLGHWHPSHUDWXUHLQ5LJDLVƒ&WKHDYHUDJH KHDWLQJVHDVRQLVGD\VORQJZLWKDQDYHUDJHRXWVLGHWHPSHUDWXUHƒ& FROGHVWILYHGD\DYHUDJHDLUWHPSHUDWXUH LV±ƒ& >@IUHH]HWKDZF\FOHVDUHYHU\IUHTXHQWDERXWF\FOHVSHU\HDU>@ 9DULRXVVL]HEULFNVDPSOHVDQGWKHLUSDUWVZHUHXVHGIRUODERUDWRU\PHDVXUHPHQWV7ZRGLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVZHUH XVHG RQ WKH VDPH VDPSOHV WR DVVHVV WKHLU FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK ±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±GLJLWV DQGZHW RYHU GLJLWV $QDO\VLQJWKHLQLWLDOPHDVXUHPHQWGDWDREWDLQHGLQ)HEUXDU\LWLVVHHQWKDWWKHPRLVWXUHOHYHOZDVKLJKHU LQVLGHWKHPDVRQU\DWDGHSWKRIPP,QRIWKHFDVHVFRQVWUXFWLRQDWWKHIRXQGDWLRQOHYHOLVZHW$WDKHLJKW RIPRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWHGEXLOGLQJVPDVRQU\LVZHW7KHPRLVWXUHOHYHOZDVORZHUQHDUWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHZDOO   121 Edite Kamendere et al / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 – 123 ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϲϬ͕Ϭ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ ϭϱϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϱϬ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ      & Ϭϴ͘ϬϮ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘  ' , / :   Ϭϴ͘Ϭϱ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘    Ϭϴ͘ϬϮ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘ D  & ' , / : Ϭϴ͘Ϭϱ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘  E  )LJ0RLVWXUHOHYHODWWKHIRXQGDWLRQD DWDGHSWKRIPPE DWDGHSWKRIPP ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϲϬ͕Ϭ ϲϬ͕Ϭ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ      Ϭϴ͘ϬϮ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘  & ' , / :   Ϭϴ͘Ϭϱ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘   Ϭϴ͘ϬϮ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘ D   & ' , / : Ϭϴ͘Ϭϱ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘ E  )LJ0RLVWXUHOHYHODWWKHKHLJKWRIPD DWDGHSWKRIPPE DWDGHSWKRIPP DWĂ ϯϬ ϮϬ ϭϬ Ϭ    ĞƐƚƌƵĐƚŝǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚ   , ' / : EŽŶͲĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚŝǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚ )LJ&RPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWDNHQEULFNVDPSOHV ŽŵƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ DWĂ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ϯϬ Ϯϱ ϮϬ ϭϱ LJсͲϭ͕ϯϯϰϰdžнϰϵ͕Ϭϱϴ ZϸсϬ͕ϯϮϲϯ ϭϬ ϱ Ϭ ϭϱ ϮϬ Ϯϱ tĂƚĞƌĂďƐŽƌƉƚŝŽŶй ϯϬ  )LJ&RUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQDQGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK 122 Edite Kamendere et al / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 – 123  $VVHHQLQ)LJWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHEULFNVOLJKWO\GHFUHDVHVZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQ $YHUDJHZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQRIQLQHWHVWHGVDPSOHVIURPHLJKWEXLOGLQJVLV 7KUHHVROXEOHVDOWVZHUHGHWHFWHGLQVHYHQEULFNVDPSOHV±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±WKHWKUHVKROGOHYHOZDVH[FHHGHG 7KHDYHUDJHPHDVXUHGKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWLV:P7KHKLJKHVWH[SHULPHQWDOO\GHWHUPLQHGYDOXHVDUH LQEXLOGLQJDDW:P.DQGLQEXLOGLQJA±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¶V GXUDELOLW\ PHFKDQLFDO VWDELOLW\ Edite Kamendere et al / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 – 123 123 OLIHWLPHDVZHOODVWKHKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\RILWVUHVLGHQWV $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KLV VXUYH\ LV FDUULHG RXW LQ WKH VFRSH RI (8 ILQDQFHG SURMHFW ³5L%XLOG ± 5REXVW ,QWHUQDO 7KHUPDO ,QVXODWLRQ RI +LVWRULF%XLOGLQJV´ 5,%XLOG+((  5HIHUHQFHV >@ 6WXSHOH 2 (QHUJ\ HIILFLHQW UHQRYDWLRQ RI H[LVWLQJ PXOWLIDPLO\ UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJV ZLWK SXUSRVH WR DFKLHYH ORZ HQHUJ\ EXLOGLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV06F'LVVHUWDWLRQ5LJD7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\ >@ DVV.%OXPEHUJD$=RJOD*(QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHRIKLVWRULFDOEULFNEXLOGLQJVLQ1RUWKHUQ&OLPDWH]RQH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD±  >@ 9HUHHFNHQ(9DQ*HOGHU/-DQVVHQ+5RHOV6,QWHULRULQVXODWLRQIRUZDOOUHWURILWWLQJ±$SUREDELOLVWLFDQDO\VLVRIHQHUJ\VDYLQJVDQG K\JURWKHUPDOULVNV(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV± >@ =DJRUVNDV-3DOLXOLV*0%XULQVNLHQHࡆ 09HQFNDXVNDLWHࡆ -5DVPXVVHQ79(QHUJHWLF5HIXUELVKPHQWRI+LVWRULF%ULFN%XLOGLQJV3UREOHPV DQG2SSRUWXQLWLHV(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV  ± >@ $PGH $0 0DUWLQ -9 &ROYLOOH - 7KH HIIHFWV RI PRLVWXUH RQ FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK DQG PRGXOXV RI EULFN PDVRQU\ 3UHVHQWHG LQ WK LQWHUQDWLRQDOEULFNDQGEORFNPDVRQU\FRQIHUHQFH$PVWHUGDP-XO\± >@ )RUDERVFKL39DQLQ$([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQEULFNVIURPKLVWRULFDO9HQHWLDQEXLOGLQJVVXEMHFWHGWRPRLVWXUHDQGVDOWFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ)DLOXUH$QDO\VLV± >@ 8UDQMHN 0 %RNDQ%RVLOMNRY 9 ,QIOXHQFH RI IUHH]HWKDZ F\FOHV RQ PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI KLVWRULFDO EULFN PDVRQU\ &RQVWUXFWLRQ DQG %XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV± >@ /LWWL*.KRVKGHO6$XGHQDHW$%UDHW-+\JURWKHUPDOSHUIRUPDQFHHYDOXDWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQDOEULFNPDVRQU\LQKLVWRULFEXLOGLQJV(QHUJ\ DQG%XLOGLQJV± >@ &XOWURQH*6HEDVWLDQ((OHUW.GHOD7RUUH0-&D]DOOD25RGULJXH]1DYDUUR&,QIOXHQFHRIPLQHUDORJ\DQGILULQJWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKH SRURVLW\RIEULFNV-RXUQDORIWKH(XURSHDQ&HUDPLF6RFLHW\± >@ *HQWLOLQL&)UDQ]RQL(%DQGLQL61RELOH/(IIHFWRIVDOWFU\VWDOOLVDWLRQRQWKHVKHDUEHKDYLRXURIPDVRQU\ZDOOV$QH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\ &RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV± >@ &DELQHW5HJXODWLRQ1RUHJDUGLQJWKH/DWYLDQ%XLOGLQJ&RGH/%1&RQVWUXFWLRQ&OLPDWRORJ\ LQ/DWYLDQ  >@ &XOWURQH*6LGUDED,6HEDVWLDQ(0LQHUDORJLFDODQGSK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHEULFNVXVHGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKH³7ULDQJXO%DVWLRQ´ 5LJD /DWYLD $SSOLHG&OD\6FLHQFH ± ± >@ /96(10HWKRGVRIWHVWIRUPDVRQU\XQLWV±3DUW'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQRIFOD\DQGFDOFLXPVLOLFDWHPDVRQU\ XQLWVE\FROGZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQ(XURSHDQ&RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ >@ ,62  7KHUPDO LQVXODWLRQ %XLOGLQJ HOHPHQWV ,QVLWX PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKHUPDO UHVLVWDQFH DQG WKHUPDO WUDQVPLWWDQFH (XURSHDQ &RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ >@ /DUEL-$0LFURVFRS\DSSOLHGWRWKHGLDJQRVLVRIWKHGHWHULRUDWLRQRIEULFNPDVRQU\&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV± >@ %ƝU]XSH(%njYGDUEXWHKQLVNLHQRWHLNXPL,9LVSƗUƝMLHQRWHLNXPL &RQVWUXFWLRQZRUNUHJXODWLRQ*HQHUDOSURYLVLRQV 6DWLNVPHVPLQLVWULMDV G]HO]FHƺXYLUVYDOGH LQ/DWYLDQ  ...120 Edite Kamendere et al / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 – 123 EHKDYLRXURIH[WHUQDOZDOOVRIKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJVDIWHUDGGLQJLQWHUQDOLQVXODWLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKH... RIPRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWHGEXLOGLQJVPDVRQU\LVZHW7KHPRLVWXUHOHYHOZDVORZHUQHDUWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHZDOO   121 Edite Kamendere et al / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 – 123 ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϴϬ͕Ϭ ϲϬ͕Ϭ ϰϬ͕Ϭ ϮϬ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ ϭϱϬ͕Ϭ ϭϬϬ͕Ϭ ϱϬ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕Ϭ    ... )LJ&RUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQDQGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK 122 Edite Kamendere et al / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 119 – 123  $VVHHQLQ)LJWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHEULFNVOLJKWO\GHFUHDVHVZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQ

Ngày đăng: 04/12/2022, 16:04

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

Tài liệu liên quan