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Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux Michael Wessler 800 East 96th St., Indianapolis, Indiana, 46240 USA Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Copyright © 2002 by Sams Jeff Koch All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein ACQUISITIONS EDITOR International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32158-0 Natalie F Harris Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001089580 COPY EDITOR Printed in the United States of America Kezia Endsley First Printing: November 2001 Second Printing with corrections: April 2002 INDEXER 06 PROOFREADER 05 04 Kathryn Purdum DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Kevin Howard MANAGING EDITOR Matt Purcell PROJECT EDITOR Erika Millen Trademarks Jody Larsen All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Sams cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark TECHNICAL EDITORS Warning and Disclaimer Vicki Harding Denni Bannister Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied The information provided is on an “as is” basis The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book Jim Kotan Paul Love TEAM COORDINATOR INTERIOR DESIGNER Dan Armstrong COVER DESIGNER Aren Howell Bulk Sales PAGE LAYOUT Sams Publishing offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales For more information, please contact Lizbeth Patterson Heather Stephenson U.S Corporate and Government Sales 1-800-382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact International Sales 1-317-428-3341 international@pearsontechgroup.com Contents at a Glance Introduction 1 Role of the DBA Architecture of the Oracle Server 29 Planning a Database 63 Machine Setup and Installation Creating a Database 111 Daily Activities GUI Management Products 175 DBA Utilities Backup and Recovery 87 139 203 237 10 When Things Go Wrong 271 11 Oracle Server Tuning 293 12 Unix Operation System Architecture 321 13 Unix Server Monitoring 341 14 Patches and Upgrades 15 Migrations 395 16 Java Inside the Database Server 417 17 Web DB/Oracle Portal 18 Internet Application Server (iAS) 463 19 9i Server New Features 485 20 Growth of the DBA 511 A Basic Unix Commands B vi Editor C Scripts D Glossary 543 Index 533 537 551 373 437 525 Contents Introduction Who Should Read This Book? What Makes This Book Different? Role of the DBA What Is a DBA? Depends on the Shop Where DBAs Come From Paths to Becoming a DBA System Administrator (SA) Developer/Programmer Systems Designer/Data Modeler Other Paths Types of DBAs Application DBA Systems DBA Maintenance DBA Database Administration Principles Data Protection Data Availability 11 Database Administration Responsibilities 12 Database Technical Responsibilities 12 Non-Technical Responsibilities 16 Skills Needed 18 Roles Within the IT Organization 22 System Administrators 22 Programmers/Developers 24 Management 24 Customers and End Users 25 Outside Organizations 26 DBA Mindset 26 Summary 27 Architecture of the Oracle Server 29 Oracle Products Relating to Database Servers 30 SQL*Plus 31 Server Manager 32 Net8 32 Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux Database Versus Instance 33 Oracle File Types 34 Control Files 34 Data Files 35 System 36 Data 36 Index 37 Temp 38 Rollback 38 Online Redo Logs 40 Memory Structures 42 Shared Global Area (SGA) 42 Shared Pool 46 Redo Log Buffer 47 Large Pool 48 Java Pool 48 Oracle Processes 49 Server Processes 50 Background Processes 52 System Monitor Process (SMON) 53 Process Monitor Process (PMON) 53 Database Writer Process (DBWn) 53 Log Writer Process (LGWR) 54 Checkpoint Process (CKPT) 55 Archiver Process (ARCn) 56 Recover Process (RECO) 56 Job Queue Processes (SNPnn) 56 Queue Monitor Processes (QMNnn) 56 Dispatcher Processes (Dnnn) 56 Shared Server Processes (Snnn) 56 Transaction Control 57 Miscellaneous Database Files 59 Oracle Database Parameter and Log Files 59 Summary 62 Planning a Database 63 System Architecture 64 Two-Tier Basic Client Server Architecture (2 Tier) 65 Three-Tier Client Server Architecture 66 Capacity Planning/Sizing 67 Optimal Flexible Architecture 71 v 582 Unix filesystems ext2, 332 free space, 332 iso9660, 333 mount points, 331 mounting, 331-332 nfs, 332 problem solving, 333-334 ufs, 332 unmounting, 333 vxfs, 333 I/O subsystem, 335 kernel, 322-323 memory pages, 329 paging, 329-330 swap area, 328 swapping, 329-330 thrashing, 329 virtual memory, 328 monitoring, 342-343 CPUs, 362-367 disk I/O, 356-361 importance of, 342 memory, 354-356 network performance, 368-371 shared memory, 344-353 MPPs (Massively Parallel Processors), 340 NUMAs (NonUniform Memory Access), 340 processes, 323 creating, 326 initialized data, 325 multitasking, 323 parent processes, 326 priorities, 324 process tables, 324 RT (Real Time), 324 scheduler process, 324 stack, 325 states, 325 SYS (System), 324 text area, 325 TS (Time Share), 324 viewing, 327 shared-everything architecture, 338 shared-nothing architecture, 340 shutdown process, 337 SMP (symmetrical multiprocessor) machines, 338 startup process run levels, 336 sequence of events, 335-336 uniprocessor machines, 337-338 unmounting filesystems, 333 updating SPFILEs (server parameter files), 492-493 upgrades defined, 374-375 example, 388-391 import/export commands, 402 installing, 386-388 ORACLE_HOME directory, 386-387 parameter files, 388 preparation, 385-386 tips and recommendations, 391392 upgrade scripts, 387 when to perform, 375-376 uptime command, 276, 365-366, 530 user dump (udump) files, 74 User Global Area (UGA), 49 user interfaces Net8, 32-33 Server Manager, 32 SQL*Plus, 31 user-level exports, 205-206 useradd command, 94 USERID export parameter, 206 USERID import parameter, 212 users, 25 creating, 94, 149 groups creating, 93-94 oinstall, 94 killing, 146, 367 logged-in users, displaying, 531 logging off, 527 MIGRATE, 406 OUTLN, 406 privileges, 149-150 quotas, 151-152 roles, 151, 449-450 USER_X view, 140 utilities See commands; scripts UTLBSTAT script, 296-298 UTLESTAT script, 296-298 V V$ view, 140 V$SESSION_EVENT view, 310-311 V$SESSION_WAIT view, 311 V$SYSTEM_EVENT view, 310 /var/opt/oracle directory, 96 variables, environment CLASSPATH, 100 DISPLAY, 100-101 displaying, 527 LD_LIBRARY_PATH, 99 NLS_LANG, 99 ORACLE_BASE, 99 ORACLE_HOME, 99 ORACLE_SID, 99 ORA_NLS33, 99 PATH, 100 vendors, capacity-planning issues, 71 verifying database instances, 125-127 databases and connectivity, 163-164 Intelligent Agents, 188 Oracle installation, 107-108 Veritas filesystem (vxfs), 333 vi editor, 534 viewing See displaying views, 140-141 obtaining descriptions of, 141 obtaining list of, 141 V$SESSION_EVENT, 310-311 Zombie state V$SESSION_WAIT, 311 V$SYSTEM_EVENT, 310 virtual memory, 328 vmstat command, 355-356, 531 CPU usage statistics, 366 disk I/O monitoring, 361 vxfs (Veritas) filesystem, 333 W w command, 535 wait events, 309-310 V$SESSION_EVENT view, 310-311 V$SESSION_WAIT view, 311 V$SYSTEM_EVENT view, 310 wall command, 531 wc command, 531 Web architecture, 464-466 availability, 468 clients, 465 database tier, 465 middle tier, 465 scalability, 467-468 technological design, 467 Web cache (iAS), 471-472 Web servers See servers Web sites Java, 420 MetaLink, 378, 514 OCP (Oracle Certified Professional) program, 517 Oracle University, 513 Perpetual Technologies, 17, 514 Technet, 514 WebDB See Oracle Portal WebLogic server, 466 which command, 531 who command, 531 word count, displaying, 531 wq command, 535 wraps (rollback segments), 308 X-Z x command, 535 yy command, 535 Zombie state, 325 583 ... 175 DBA Utilities Backup and Recovery 87 139 203 237 10 When Things Go Wrong 271 11 Oracle Server Tuning 293 12 Unix Operation System Architecture 321 13 Unix Server Monitoring 341 14 Patches and. .. 1-317-428-3341 international@pearsontechgroup.com Contents at a Glance Introduction 1 Role of the DBA Architecture of the Oracle Server 29 Planning a Database 63 Machine Setup and Installation Creating a... Server Manager 32 Net8 32 Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux Database Versus Instance 33 Oracle File Types 34 Control Files 34 Data Files
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