C++ from the Ground Up Third Edition About the Author Herbert Schildt is the world’s leading programming author He is an authority on the C, C++, Java, and C# languages, and is a master Windows programmer His programming books have sold more than million copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages He is the author of numerous bestsellers, including C++: The Complete Reference, C#: The Complete Reference, Java 2: The Complete Reference, C: The Complete Reference, C++ From the Ground Up, C++: A Beginner’s Guide, C#: A Beginner’s Guide, and Java 2: A Beginner’s Guide Schildt holds a master’s degree in computer science from the University of Illinois He can be reached at his consulting office at (217) 586-4683 C++ from the Ground Up Third Edition Herbert Schildt McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto McGraw-Hill/Osborne 2600 Tenth Street Berkeley, California 94710 U.S.A To arrange bulk purchase discounts for sales promotions, premiums, or fund-raisers, please contact McGraw-Hill/Osborne at the above address For information on translations or book distributors outside the U.S.A., please see the International Contact Information page immediately following the index of this book C++ from the Ground Up, Third Edition Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication 1234567890 DOC DOC 019876543 ISBN 0-07-222897-0 Publisher Brandon A Nordin Indexer Sheryl Schildt Vice President & Associate Publisher Scott Rogers Computer Designers Tabitha M Cagan, Tara A Davis, John Patrus, Lucie Ericksen Acquisitions Editor Lisa McClain Illustrators Michael Mueller, Lyssa Wald, Melinda Lytle Project Editors Jenn Tust, Elizabeth Seymour Proofreader Marian M Selig Cover Series Design John Nedwidek, emdesign Cover Illustration Lance Ravella This book was composed with Corel VENTURA™ Publisher Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill/Osborne from sources believed to be reliable However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, or others, McGraw-Hill/Osborne does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information INTERNATIONAL CONTACT INFORMATION AUSTRALIA McGraw-Hill Book Company Australia Pty Ltd TEL +61-2-9900-1800 FAX +61-2-9878-8881 http://www.mcgraw-hill.com.au books-it_sydney@mcgraw-hill.com SOUTH AFRICA McGraw-Hill South Africa TEL +27-11-622-7512 FAX +27-11-622-9045 robyn_swanepoel@mcgraw-hill.com CANADA McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd TEL +905-430-5000 FAX +905-430-5020 http://www.mcgraw-hill.ca SPAIN McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de España, S.A.U TEL +34-91-180-3000 FAX +34-91-372-8513 http://www.mcgraw-hill.es professional@mcgraw-hill.es GREECE, MIDDLE EAST, & AFRICA (Excluding South Africa) McGraw-Hill Hellas TEL +30-210-6560-990 TEL +30-210-6560-993 TEL +30-210-6560-994 FAX +30-210-6545-525 UNITED KINGDOM, NORTHERN, EASTERN, & CENTRAL EUROPE McGraw-Hill Education Europe TEL +44-1-628-502500 FAX +44-1-628-770224 http://www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk computing_europe@mcgraw-hill.com MEXICO (Also serving Latin America) McGraw-Hill Interamericana Editores S.A de C.V TEL +525-117-1583 FAX +525-117-1589 http://www.mcgraw-hill.com.mx fernando_castellanos@mcgraw-hill.com ALL OTHER INQUIRIES Contact: Osborne/McGraw-Hill TEL +1-510-549-6600 FAX +1-510-883-7600 http://www.osborne.com omg_international@mcgraw-hill.com SINGAPORE (Serving Asia) McGraw-Hill Book Company TEL +65-863-1580 FAX +65-862-3354 http://www.mcgraw-hill.com.sg mghasia@mcgraw-hill.com More from Herb Schildt — the World’s #1 Programming Author! Herb Schildt is an authority on the C, C++, Java, and C# programming languages, and a master Windows programmer His programming books have sold more than three million copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages From Beginner’s Guides to Complete References, Herb’s books fully cover today’s most important programming languages 0-07-213485-2 0-07-222680-3 0-07-222240-7 For a complete listing of titles by Herb Schildt, please visit www.osborne.com O s b o r n e d e l i v e r s r e s u lt s ! ] ... computer science from the University of Illinois He can be reached at his consulting office at (217) 586-4683 C+ + from the Ground Up Third Edition Herbert Schildt McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago... The Complete Reference, C: The Complete Reference, C+ + From the Ground Up, C+ +: A Beginner’s Guide, C# : A Beginner’s Guide, and Java 2: A Beginner’s Guide Schildt holds a master’s degree in computer... U.S.A., please see the International Contact Information page immediately following the index of this book C+ + from the Ground Up, Third Edition Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights